pain and pain gate theory.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
19 likes•15,239 views
The document discusses the gate control theory of pain. It proposes that a neural gate in the spinal cord can open and close to modulate pain perception. When the gate is closed by large-diameter nerve fiber activity, pain signals from small fibers are inhibited from reaching the brain. When the gate opens due to small fiber activity, pain perception increases. Factors like physical activity, relaxation, and positive moods can influence the gate and help manage pain.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Pain gate theory
The gate control theory of pain proposes that a "gate" in the spinal cord can open and close to modulate pain perception. It suggests that non-painful stimuli can close the gate and inhibit pain transmission, while painful stimuli open the gate and facilitate pain transmission. Psychological factors are also thought to influence the gating mechanism by modulating the balance of activity between small and large diameter nerve fibers.
Pain gate theory
In physiotherapy pain gate pathway and pain control theory is important for the explanation behind the physiologic pain control.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Saurab Sharma presented on Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS). The objectives were to understand TENS theory, application techniques, uses, electrode placement, and precautions. TENS delivers electricity across the skin to activate nerves and provides pain relief for acute, chronic non-malignant, and palliative malignant pain. Different application techniques include high frequency, low frequency, brief intense, burst mode, and modulated TENS. Common uses are postoperative, labor, musculoskeletal, and neuropathic pain. Electrodes are placed over painful sites and precautions taken with pacemakers, malignancy, and skin conditions.
Pain gait theory
Gait control theory of pain given by Melzack & Wall in 1965. This is very much helpful for those medical/paramedical professionals who deal with subjects having pain.
Cryotherapy
Basic of cryotherapy, its physiological effects,treatment modes indications,contraindications and use in sports injury rehabilitation....
Pain & Theories of Pain
This document provides an overview of pain theories and the Gate Control Theory of pain modulation. It defines pain and classifies types of pain fibers and pain. Several historical theories of pain are outlined. The bulk of the document focuses on explaining the Gate Control Theory proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965. This theory proposes that a gating mechanism in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord regulates whether painful stimuli are transmitted to the brain based on the interplay between small nerve fibers carrying pain and large fibers carrying other sensations. When the gate is closed, pain is not perceived, and when open, pain signals pass through.
SD curve (Strength Duration Curve)
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
TENS
This document discusses T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), a non-invasive pain management technique. It stimulates nerves under the skin to reduce pain signals according to the gate control theory. T.E.N.S. has efficacy rates of 50-80% for controlling chronic and acute pain, such as post-surgical or injury pain. Different T.E.N.S. techniques like high frequency, low frequency, and brief intense stimulation are described along with their parameters and applications. Placement of electrodes and contraindications are also covered.
Recommended
Pain gate theory
The gate control theory of pain proposes that a "gate" in the spinal cord can open and close to modulate pain perception. It suggests that non-painful stimuli can close the gate and inhibit pain transmission, while painful stimuli open the gate and facilitate pain transmission. Psychological factors are also thought to influence the gating mechanism by modulating the balance of activity between small and large diameter nerve fibers.
Pain gate theory
In physiotherapy pain gate pathway and pain control theory is important for the explanation behind the physiologic pain control.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Saurab Sharma presented on Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS). The objectives were to understand TENS theory, application techniques, uses, electrode placement, and precautions. TENS delivers electricity across the skin to activate nerves and provides pain relief for acute, chronic non-malignant, and palliative malignant pain. Different application techniques include high frequency, low frequency, brief intense, burst mode, and modulated TENS. Common uses are postoperative, labor, musculoskeletal, and neuropathic pain. Electrodes are placed over painful sites and precautions taken with pacemakers, malignancy, and skin conditions.
Pain gait theory
Gait control theory of pain given by Melzack & Wall in 1965. This is very much helpful for those medical/paramedical professionals who deal with subjects having pain.
Cryotherapy
Basic of cryotherapy, its physiological effects,treatment modes indications,contraindications and use in sports injury rehabilitation....
Pain & Theories of Pain
This document provides an overview of pain theories and the Gate Control Theory of pain modulation. It defines pain and classifies types of pain fibers and pain. Several historical theories of pain are outlined. The bulk of the document focuses on explaining the Gate Control Theory proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965. This theory proposes that a gating mechanism in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord regulates whether painful stimuli are transmitted to the brain based on the interplay between small nerve fibers carrying pain and large fibers carrying other sensations. When the gate is closed, pain is not perceived, and when open, pain signals pass through.
