Critical care nursing lectures for undergraduate and post graduate students. The infection control in ICU includes all procedures needed to control infection among patients in ICU followed by nursing students
Prevention of Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection (CLABSI )[compa...drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection (CLABSI )
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Prevention of Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection (CLABSI )[compa...drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection (CLABSI )
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Injection safety According to CDC guidelineDerar ALJarrah
Preventing Unsafe Injection Practices
Safe Injection Practices are a set of recommendations within Standard Precautions, which are the foundation for preventing transmission of infections during patient care in all healthcare settings including hospitals, long-term care facilities, ambulatory care, home care and hospice.
Safe iv cannulation (prevention of iv thrombophlebitis)Chaithanya Malalur
A basic introduction to applying an intravenous canula. A note on commonly accessible veins, purpose of IV cannulation, materials & procedure, after care, complications & management
Using the Central Line Bundle
Hand Hygiene
Remove Unnecessary Lines
Use of Maximal Barrier Precautions
Chlorhexidine for Skin Antisepsis
Avoid femoral lines
Report CLABSI rates to the units
Celebrate success!!
Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common type of healthcare-associated infection reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Among UTIs acquired in the hospital, approximately 75% are associated with a urinary catheter, which is a tube inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. Between 15-25% of hospitalized patients receive urinary catheters during their hospital stay. The most important risk factor for developing a catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) is prolonged use of the urinary catheter. Therefore, catheters should only be used for appropriate indications and should be removed as soon as they are no longer needed.
Injection safety According to CDC guidelineDerar ALJarrah
Preventing Unsafe Injection Practices
Safe Injection Practices are a set of recommendations within Standard Precautions, which are the foundation for preventing transmission of infections during patient care in all healthcare settings including hospitals, long-term care facilities, ambulatory care, home care and hospice.
Safe iv cannulation (prevention of iv thrombophlebitis)Chaithanya Malalur
A basic introduction to applying an intravenous canula. A note on commonly accessible veins, purpose of IV cannulation, materials & procedure, after care, complications & management
Using the Central Line Bundle
Hand Hygiene
Remove Unnecessary Lines
Use of Maximal Barrier Precautions
Chlorhexidine for Skin Antisepsis
Avoid femoral lines
Report CLABSI rates to the units
Celebrate success!!
Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common type of healthcare-associated infection reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Among UTIs acquired in the hospital, approximately 75% are associated with a urinary catheter, which is a tube inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. Between 15-25% of hospitalized patients receive urinary catheters during their hospital stay. The most important risk factor for developing a catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) is prolonged use of the urinary catheter. Therefore, catheters should only be used for appropriate indications and should be removed as soon as they are no longer needed.
Infection control protocols in intensive care unitsANILKUMAR BR
Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are common in intensive care unit (ICU) patient and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
The main reason being severity of illness, interruption of normal defense mechanism (e.g. mechanical ventilation), malnutrition & inability to ambulate make it more susceptible to multi drug resistant organism (MDRO).
The most frequent mode of transmission is Contact transmission, this may be direct or indirect other modes include droplet transmission, airborne transmission, common vehicle such as ventilator etc.
Hospital Acquired Infections/Health care associated infections/Nosocomial infection .
More useful for MBBS ,PG (MD/MS) Students to get a brief idea about HAI.
Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMA...ssuser3155141
BIOMEDICAL WASTE
IS DEFINED AS
“ANY WASTE GENERATED DURING
THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
OR IMMUNIZATION OF HUMANS
OR ANIMALS OR IN RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES PERTAINING THERTO
OR IN THE
PRODUCTION OR
TESTING OF BIOLOGI
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
2. INTRODUCTION
Hospital acquired infections are a major cause of
mortality and morbidity in ICU
Effective infection prevention and control is central
to providing high quality health care for patients and
a safe working environment for those that work in
healthcare settings.
It is important to minimize the risk of spread of
infection to patients and staff in hospital by
implementing good infection control programme.
Hospital acquired infections and nosocomial
infections is considered as safety threat by patients
and health care team.
