This document discusses oxygenation and its relationship to respiratory and cardiovascular function. It covers topics like the physiology of oxygenation, factors that affect oxygenation like age, environment, lifestyle, and health status. Common manifestations of altered respiratory and cardiovascular function are described, like dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxia. Life span changes and problems related to respiration and circulation at different ages are outlined. The document also discusses respiratory and cardiac emergencies, and the nursing process for assessment and care planning for patients with respiratory or cardiovascular issues.
The Pulmonary system - Artificial organ 2.pptxHusseinMishbak
The pulmonary system, also known as the respiratory system, allows us to breathe by bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. It includes the lungs, airways, blood vessels, and respiratory muscles. The lungs contain millions of alveoli where gas exchange occurs between the blood and air. Lung diseases such as asthma, COPD, and lung cancer can damage the lungs and impair their ability to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide, potentially leading to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and other health issues. Lung transplantation and artificial lungs can provide life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage lung disease.
The document discusses oxygen insufficiency and hypoxia. It defines oxygen insufficiency as a condition where the body or a region is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Hypoxia refers specifically to low oxygen levels in tissues. There are several types of hypoxia depending on where the deficiency occurs, such as in oxygen supply, transport, or utilization. Signs of inadequate oxygenation include changes in respiratory, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. Treatment involves restoring adequate oxygen levels through ventilation support, oxygen therapy, and addressing underlying causes.
This document reviews pulmonary diseases including COPD, asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes COPD as consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both causing difficulty exhaling air. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory lung disease causing recurrent breathing issues. Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which primarily attacks the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when coughing or sneezing. The document outlines symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for each disease.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diseases including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. COPD is characterized by difficulty exhaling air and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma involves constricted airways, swollen bronchial linings, and excess mucus production. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, transmitted via airborne droplets.
Oxygen insufficeincy and sensory deprivationParbh Jot
The document discusses oxygen insufficiency and sensory deprivation. It defines oxygen insufficiency as a condition where the body or a region is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Causes include decreased hemoglobin, altitude, tissue oxygen extraction issues, and impaired ventilation. Symptoms include cyanosis, altered breathing, and fatigue. Nursing assessments focus on respiratory status and signs of hypoxia. Oxygen therapy is the primary treatment. Sensory deprivation occurs when a person experiences decreased meaningful stimuli and can affect physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning. At-risk groups include those with sensory impairments or in long-term care. Preventing deprivation involves promoting healthy sensory stimulation.
This document provides information on respiratory function and aging-related changes. It discusses how the lungs, airways, chest wall, and respiratory muscles undergo anatomical and physiological changes with normal aging. These include stiffening of lung tissue, decreased lung capacity and compliance, weaker respiratory muscles, and altered breathing patterns. Age-related changes in the immune system, cardiovascular system, and neurological function can also impact pulmonary status. Common respiratory conditions that affect older adults like COPD are then reviewed in terms of symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatment options, and nursing management.
The document defines oxygenation as the delivery of oxygen to body tissues and cells, describes the physiological process of oxygen transport from the lungs to cells, and outlines factors that can affect oxygen levels as well as signs and symptoms of hypoxia. It also provides details on administering oxygen to improve uptake and delivery through various methods and equipment.
The Pulmonary system - Artificial organ 2.pptxHusseinMishbak
The pulmonary system, also known as the respiratory system, allows us to breathe by bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. It includes the lungs, airways, blood vessels, and respiratory muscles. The lungs contain millions of alveoli where gas exchange occurs between the blood and air. Lung diseases such as asthma, COPD, and lung cancer can damage the lungs and impair their ability to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide, potentially leading to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and other health issues. Lung transplantation and artificial lungs can provide life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage lung disease.
The document discusses oxygen insufficiency and hypoxia. It defines oxygen insufficiency as a condition where the body or a region is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Hypoxia refers specifically to low oxygen levels in tissues. There are several types of hypoxia depending on where the deficiency occurs, such as in oxygen supply, transport, or utilization. Signs of inadequate oxygenation include changes in respiratory, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. Treatment involves restoring adequate oxygen levels through ventilation support, oxygen therapy, and addressing underlying causes.