SD curve (Strength Duration Curve)
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
TENS
This document discusses T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), a non-invasive pain management technique. It stimulates nerves under the skin to reduce pain signals according to the gate control theory. T.E.N.S. has efficacy rates of 50-80% for controlling chronic and acute pain, such as post-surgical or injury pain. Different T.E.N.S. techniques like high frequency, low frequency, and brief intense stimulation are described along with their parameters and applications. Placement of electrodes and contraindications are also covered.
Pain Gate theory.pptx
Complete desciption of Pain Gate control theory.
Make the students understand about the mechanism of pain pathway.
Theories of pain
The document discusses several theoretical frameworks that have been proposed to explain pain perception physiology. It outlines several theories including: the intensity/summation theory which defines pain as an emotion from excessive stimulation; the specificity theory which proposes pain receptors transmit signals to a pain center in the brain; and the pattern theory which suggests pain results from certain patterns of neural activity. It also describes Melzack and Wall's gate control theory, which proposes that large diameter fibers can open or close a 'gate' in the spinal cord to pain signal transmission from small fibers to the brain.
Goniometer
Goniometry is used to measure joint range of motion. There are different types of goniometers including universal, finger, and electro goniometers. To take an accurate measurement, the therapist positions the goniometer arms parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal and distal body parts, with the axis over the joint. Range of motion can then be measured actively or passively. Goniometry is used to assess limitations, track progress, and guide treatment for conditions affecting joint mobility.
MITCHELL’S RELAXATION TECHNIQUE
The document discusses Mitchell's relaxation technique, which uses diaphragmatic breathing and isotonic muscle contractions based on reciprocal inhibition. It can be used to treat respiratory, orthopedic, post-natal, and psychiatric conditions. The technique promotes relaxation and reduces muscle tension and pain perception. It is effective for pre-labor Braxton Hicks contractions and realigning stress-related postures by moving to a new position and increasing awareness of body position. Mitchell's relaxation technique can also help conditions involving a high tone pelvic floor like painful bladder syndrome.
Manual therapy.pps
Manual therapy techniques like joint mobilizations and manipulations can be used to safely restore normal joint mechanics and reduce trauma. Effective use requires knowledge of anatomy, arthrokinematics, and pathologies. Several concepts for manual therapy techniques were introduced, including Cyriax, Mulligan, Maitland, and McKenzie. Contraindications include inflammation, effusion, and hypermobility while indications include reversible hypomobility and functional limitations responding to mechanical treatment. Grading systems determine appropriate mobilization force and different joints require specific examination and treatment techniques.
Lecture 2 Electrotherapy- pain physiology
Knowledge of pain physiology is very important in understanding of electrotherapy prescription. So, this slide may be useful in understanding the background of the pain processes.
Hydrocollator pack
1. A hydro-collator pack is a fabric envelope containing silica gel or bentonite crystal packs that are heated in a hydro-collator unit to provide moist heat therapy.
2. The hydro-collator unit maintains water at 70-80°C to heat the packs for 30-40 minutes of moist heat application.
3. When applied with adequate toweling insulation, hydro-collator packs provide penetrating heat therapy above 75°C without raising skin temperature excessively, helping to reduce pain, muscle spasm, and inflammation.
Rebox current
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
Diadynamic currents
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.
Shortwave diathermy
The History of SWD
Production, Generation, Method of Application, Patient Preparation, Physiologcal and therapeutic effects, Indications, Contraindications daners of SWD, and Evidence Based Practice.
Introduction to micro current
Micro-current is a treatment that uses a very small electrical current to stimulate cellular activity and speed up metabolism in tissues. It can tighten skin, reduce wrinkles and lines, and lift sagging muscles. A full course of micro-current treatments involves 10-12 sessions over 5-6 weeks, with different wave forms and programs targeting circulation, lymph drainage, lifting, and firming. Regular micro-current can help delay the signs of aging by promoting collagen and elastin production.
Interferential Therapy (IFT)
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), a type of electrical stimulation treatment. IFT involves applying two medium frequency currents to generate a low frequency interference current in the tissues for therapeutic effects. It provides pain relief and motor stimulation while avoiding skin irritation experienced with other currents. IFT is indicated for various painful conditions and edema and uses specific frequencies for different treatments, like 1-10Hz rhythmic mode for reducing swelling. Precautions include avoiding direct electrode contact and proper placement to ensure current passes through tissues as intended.