3. Hospital acquired infections are among avoidable
mortality and morbidity causes.
The three main HAIs in the general ICUs were
ventilator-associated events (VAE), urinary tract
infection (UTI), and pneumonia events & lower
respiratory tract infection (PNEU & LRI) infections.
Hospital acquired infections are newly acquired
infections that arises after 48 hours of admission to
the hospital.
These infections increases the cost of care, length
of ICU stay and diminishes the favorable outcome
of care.
HOSPITAL ACQUIRED
INFECTION
4. Critical care units are seat of many hospital acquired
infections because of two reasons:
The increased number of invasive procedures in
critical care units.
The nature of illness among patients admitted in
ICU make them immunocompromised ,thus, they
become susceptible to acquire Nosocomial
infections.
HOSPITAL ACQUIRED
INFECTION
5. The four major types of hospital acquired infections
occur among patients in ICU :
VAP(Ventilator associated pneumonia)
CAUTI (Catheter associated urinary tract
infections)
CRBSI (Catheter related bloodstream infections)
SSI (Surgical site infections)
HOSPITAL ACQUIRED
INFECTION
6. VAP is one of the serious infection occur in ICU
It is pneumonia that occur within 48-72hours after
intubation or tracheostomy among patients on
mechanical ventilator.
The mortality rate among patients with VAP is
higher in comparison to other infections in ICU.
This occurs due to introduction of artificial airway in
the respiratory tract e.g. ET tube
VAP
7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VAP
Endotracheal tube insertion , Nasogastric tube and
mechanical ventilation
Aspiration from nasogastric tube
Biofilm formation within the ET
tube
Loss of protective upper airway reflexes
Movement of these organisms down the lower airway with
mechanical ventilation
Pooling of secretions above the cuff and rapid colonization
Escape of pathogenic biofilm into trachea through fold in
the cuff
Pneumonia (VAP)
Colonization and infiltration of lower airway and lungs
8.
9. CLINICAL FEATURES OF VAP
Fever
Lecukocytosis/ leukopenia
Purulent tracheal secretions
Positive culture for tracheal aspirate
10. VAP BUNDLE
The VAP can be prevented by following interventions:
Keep head end of bed elevated at 300 to 450 to prevent
aspiration of gastric content and gastric reflux.
Oral care twice to thrice a day with 0.12% chlorhexidine to
prevent colonization of bacteria in oral cavity
Follow early weaning protocol through sedation vacation and
spontaneous breathing trial.
Reduce unplanned Extubation and reintubation
Institute gastric ulcer prophylaxis
Maintain ET cuff pressure up to 20-30 to prevent tracheal
injury and necrosis
Follow periodic suctioning to avoid pooling of secretions and
emphasis on use subglottic ET tube.
11.
12. CLABSI
This is catheter related blood stream
infections or central line associated
blood stream infections.
These are laboratory confirmed
blood stream infections within 48
hours insertion of central line before
occurrence of other Nosocomial
infections
The causative organisms are
caugalase negative staphylococci,
enterococci, klebsiella, MRSA-
positive staphylococcus aureus,
pseudomonas, acinetobactor and
E.coli.
13. CLABSI
The confirmation of blood stream infection through
central line can be stated based on following
criteria:
Same organism has grown in blood drown from
central line and peripheral vein with three times
higher rate of growth in central line.
Same organism extracted from the percutaneous
blood culture and catheter tip.
Shorter time to positive culture from central line
sample than from the peripheral line sample
(>2hours)
14. RISK FACTORS CAUSING CLBSI
Immunocompromised state: neutropenia, diabetes mellitus,
bone marrow transplant or organ transplant recipient.
Prolonged hospitalization before catheter insertion
Chronic illnesses
Extremes of age
Burns and other skin pathology
Poor aseptic precautions during insertion of catheter and hub
contamination
Infusion of contaminated fluid
Migration of organisms from contaminated skin during
insertion and after that.
Femoral catheter insertion
15. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Fever with chills
Advance age and presence of neutropenia patient
shows symptoms of lethargy, altered mental status,
hypotension.