This document reviews pulmonary diseases including COPD, asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes COPD as consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both causing difficulty exhaling air. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory lung disease causing recurrent breathing issues. Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which primarily attacks the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when coughing or sneezing. The document outlines symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for each disease.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diseases including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. COPD is characterized by difficulty exhaling air and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma involves constricted airways, swollen bronchial linings, and excess mucus production. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, transmitted via airborne droplets.
Oxygen insufficeincy and sensory deprivationParbh Jot
The document discusses oxygen insufficiency and sensory deprivation. It defines oxygen insufficiency as a condition where the body or a region is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Causes include decreased hemoglobin, altitude, tissue oxygen extraction issues, and impaired ventilation. Symptoms include cyanosis, altered breathing, and fatigue. Nursing assessments focus on respiratory status and signs of hypoxia. Oxygen therapy is the primary treatment. Sensory deprivation occurs when a person experiences decreased meaningful stimuli and can affect physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning. At-risk groups include those with sensory impairments or in long-term care. Preventing deprivation involves promoting healthy sensory stimulation.
This document provides information on respiratory function and aging-related changes. It discusses how the lungs, airways, chest wall, and respiratory muscles undergo anatomical and physiological changes with normal aging. These include stiffening of lung tissue, decreased lung capacity and compliance, weaker respiratory muscles, and altered breathing patterns. Age-related changes in the immune system, cardiovascular system, and neurological function can also impact pulmonary status. Common respiratory conditions that affect older adults like COPD are then reviewed in terms of symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatment options, and nursing management.
The document defines oxygenation as the delivery of oxygen to body tissues and cells, describes the physiological process of oxygen transport from the lungs to cells, and outlines factors that can affect oxygen levels as well as signs and symptoms of hypoxia. It also provides details on administering oxygen to improve uptake and delivery through various methods and equipment.
This document provides information on interstitial lung disease from a seminar presented by Ms. Saheli Chakraborty. It defines interstitial lung disease as progressive scarring of lung tissue. It discusses the objectives, introduction, definition, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, complications, management, nursing management, nursing diagnoses and common types of interstitial lung diseases including sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, asbestosis and acute interstitial pneumonitis.
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
This document provides information about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a group of lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that cause breathing-related problems due to airflow blockages. The document discusses the prevalence of COPD globally, common causes such as smoking, symptoms, stages of the disease, diagnosis typically involving spirometry, and treatments including medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy and surgery.
This document provides information about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a group of lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that cause breathing problems due to airflow blockages. The document discusses the prevalence of COPD globally, common causes such as smoking, symptoms, stages of the disease, diagnosis typically involving spirometry, and treatments including medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, diet, and lifestyle changes.
The document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. The document provides statistics on the prevalence and mortality of COPD worldwide and in India. It identifies the major risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management including medications, oxygen therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. It also discusses nursing care for patients with COPD.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. The main symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. COPD is caused by exposure to inhaled irritants, most often cigarette smoke, leading to chronic inflammation and structural changes in the lungs.
The predominant form of COPD is chronic bronchitis, which involves chronic cough and sputum production for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years. This is associated with inflammation and eventual thickening of the bronchial tubes. Emphysema is another form of COPD characterized by permanent enlargement of airspaces and destruction of lung parenchyma.
The airflow limitation in COPD is due to a combination of parenchymal destruction (emphysema) and small airways disease (chronic bronchitis). The obstruction is generally progressive and irreversible. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, exposure history, and spirometry showing irreversible airflow limitation.
COPD treatment aims to reduce symptoms, improve exercise tolerance, prevent exacerbations, and slow disease progression. Smoking cessation is essential. Medications used include bronchodilators and inhaled steroids. Supplemental oxygen may be required in advanced disease. Exacerbations are treated with antibiotics, oral steroids, and other supportive therapies. Patients often have decreased quality of life and COPD is a leading cause of mortality worldwide.