Galvanic current
This document discusses galvanic current and its use in stimulating denervated muscles. It defines galvanic current as a direct, unidirectional current that can cause pain due to its unidirectional nature. Interrupted galvanic current is introduced to overcome this by providing regular pauses in stimulation. Stimulating denervated muscles with galvanic current can help limit atrophy and edema until reinnervation occurs. Precautions must be taken when applying galvanic current due to potential dangers like burns or electric shock.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) SRS
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a method of electrical stimulation that aims to provide pain relief by exciting sensory nerves and stimulating the pain gate mechanism and/or opioid system. TENS works through several mechanisms including activation of pain-gating mechanisms in the spinal cord and stimulation of the descending pain suppression system and endogenous opioid release. Different TENS waveforms, frequencies, pulse widths and intensities can be used depending on the type of pain and desired effects. Common types of TENS include conventional high frequency TENS and acupuncture-like low frequency TENS. Care must be taken with electrode placement and TENS is generally contraindicated for those with pacemakers or heart conditions.
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy involves applying cold to the body for therapeutic purposes. It uses cooling agents like ice, frozen gel, or vapocoolant sprays. The cold induces vasoconstriction which reduces blood flow, lowering metabolic rate and inhibiting inflammation. It also increases pain threshold and reduces muscle spasm. Cryotherapy can relieve pain, reduce swelling and spasticity, facilitate muscle contraction, and promote tissue repair. Contraindications include cardiac conditions, peripheral nerve injury, and cold sensitivity. Common application techniques are ice towels, ice packs, immersion, and ice cube massage.
Laser therapy (physiotherapy)
Laser therapy uses low-level lasers that emit coherent light to induce biological effects in tissues. It was first developed in the 1960s and approved by the FDA in 2002 to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. Lasers are classified based on their power output and potential hazards, with classes 1 and 2 being safe for therapeutic use. Common types include helium-neon and gallium arsenide lasers. Physiological effects include reducing pain and inflammation, promoting tissue healing, and recovery from nerve injuries through various cellular mechanisms like increased ATP and growth factor production.
SOFT TISSUE MANIPULATION.pptx
Therapeutic massage involves manipulating the soft tissues of the body through techniques like effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, and vibration. The goals are to increase flexibility and blood flow, decrease pain, stimulate circulation, and facilitate healing. Massage provides mechanical, physiological and psychological benefits such as reduced muscle tension, improved circulation and range of motion, and lowered stress levels. It is used to treat conditions like muscle spasms, bursitis and tendonitis. Contraindications include acute injuries, infections, blood clots and incomplete fractures.
Low Frequency Therapeutic Currents
The document provides information on different types of low frequency therapeutic currents, including:
1) Faradic current, which is a short-duration interrupted current ranging from 0.1-1 msec at 50-100 Hz, used to produce near normal muscle contraction and relaxation.
2) Galvanic current, which is a direct current that flows continuously in one direction, and an interrupted form used for denervated muscle stimulation.
3) Sinusoidal currents, which are evenly alternating 50 Hz waves similar to mains current, providing 100 pulses per second.
4) Diadynamic currents, which are variations of sinusoidal currents involving single or double-phase rectification of alternating current produced
S d curve
The document discusses strength duration curves, which plot the electrical stimuli needed to elicit a muscle contraction over a range of stimulus durations. It describes how to perform the test and interpret the results, including details on:
- Plotting S-D curves after 20 days post-injury to assess innervation status
- The typical shape of normal, denervated, and partially denervated curves
- Additional metrics that can be measured from S-D curves like rheobase and chronaxie
- Factors that can influence the curves and what different curve patterns indicate
Interferential therapy
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its history, principles, instrumentation, applications, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- IFT was developed in the 1950s and involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents slightly out of phase to produce a low frequency effect for therapeutic purposes.
- The interference of the currents produces an amplitude-modulated frequency that can stimulate tissues in a manner similar to low frequency electrotherapy.
- IFT is used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increasing blood flow, and reducing edema through its physiological effects on tissues from 10-150 Hz.
- Proper electrode placement and current parameters are important to achieve the intended effects while avoiding contraindic
pain
Pain as an unpleasant emotional experience usually initiated by a noxious stimulus and transmitted over a specialized neural network to the central nervous system where it is interpreted as such
Pain and theories of pain_114349.pPain and theories of pain_114349ptx
Pain and theories of pain_114349
More Related Content
What's hot
Pain Gate theory.pptx
Complete desciption of Pain Gate control theory.
Make the students understand about the mechanism of pain pathway.
