To give Knowledge about topic.

1. BASIC PRINCIPLES GENETIC
ENGINEERING
Prepared by:
Ms. Harshada R. Bafna.
M. Pharm (Quality Assurances)

2. Introduction
 Genetic engineering involves deliberated DNA manipulation in organisms to alter their
genes.
 Although the organisms whose genes are being altered may not be microbes, but the
substances and techniques involved are obtained from microbes and adapted for use in
more complex organisms.
 Genetic inheritance was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865 following
experiments crossing peas.

3.  Term "genetics" was coined by William Bateson in 1905.
 The double helix structure of DNA was identified by James Watson and Francis Crick
in 1953.
 The most important application of molecular genetics in biotechnology is genetic
engineering or recombinant (rDNA) technology.
 Genetic engineering is the process of producing an organism that contains a gene or
genes not naturally present in organism.
 This is useful tool for production of vaccines and antigens.

4. Basic principle of genetic engineering
 It is the basic technique of recombinant DNA technology and it is simple.
 Plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli (E. coli) and chromosomal DNA from another
organism are cleaved (fig.) with a restriction enzymes, mixed and ligated with DNA
ligase.
 DNA ligase:- It is a specific type of enzymes, a ligase that facilitates the joining of
DNA strand together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
 It play role in repairing single strand duplex DNA in living organism.
 Endonuclease: are the enzyme that cleave the phosphodiester bond within
polynucleotide chain.

5. Synthesizing Enzymes: These enzymes helps in synthesis DNA strands on appropriate
templates
There are two types of synthesizing enzymes are as follows:
1. DNA polymerase: These help in synthesis of complimentary DNA 5’ 3’ direction on
DNA template
2. Reverse transcriptase: these enzymes synthesize single complementary to m-RNA
template
Joining enzyme: these enzymes help in sealing gap in DNA fragments which are
otherwise joined by complimentary base pairing
Alkaline phosphate: they cut off phosphate group from 5’ end of DNA (circular)

6. Applications
1. Production of Pharmaceutical Products:
 Human protein replacement.
 Therapeutic agent for human disease and vaccines.
2. Recombinant vaccines:
 Hepatitis B vaccines is produced by cloning hepatitis B surface antigen in yeast
cell.

7. 3. Diagnosis & cure of diseases:
 Solve the problems of diagnosis by using DNA probe, monoclonal antibody.
 Diagnosis infection caused by bacteria, protozoa and viruses.
4. Gene therapy
5. Transgenic plants & animals