Chapter (34)-new-Medical Nutrition Therapy for Pulmonary Diseases (3).pdfMarahAbujaish
This document discusses medical nutrition therapy for pulmonary diseases. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the pulmonary system. It then discusses how malnutrition can negatively impact the pulmonary system and vice versa. Specific chronic pulmonary diseases like asthma and COPD are examined in depth, outlining their pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and how nutrition can support management. Food allergens, antioxidants, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals are some of the nutritional factors discussed in relation to pulmonary health.
This document discusses normal age-related changes to the respiratory system and secondary changes that can occur. As people age, bones become weaker leading to structural changes in the rib cage and spine that reduce lung capacity. Respiratory muscles also weaken over time. The immune system decreases as well, increasing risk of infection. Mobility issues further limit respiratory muscle strengthening. Common pulmonary disorders in the elderly include asthma, COPD, pulmonary hypertension, and sleep apnea. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, antibiotics, oxygen supplementation, and lifestyle changes. Support groups can help elderly individuals cope with respiratory changes.
The document discusses respiratory toxicology and covers several topics:
1. It describes the anatomy and functions of the upper and lower respiratory tract.
2. It explains the mechanisms of lung injury from toxic exposures, including oxidative stress and the role of antioxidants in the lung.
3. It covers several occupational and environmental lung diseases including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, COPD, and lung cancer. It provides details on pulmonary fibrosis and the pathways involved in its development.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by obstructed airflow from the lungs. It is typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter from cigarette smoke. The two most common conditions that contribute to COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema destroys lung tissue and chronic bronchitis causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes. While COPD is progressive, treatment options can help control symptoms and slow disease progression. Treatment may include quitting smoking, medications like bronchodilators and antibiotics, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and possibly surgery in severe cases.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are commonly found together. In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways due to damage to the airways and air sacs. The main risk factor is tobacco smoking. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation and medications to improve breathing.
This document discusses the effects of air pollution on the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of respiratory anatomy and physiology, focusing on the nose, sinuses, and lungs. It then describes how air pollution can increase inflammation and mucus production, impairing the body's ability to clear particles and increasing risk of infection. Specific pollutants like ozone and particulate matter are linked to worsening lung function, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. Those with existing respiratory conditions like asthma are especially vulnerable. The document concludes with an overview of common chronic respiratory disorders and their relationship to air pollution.
1st science 16 causes, symptoms, prevention and treatmentShirley Sison
Here are some responses to the assignment questions:
1. General ways to minimize or prevent respiratory ailments include maintaining good hygiene, getting adequate rest, and avoiding exposure to pollutants and irritants.
2. To inform the public about the dangers of smoking and lung cancer, one could create educational materials highlighting the health risks and statistics, give presentations, or participate in advocacy campaigns.
3. Traffic aides and factory workers wear masks to filter out pollutants and particles in the air that could otherwise be inhaled and potentially damage the lungs over time with prolonged exposure.
4. Your breathing rate increases in crowded areas due to higher levels of carbon dioxide from many people exhaling in a confined space.
Oxygen Insufficiency By - Jitendra Bokha .pptxJitendra Bokha
Oxygen is very essential component for living things so as a nurse it is fundamental to assess the level of oxygen in body, and if it is less than necessary action should be taken. Oxygen insufficiency can lead serious illness like lung diseases or breathing difficulties, heart conditions, or certain medical emergencies. When the body doesn't receive enough oxygen, it can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, confusion, rapid heart rate, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and, if necessary, providing supplemental oxygen therapy.
Toward the summarize today we are discussed introduction of o2 insufficiency, meaning & physiology of oxygenation, oxygenation results from the co-operative function of 3 major systems - respiratory/pulmonary system / haematological system / cardiovascular system / lung volumes and capacities / there are three steps in the process of oxygenation - ventilation, perfusion, diffusion / terminology related to ventilation & how its possible / regulation of respiration / factors affecting oxygenation - physiological factors / developmental factor & behavioural factors, environmental factors. Sign and symptom of inadequate oxygenation, etiological factors, disease / abnormalities which cause oxygen insufficiency/diagnosis & evaluation of the patient that who is having oxygen insufficiency, management of o2 insufficiency, nursing diagnosis and interventions.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma (BA), including:
1. BA is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath in response to triggers.
2. Pathogenesis involves chronic airway inflammation, intermittent airflow obstruction from bronchoconstriction and remodeling, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Principal cells involved are mast cells, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes.