Theories of pain
The document discusses several theoretical frameworks that have been proposed to explain pain perception physiology. It outlines several theories including: the intensity/summation theory which defines pain as an emotion from excessive stimulation; the specificity theory which proposes pain receptors transmit signals to a pain center in the brain; and the pattern theory which suggests pain results from certain patterns of neural activity. It also describes Melzack and Wall's gate control theory, which proposes that large diameter fibers can open or close a 'gate' in the spinal cord to pain signal transmission from small fibers to the brain.
Goniometer
Goniometry is used to measure joint range of motion. There are different types of goniometers including universal, finger, and electro goniometers. To take an accurate measurement, the therapist positions the goniometer arms parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal and distal body parts, with the axis over the joint. Range of motion can then be measured actively or passively. Goniometry is used to assess limitations, track progress, and guide treatment for conditions affecting joint mobility.
MITCHELL’S RELAXATION TECHNIQUE
The document discusses Mitchell's relaxation technique, which uses diaphragmatic breathing and isotonic muscle contractions based on reciprocal inhibition. It can be used to treat respiratory, orthopedic, post-natal, and psychiatric conditions. The technique promotes relaxation and reduces muscle tension and pain perception. It is effective for pre-labor Braxton Hicks contractions and realigning stress-related postures by moving to a new position and increasing awareness of body position. Mitchell's relaxation technique can also help conditions involving a high tone pelvic floor like painful bladder syndrome.
Manual therapy.pps
Manual therapy techniques like joint mobilizations and manipulations can be used to safely restore normal joint mechanics and reduce trauma. Effective use requires knowledge of anatomy, arthrokinematics, and pathologies. Several concepts for manual therapy techniques were introduced, including Cyriax, Mulligan, Maitland, and McKenzie. Contraindications include inflammation, effusion, and hypermobility while indications include reversible hypomobility and functional limitations responding to mechanical treatment. Grading systems determine appropriate mobilization force and different joints require specific examination and treatment techniques.
Lecture 2 Electrotherapy- pain physiology
Knowledge of pain physiology is very important in understanding of electrotherapy prescription. So, this slide may be useful in understanding the background of the pain processes.
Hydrocollator pack
1. A hydro-collator pack is a fabric envelope containing silica gel or bentonite crystal packs that are heated in a hydro-collator unit to provide moist heat therapy.
2. The hydro-collator unit maintains water at 70-80°C to heat the packs for 30-40 minutes of moist heat application.
3. When applied with adequate toweling insulation, hydro-collator packs provide penetrating heat therapy above 75°C without raising skin temperature excessively, helping to reduce pain, muscle spasm, and inflammation.
Rebox current
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
Diadynamic currents
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.
Shortwave diathermy
The History of SWD
Production, Generation, Method of Application, Patient Preparation, Physiologcal and therapeutic effects, Indications, Contraindications daners of SWD, and Evidence Based Practice.
Introduction to micro current
Micro-current is a treatment that uses a very small electrical current to stimulate cellular activity and speed up metabolism in tissues. It can tighten skin, reduce wrinkles and lines, and lift sagging muscles. A full course of micro-current treatments involves 10-12 sessions over 5-6 weeks, with different wave forms and programs targeting circulation, lymph drainage, lifting, and firming. Regular micro-current can help delay the signs of aging by promoting collagen and elastin production.
Interferential Therapy (IFT)
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), a type of electrical stimulation treatment. IFT involves applying two medium frequency currents to generate a low frequency interference current in the tissues for therapeutic effects. It provides pain relief and motor stimulation while avoiding skin irritation experienced with other currents. IFT is indicated for various painful conditions and edema and uses specific frequencies for different treatments, like 1-10Hz rhythmic mode for reducing swelling. Precautions include avoiding direct electrode contact and proper placement to ensure current passes through tissues as intended.
Galvanic current
This document discusses galvanic current and its use in stimulating denervated muscles. It defines galvanic current as a direct, unidirectional current that can cause pain due to its unidirectional nature. Interrupted galvanic current is introduced to overcome this by providing regular pauses in stimulation. Stimulating denervated muscles with galvanic current can help limit atrophy and edema until reinnervation occurs. Precautions must be taken when applying galvanic current due to potential dangers like burns or electric shock.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) SRS
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a method of electrical stimulation that aims to provide pain relief by exciting sensory nerves and stimulating the pain gate mechanism and/or opioid system. TENS works through several mechanisms including activation of pain-gating mechanisms in the spinal cord and stimulation of the descending pain suppression system and endogenous opioid release. Different TENS waveforms, frequencies, pulse widths and intensities can be used depending on the type of pain and desired effects. Common types of TENS include conventional high frequency TENS and acupuncture-like low frequency TENS. Care must be taken with electrode placement and TENS is generally contraindicated for those with pacemakers or heart conditions.