Pus formation and skin discoloration with
discharge around catheter insertion site
Complaint of pain along the course of vein by
patient
Poor or no blood flow return from the venous
access.
16. CLABSI BUNDLE
Prevention at the time of Central line insertion:
Hand hygiene Maintaninence before insertion with soap and
water and alcohol rub.
Adhere to the strict aseptic technique
Ensure to adhere to the infection control protocol checklist
during insertion
Clean skin with 2-70% chlorhexidine before insertion and let it
dry completely before skin puncture.
Try to avoid to use peripheral and femoral central access
lines.
17. CLABSI BUNDLE
Central line care: Central line Maintaninence bundle
Perform hand hygiene before touching the central line of
patient.
Clean the catheter hubs, connectors and injection ports with
chlorhexidine 2%-70% and by busing sterile swab.
Apply mechanical friction for no less than 5 seconds before
touching any part of tubing, hubs or connectors.
Use the central venous access to the period most necessary
Remove unwanted extension catheters.
18. CLABSI BUNDLE
Regularly assess the need for central venous access and if
not necessary, remove it.
Change the gauge dressing with all aseptic technique once in
2 days . If transparent dressing is there it can be changed in
5-7 days time.
Blood transfusion sets have to be changed within 24 hours.
I/V lines used for transfusion of lipid emulsion, propofol need
to be changed in 12 hours time.
I/V line can be changed within 96 hours.
19. CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT
INFECTION PREVENTION -CAUTI
Catheter Insertion bundle:
Hand hygiene before and after insertion of catheter or doing
any manipulation related to urinary catheter.
Ensure properly trained persons should insert catheter by
using aseptic technique
Use sterile equipments
Use sterile gloves, drape, sponges and an appropriate
antiseptic solution for periuretheral cleaning and a single use
packet of jelly for insertion.
Properly secure indwelling catheter after insertion to prevent
movement and urethral traction.
Consider to use smallest bore catheter to minimize urethral
trauma.
20. CATHETER ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT
INFECTION PREVENTION -CAUTI
Urinary Catheter Maintaninence/care bundle:
Keep the catheter and collecting tube free from kinking
Keep the collecting bag below the level of urinary bladder all the
time.
Empty the collecting bag regularly using a separate ,clean
collecting container for each patient.
Use standard precautions like gloves etc. during catheter care.
Change the bag or urinary catheter only when clinical indications
exists such as infection, blockage or obstruction.
Unless clinical indication exists do not use antiseptic solution to
clean urethra while catheter is in situ. Use routine hygiene like
wash .
Unless obstruction is anticipated or post prostrate surgery,
bladder irrigation is not recommended.
21. GENERAL MEASURES FOR INFECTION
CONTROL IN ICU
Isolation:
Identify immuno -compromised symptomatic patients like
patients with Lecukocytosis, skin rashes fever and
neutropenia and transfer them in Isolation room to prevent
infection from other patients.
Use reverse isolation for patients with neutropenia to prevent
cross infection among them.
Identify the patients with symptoms of Nosocomial infections
like skin rashes, diarrhea, fever etc. isolate them to prevent
other patients..
22. GENERAL MEASURES FOR INFECTION
CONTROL IN ICU
Standard
Precautions:
Minimize contact
with blood
secretions and
patient care
areas.
Follow five
moments of hand
hygiene
23. GENERAL MEASURES FOR INFECTION
CONTROL IN ICU
Standard Precautions:
Wear personal protective equipments according to the
procedure and mode of contamination.
Appropriately handle equipment and linen used for patient
care.
Perform appropriate biomedical waste management through
segregation of waste at the site of generation and proper
disposal as per protocol.
Prevent needle stick/ sharp injuries
Perform appropriate spill management and environmental
cleaning.
24. GENERAL MEASURES FOR INFECTION
CONTROL IN ICU
Biomedical waste disposal:
Strict adherence to segregation of waste at the point of
generation and disposal of waste as per the biomedical waste
management protocol
All laboratory specimens should be packed in spillage free
container and transport at the earliest.