3. Classification of BA severity is based on symptoms, nighttime symptoms, lung function measurements, and exacerbations. Clinical evaluation includes patient history, physical exam assessing respiratory distress, and tests to measure lung function such
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema that are characterized by persistent airflow obstruction and breathing-related problems.
2. The primary symptoms of COPD include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath with exertion.
3. The main risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoke, accounting for 80-90% of COPD cases. Management of COPD focuses on relieving symptoms, preventing progression, reducing complications, and improving quality of life through smoking cessation, medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy and surgery.
Special considerations in design of clinical trials for special Disease condi...Dr. Pankaj Bablani
This document provides guidance on designing clinical trials for respiratory disorders like asthma and bronchitis. It discusses patient characteristics and selection criteria, including diagnosing based on symptoms and lung function tests. Trial design considerations are outlined, such as evaluating drugs that improve lung function, provide symptom relief, or modify disease progression. Methods to assess efficacy include lung function tests measured over multiple visits. Special populations like children require age-specific study designs. Guidelines from health authorities should be followed for clinical trial authorization.
Mr. Rewat singh, a 63-year-old male stone mine laborer, presented with worsening shortness of breath over the past 7 days and a chronic cough for 3 years. He smokes 4 bundles of bidi per day and has a history of hypertension. On examination, his respiratory rate was increased and breath sounds were diminished. He was diagnosed with pneumonia based on his symptoms and physical exam findings.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This document provides information on interstitial lung disease from a seminar presented by Ms. Saheli Chakraborty. It defines interstitial lung disease as progressive scarring of lung tissue. It discusses the objectives, introduction, definition, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, complications, management, nursing management, nursing diagnoses and common types of interstitial lung diseases including sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, asbestosis and acute interstitial pneumonitis.
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
This document provides information about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a group of lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that cause breathing-related problems due to airflow blockages. The document discusses the prevalence of COPD globally, common causes such as smoking, symptoms, stages of the disease, diagnosis typically involving spirometry, and treatments including medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy and surgery.
This document provides information about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a group of lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that cause breathing problems due to airflow blockages. The document discusses the prevalence of COPD globally, common causes such as smoking, symptoms, stages of the disease, diagnosis typically involving spirometry, and treatments including medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, diet, and lifestyle changes.
The document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. The document provides statistics on the prevalence and mortality of COPD worldwide and in India. It identifies the major risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management including medications, oxygen therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. It also discusses nursing care for patients with COPD.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. The main symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. COPD is caused by exposure to inhaled irritants, most often cigarette smoke, leading to chronic inflammation and structural changes in the lungs.
The predominant form of COPD is chronic bronchitis, which involves chronic cough and sputum production for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years. This is associated with inflammation and eventual thickening of the bronchial tubes. Emphysema is another form of COPD characterized by permanent enlargement of airspaces and destruction of lung parenchyma.
The airflow limitation in COPD is due to a combination of parenchymal destruction (emphysema) and small airways disease (chronic bronchitis). The obstruction is generally progressive and irreversible. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, exposure history, and spirometry showing irreversible airflow limitation.
COPD treatment aims to reduce symptoms, improve exercise tolerance, prevent exacerbations, and slow disease progression. Smoking cessation is essential. Medications used include bronchodilators and inhaled steroids. Supplemental oxygen may be required in advanced disease. Exacerbations are treated with antibiotics, oral steroids, and other supportive therapies. Patients often have decreased quality of life and COPD is a leading cause of mortality worldwide.