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy involves applying cold to the body for therapeutic purposes. It uses cooling agents like ice, frozen gel, or vapocoolant sprays. The cold induces vasoconstriction which reduces blood flow, lowering metabolic rate and inhibiting inflammation. It also increases pain threshold and reduces muscle spasm. Cryotherapy can relieve pain, reduce swelling and spasticity, facilitate muscle contraction, and promote tissue repair. Contraindications include cardiac conditions, peripheral nerve injury, and cold sensitivity. Common application techniques are ice towels, ice packs, immersion, and ice cube massage.
Laser therapy (physiotherapy)
Laser therapy uses low-level lasers that emit coherent light to induce biological effects in tissues. It was first developed in the 1960s and approved by the FDA in 2002 to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. Lasers are classified based on their power output and potential hazards, with classes 1 and 2 being safe for therapeutic use. Common types include helium-neon and gallium arsenide lasers. Physiological effects include reducing pain and inflammation, promoting tissue healing, and recovery from nerve injuries through various cellular mechanisms like increased ATP and growth factor production.
SOFT TISSUE MANIPULATION.pptx
Therapeutic massage involves manipulating the soft tissues of the body through techniques like effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, and vibration. The goals are to increase flexibility and blood flow, decrease pain, stimulate circulation, and facilitate healing. Massage provides mechanical, physiological and psychological benefits such as reduced muscle tension, improved circulation and range of motion, and lowered stress levels. It is used to treat conditions like muscle spasms, bursitis and tendonitis. Contraindications include acute injuries, infections, blood clots and incomplete fractures.
Low Frequency Therapeutic Currents
The document provides information on different types of low frequency therapeutic currents, including:
1) Faradic current, which is a short-duration interrupted current ranging from 0.1-1 msec at 50-100 Hz, used to produce near normal muscle contraction and relaxation.
2) Galvanic current, which is a direct current that flows continuously in one direction, and an interrupted form used for denervated muscle stimulation.
3) Sinusoidal currents, which are evenly alternating 50 Hz waves similar to mains current, providing 100 pulses per second.
4) Diadynamic currents, which are variations of sinusoidal currents involving single or double-phase rectification of alternating current produced
S d curve
The document discusses strength duration curves, which plot the electrical stimuli needed to elicit a muscle contraction over a range of stimulus durations. It describes how to perform the test and interpret the results, including details on:
- Plotting S-D curves after 20 days post-injury to assess innervation status
- The typical shape of normal, denervated, and partially denervated curves
- Additional metrics that can be measured from S-D curves like rheobase and chronaxie
- Factors that can influence the curves and what different curve patterns indicate
Interferential therapy
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its history, principles, instrumentation, applications, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- IFT was developed in the 1950s and involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents slightly out of phase to produce a low frequency effect for therapeutic purposes.
- The interference of the currents produces an amplitude-modulated frequency that can stimulate tissues in a manner similar to low frequency electrotherapy.
- IFT is used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increasing blood flow, and reducing edema through its physiological effects on tissues from 10-150 Hz.
- Proper electrode placement and current parameters are important to achieve the intended effects while avoiding contraindic
What's hot (20)
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) SRS
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) SRS
Similar to pain and pain gate theory.pptx
pain
Pain as an unpleasant emotional experience usually initiated by a noxious stimulus and transmitted over a specialized neural network to the central nervous system where it is interpreted as such
Pain and theories of pain_114349.pPain and theories of pain_114349ptx
Pain and theories of pain_114349
Pain perception , transmission, control & role of physical therapist
An assignment on what is pain? how it is perceived, transmitted & controlled. what is role of a physical therapist to control pain.
Patho physiology of pain
This document defines pain and discusses its pathophysiology. It notes that pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Two major classes of pain are described: normal/nociceptive pain and abnormal/pathophysiologic pain. Nociception involves a complex series of physiological events between tissue damage and pain perception. Nociceptors are activated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. The receptors that mediate pain are called nociceptors, which come in two types: Aδ myelinated nerve fibers and C unmyelinated nerve fibers. The neuroanatomy of pain processing involves afferent pathways, the central nervous system, and efferent pathways.
Dr. K Jayanthi Rani - Ethiraj College For Women - THEORIES OF PAIN.pptx
Early theories of pain took a mechanistic view, proposing that pain results from stimulus activating receptors and traveling along nerves to the brain. Later theories sought to explain psychological factors affecting pain perception. The gate control theory integrated ideas, proposing a neural gate in the spinal cord modulates pain signals reaching the brain based on activity in pain fibers, other peripheral fibers, and descending messages from the brain. Evidence supports the theory, showing brain stimulation can induce analgesia by activating pathways closing the gate.