Specimens taken from patients known to harbor HBV, HCV
and HIV are to be labeled with biohazard symbol and sent
separately.
25.
26. GENERAL MEASURES FOR INFECTION
CONTROL IN ICU
Disinfection and cleaning of instrument and linen:
Used and contaminated instruments should be thoroughly
washed with running water and dry them.
After drying the contaminated instruments soak in 2%
Glutaraldehyde for more than 20 minutes and send for
autoclaving and sterilization.
Contaminated linen should be soaked in 2% sodium
hypochlorite solution before wash.
Use separate rooms for dirty linen and clean linen storage.
Wash contaminated equipments in dirty linen room under
running water.
27. MAINTANINENCE OF ICU ENVIRONMENT
ICU is vulnerable area for spread of Infection; therefore,
it is imperative that all protocols and recommendation
practices about infection control and prevention are
observed and if there is a breakout then adequate steps
taken to control this and disinfect the ICU if indicated:
All the Recommendations of State Pollution Control
Boards and Biomedical Waste guidelines must be
followed in letter and spirit.
Floor cleaning twice a day with phenol
Window sills and exhaust vents have tot be cleaned
using detergent impregnated cloth or mop head.
28. MAINTANINENCE OF ICU ENVIRONMENT
All beds must have 24x7 Hand rub solution bottle
hanging by the bed foot end or around
There should be one hand wash basin with elbow
operated water tap for at least 5 beds.
All linen/equipment used in ICU procedure should
be sterilized by autoclave or any other standard
methods
Dedicated ICU autoclave/ETO rooms are desirable
for larger ICUs
Standard methods/protocols should be adopted to
dispose off single use disposable tubes/catheters
and lines and should be transported out of ICU
either by dedicated ducts or by closed cart.
29. MAINTANINENCE OF ICU ENVIRONMENT
Regular fumigation of ICUs is neither possible nor
desirable. However, floor mopping, equipment
cleaning solutions and cleaning of beds are strongly
recommended with disinfectants.
No dirty/soiled linen/material should be allowed to
stay in ICU for long times for fear of spread of bad
odor, infection and should be disposed off as fast
as possible
30. MAINTANINENCE OF ICU ENVIRONMENT
There should be provision for hand hygiene at the
entrance of the unit.
Properly disinfect blood spells or body fluid spills
on the floor. Treat the area with sodium hypochlorite
solution by routine cleaning of floors.
31. SPECIFIC PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Specific measures should be taken to prevent droplet
and contact infections.
Airborne droplet infections:
a. Patients harboring agents that spread through air droplets
like through coughing or sneezing e.g. tuberculosis etc have
to be isolated in isolation room.
b. Visitors and care givers have to wear N95 mask
c. The room door should be closed with sealing and isolation
room should have negative pressure ventilation.
d. Limit the movement of visitors.
32. Contact precautions:
a. Isolate the patient
b. Use individual items and equipments of care for
patient.
c. In avoidable circumstances proper disinfection of
the items should be done.
d. Limit the movement of patients visitors.
33. QUALITY INDICATORS OF CRITICAL CARE
The ISCCM & hospital accredited agencies provides
a set of benchmarks to assess and improve the
quality of ICU care on continuous basis.
The following table tells us about quality indicators:
34. Category Quality Indicator
Outcome indicators •Standard Mortality rate
• Morbidity Indicators : Iatrogenic
Pneumothorax, Incidence of renal failure in
noncoronary patients, Incidence of pressure
ulcers, Incidence of VAP, Incidence rate of
CLABSI
Process • Length of ICU stay
• Compliance to various protocols: Hand
hygiene compliance, Prevention of CAUTI, VAP
prevention bundle, CRBSI prevention bundle.
• ICU readmission rate
Patient Safety • Patient falls, Medication errors, Adverse
events, Needle stick injuries, Accidental
unplanned Extubation, Reintubation rate
Human resource •Employee satisfaction
• Absenteeism/Turnover
Consumer Satisfaction • Patient satisfaction
•Family satisfaction