ANALGESIC
This document discusses several theories of pain perception, including intensity theory proposed in 1874, specificity theory proposed in 1895, and pattern theory proposed in 1894. It also describes gate control theory proposed in 1965, which postulates that non-painful stimuli can close the "gate" and inhibit pain signals in the spinal cord. Finally, it discusses the hydrodynamic theory from 1966, which is the most widely accepted explanation for tooth sensitivity involving the movement of fluid in dentinal tubules activating nerve fibers.
3.Physiology of Pain.ppt
Neurology / Physiology of Pain Notes for Siddha medical College students.
It's from Maria Siddha Medical College,Thiruvattar, Kanyakumari district
Nociception.pptx
The document discusses the history, components, receptors, pathways, and management of pain. It provides definitions of pain and its various theories. It describes the transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception of pain. Non-pharmacological interventions like rest, modalities, and exercises are outlined. The pharmacological ladder includes non-opioid analgesics like NSAIDs that reduce inflammation. Opioids and other drug classes that help manage pain are also summarized.
Stimulus & Pain.pptx
The document discusses the history, components, receptors, pathways, and management of pain. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain has fast and slow components transmitted by different fiber types to the central nervous system. Management includes non-pharmacological approaches like TENS, heat, and exercise as well as pharmacological options like non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, opioids, antidepressants, and antiepileptics. The gate control theory proposes large fibers can open or close a "gate" to modulate pain transmission in the dorsal horn.
Physiology of Pain
- Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It can be acute or chronic.
- Acute pain is sharp and short-lived, while chronic pain is intermittent or constant and lasts longer. Chronic pain is more difficult to treat.
- Pain has protective benefits like warning of injury and preventing further damage, but also has negative impacts. The physiology of pain involves receptors, pathways in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and neurotransmitters like glutamate and substance P. The gate control theory proposes mechanisms of pain modulation in the spinal cord and brain.
Pain and its pathway
This document provides an overview of pain and its pathway in the human body. It defines pain, discusses the history of pain theories, and describes the different types and properties of pain. It examines several theories of pain transmission, including the specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory. The document outlines the different pain receptors, sensory neurons, and the spinothalamic tract involved in pain pathways. It also discusses methods of inhibiting pain, such as through medications, surgery, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
Pain Management.pptx
This document discusses the anatomy, physiology and management of pain. It provides details on:
- The components and pathways of the pain sensation system from nociceptors to the central nervous system.
- Theories of pain transmission including intensity, specificity and gate control theories.
- Non-pharmacological approaches to pain management such as rest, distraction, electrotherapy modalities, exercise and acupuncture.
- Pharmacological options including non-opioid and opioid analgesics.
Pain Management in Dentistry.pptx
The document discusses the history, components, receptors, pathways, and management of pain. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain has fast and slow components conducted by different fiber types to the spinal cord and brain. Nociceptors located throughout the body transduce and transmit painful stimuli. Several theories attempt to explain pain perception, including intensity, specificity, pattern, and gate control theories. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches are used to manage pain, including NSAIDs, opioids, antidepressants, antiepileptics, physical therapies, and hypnosis.
Pain
This document provides an overview of pain, including its definition, types, and pathway in the human body. It discusses how pain is sensed by nociceptors and transmitted through the nervous system to be perceived in the brain. Acute and chronic pain are compared, and the mechanisms of nociceptive and neuropathic pain explained. Somatic, visceral, referred, somatogenic, and psychogenic pain are defined. The neuroanatomy and physiology of pain processing through transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception are outlined in detail.
Pain
Pain is a sensation that occurs when tissue is damaged. It is transmitted by A-delta and C nerve fibers from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain. A-delta fibers allow for fast localization of pain while C fibers transmit slower and induce emotional responses. In the spinal cord, fibers synapse separately and transmit via different tracts. Modulation occurs through gate control theory in the dorsal horn and descending analgesia from the brainstem. This controls pain sensation to allow tissue repair without pain.
Pain definition, pathway,analgesic pathway, types of pain
This document provides an overview of pain physiology, including definitions of pain, pain receptors and pathways, and theories of pain modulation. It discusses fast and slow pain fibers, pain transmission through the spinal cord and brain, and endogenous analgesic pathways. The gate control theory of pain is explained in detail. Different types of pain and assessment methods are outlined. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management approaches are summarized.
Pain definition, pathway,analgesic pathway
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.
Pain pathways
The document discusses pain pathways and mechanisms. It defines pain and describes the different types of pain receptors and fibers that detect pain. The dual nature of pain as both a sensory and emotional experience is explained. Several theories of pain mechanisms are presented, including the specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory. The gate control theory proposes that activity in large nerve fibers inhibits transmission of pain signals while activity in small fibers facilitates transmission. Neurotransmitters and chemical mediators involved in pain signaling are also discussed.
pain
Definition n classification •Pathophysiologyof pain. •Physiological Effects of pain. •Pharmacological & non-pharmacological methods of analgesia. •Principles of pain management.METHODS OF CONTROLLING METHODS OF CONTROLLING
Non-pharmacological Preoperative counseling TENS Acupuncture
Pharmacological Opioids •Im •IV infusion •IV PCA Local anaesthetics: •Local Infiltration •Nerve Blocks •Epidural Blocks NSAIDS •IM •IV infusion •IV PCA
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS PRE-OP COUNSELLING: Well informed patients about: •Nature of operation •Nature of post operative pain •Methods of analgesia available
Cope better with Post –op Pain
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS TENS (Trans Cutaneous electric nerve stimulation)
Stimulates afferent myelinated (A-beta) nerve fibers at 70hz
Inhibitory circuits within sp cord activated
Nerve impulse transmission reduced
Maximum benefit in neurogenic pain
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS OPIODS •Activate opiodreceptors within the CNS •Reduce transmission of nerve impulses by modulation in the dorsal horn
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
LOCAL ANAESTHETICS –Blocks the conduction of nerve impulses –Can be given with adrenaline because •Decreases absorption of L.A allowing larger doses •Also acts on alpha 2 receptors which potentiates analgesic effect
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
NASIDS –Blocks synthesis of PG’s –Only suitable for miledto moderate pain
PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT OF PAIN •Pre-emptive analgesia •Balanced or combination analgesia •Analgesia ladder
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
Balanced Analgesia –NASID are used in conjunction with opioids. –Reduces amount of opioids –Reduces side affect of opioids,ASSESMENT OF PAIN •Observe the behaviour of the patient •Monitor analgesic requirement of the patient –Visual Analogue Score( VAS )
–Verbal Rating Score ( VRS ) •None •Mild •Moderate •severe
Pain.
The document discusses pain perception and transmission in the human body. It begins by defining pain and outlining the dual sensory and emotional nature of pain. It then describes how pain signals are transmitted from nociceptors to the spinal cord and brain through A and C nerve fibers. The signals travel through the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Descending pathways from the brain can modulate pain perception. The gate control theory of pain is also explained. The document further discusses different types of pain and factors that influence pain experience.
Similar to pain and pain gate theory.pptx (20)
Pain and theories of pain_114349.pPain and theories of pain_114349ptx
Pain and theories of pain_114349.pPain and theories of pain_114349ptx
Pain perception , transmission, control & role of physical therapist
Pain perception , transmission, control & role of physical therapist
Dr. K Jayanthi Rani - Ethiraj College For Women - THEORIES OF PAIN.pptx
Dr. K Jayanthi Rani - Ethiraj College For Women - THEORIES OF PAIN.pptx
Pain definition, pathway,analgesic pathway, types of pain
Pain definition, pathway,analgesic pathway, types of pain
More from PriyankaBhusal2
TRIGGER FINGER.pptx
Trigger finger is a painful condition affecting the tendon and their sheath. Its exact cause is unknown. This condition commonly affects women, diabetic person. Its symptoms include pain, stiffness, catching popping sound. Physiotherapy plays an important role in its treatment reducing pain ,stiffness and range of motion. splints are also useful for treating this condition.
mobility aids.pptx
mobility aids are really helpful for those who have problems in moving around independently. There are many kinds of mobility aids eg canes, crutches,wheelchair.It can be beneficial for those people who are affected by certain types of conditions like: cerebral palsy,developmental disabilities,arthritis.
FARADIC CURRENT.pptx
A faradic current is a short duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and frequency of 50-100 Hz. It produces a biphasic, asymmetrical and spiked waveform. Faradic currents are used to produce near normal tetanic-like muscle contractions and relaxations. When applied to nerves and muscles, it causes sensory stimulation, muscle contraction, reduced swelling and pain, and increased metabolism. Faradic current is indicated for muscle reeducation, maintaining range of motion, loosening adhesions, and replacing orthosis. It involves placing electrodes on muscles or nerve trunks and gradually increasing and decreasing intensity to cause contraction and relaxation.
PFD AND ITS PT MANAGEMENT.pptx
This slideshare consists of brief knowledge about pelvic floor musculature and its dysfunctions with appropriate physiotherapy management.
THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND.pptx
Therapeutic ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to promote healing and reduce pain and swelling. Piezoelectric crystals, such as lead zirconate titanate, transform electrical energy into ultrasonic sound waves when alternating current is applied. Ultrasound is used to treat recent injuries, inflammation, scar tissue, edema, pain, dermal ulcers, and surgical incisions. Contraindications include malignant tumors, pregnancy, cardiac disease, and radiation therapy. Ultrasound treatment parameters include intensity, pulse mode, reflection, transmission, attenuation by tissue, ultrasonic fields, and coupling media.
Obstetric brachial plexus injury PT.pptx
This document outlines the physiotherapy management for obstetric brachial plexus injury. It involves initial rest, followed by gentle range of motion exercises to maintain flexibility and strength. Specific exercises target the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. Positioning and splinting are also used to prevent contractures while allowing the involved arm to function. Sensory re-education helps address any loss of sensation. The overall goals are to maintain range of motion, muscle suppleness and strength, prevent contractures, and maximize functional recovery of the affected arm.
STRETCHING.pptx
Stretching involves elongating soft tissues to improve flexibility. The stretch reflex causes muscles to contract in response to stretching. Reciprocal inhibition allows relaxation of muscles on one side of a joint for contraction on the other side. Stretching is indicated to improve range of motion limited by tight tissues, as part of a fitness program, and to reduce muscle soreness. Proper alignment, stabilization, intensity, duration, speed, frequency, and mode are principles of effective stretching.
ankylosing spondylitis.pptx
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine. It causes back pain and stiffness and can lead to fusion of the vertebrae. The disease is more common in younger males and has a strong genetic link. Symptoms include lower back stiffness and pain that gradually worsens over time. Treatment focuses on relieving pain, maintaining mobility, and preventing deformities through exercises, medications, and sometimes surgery.
More from PriyankaBhusal2 (8)
Recently uploaded
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneHow to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdHow to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience Wahiba Chair Training & Consulting
Wahiba Chair's Talk at the 2024 Learning Ideas Conference. Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Recently uploaded (20)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
pain and pain gate theory.pptx
- 1. PAIN AND PAIN GATE THEORY Presented by: Priyanka Bhusal
- 2. Pain is defined as unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
- 3. Gate control theory was described by Melzack and Wall in 1965. This theory explains about a pain- modulating system in which a neural gate present in the spinal cord can open and close thereby modulating the perception of pain.
- 4. 1. The substantia gelatinosa in the dorsal horn 2. The dorsal column fibers 3. The central transmission cells.
- 5. The dorsal horn is responsible for passing on information which can be interpreted as pain. This area is referred to as the 'gate' as it prevents the brain from receiving too much information too quickly. GATE= Dorsal horn
- 6. Primary: from the ‘nociceptors’ to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Secondary: from the dorsal horn to the thalamus. Tertiary: from thalamus to cortex and awareness.
- 7. The smaller, unmyelenated A (delta) and C nerve fibers sense pain such as sharp burning and aching feelings. Larger, myelenated A (beta) skin nerves which carry senses of touch, heat, cold and pressure. • The A (beta) nerves are faster, and also have priority which effectively blocks out the pain messages to the brain and closes the gate.
- 8. Stimulation of the large-diameter fibers (A-Fibers) activates inhibitory interneuron which inhibits the transmission of pain (closing the gate). Stimulation of the Small-diameter fibers (C- Fibers) stimulates the transmission of pain (opening the Gate). When the gate is closed, signals from small diameter pain fibers do not excite the dorsal horn transmission neurons. When the gate is open pain signals excite dorsal horn transmission cells. The gating mechanism is influenced by nerve impulses that descend from the brain.
- 10. 1. The amount of activity in the pain fibers. 2. The amount of activity in other peripheral fibers 3. Messages that descend from the brain.
- 11. 1. Physical Pain - Analgesic Remedies 2. Emotional Pain - Being in a ‘good’ mood 3. Behavioral Factors - Concentrating on things other than the injury 4. Relaxation and Contentment 5. Mental factors: work, T.V., book, 6. Activity - Taking exercise 7. counter-stimulation- heat, massage, acupuncture
- 12. Physical Factors - Bodily injury Emotional Factors - Anxiety & Depression Behavioral Factors - Attending to the injury and concentrating on the pain Lack of Activity