Chapter (34)-new-Medical Nutrition Therapy for Pulmonary Diseases (3).pdfMarahAbujaish
This document discusses medical nutrition therapy for pulmonary diseases. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the pulmonary system. It then discusses how malnutrition can negatively impact the pulmonary system and vice versa. Specific chronic pulmonary diseases like asthma and COPD are examined in depth, outlining their pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and how nutrition can support management. Food allergens, antioxidants, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals are some of the nutritional factors discussed in relation to pulmonary health.
This document discusses normal age-related changes to the respiratory system and secondary changes that can occur. As people age, bones become weaker leading to structural changes in the rib cage and spine that reduce lung capacity. Respiratory muscles also weaken over time. The immune system decreases as well, increasing risk of infection. Mobility issues further limit respiratory muscle strengthening. Common pulmonary disorders in the elderly include asthma, COPD, pulmonary hypertension, and sleep apnea. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, antibiotics, oxygen supplementation, and lifestyle changes. Support groups can help elderly individuals cope with respiratory changes.
The document discusses respiratory toxicology and covers several topics:
1. It describes the anatomy and functions of the upper and lower respiratory tract.
2. It explains the mechanisms of lung injury from toxic exposures, including oxidative stress and the role of antioxidants in the lung.
3. It covers several occupational and environmental lung diseases including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, COPD, and lung cancer. It provides details on pulmonary fibrosis and the pathways involved in its development.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by obstructed airflow from the lungs. It is typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter from cigarette smoke. The two most common conditions that contribute to COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema destroys lung tissue and chronic bronchitis causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes. While COPD is progressive, treatment options can help control symptoms and slow disease progression. Treatment may include quitting smoking, medications like bronchodilators and antibiotics, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and possibly surgery in severe cases.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are commonly found together. In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways due to damage to the airways and air sacs. The main risk factor is tobacco smoking. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation and medications to improve breathing.
This document discusses the effects of air pollution on the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of respiratory anatomy and physiology, focusing on the nose, sinuses, and lungs. It then describes how air pollution can increase inflammation and mucus production, impairing the body's ability to clear particles and increasing risk of infection. Specific pollutants like ozone and particulate matter are linked to worsening lung function, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. Those with existing respiratory conditions like asthma are especially vulnerable. The document concludes with an overview of common chronic respiratory disorders and their relationship to air pollution.
1st science 16 causes, symptoms, prevention and treatmentShirley Sison
Here are some responses to the assignment questions:
1. General ways to minimize or prevent respiratory ailments include maintaining good hygiene, getting adequate rest, and avoiding exposure to pollutants and irritants.
2. To inform the public about the dangers of smoking and lung cancer, one could create educational materials highlighting the health risks and statistics, give presentations, or participate in advocacy campaigns.
3. Traffic aides and factory workers wear masks to filter out pollutants and particles in the air that could otherwise be inhaled and potentially damage the lungs over time with prolonged exposure.
4. Your breathing rate increases in crowded areas due to higher levels of carbon dioxide from many people exhaling in a confined space.
Oxygen Insufficiency By - Jitendra Bokha .pptxJitendra Bokha
Oxygen is very essential component for living things so as a nurse it is fundamental to assess the level of oxygen in body, and if it is less than necessary action should be taken. Oxygen insufficiency can lead serious illness like lung diseases or breathing difficulties, heart conditions, or certain medical emergencies. When the body doesn't receive enough oxygen, it can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, confusion, rapid heart rate, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and, if necessary, providing supplemental oxygen therapy.
Toward the summarize today we are discussed introduction of o2 insufficiency, meaning & physiology of oxygenation, oxygenation results from the co-operative function of 3 major systems - respiratory/pulmonary system / haematological system / cardiovascular system / lung volumes and capacities / there are three steps in the process of oxygenation - ventilation, perfusion, diffusion / terminology related to ventilation & how its possible / regulation of respiration / factors affecting oxygenation - physiological factors / developmental factor & behavioural factors, environmental factors. Sign and symptom of inadequate oxygenation, etiological factors, disease / abnormalities which cause oxygen insufficiency/diagnosis & evaluation of the patient that who is having oxygen insufficiency, management of o2 insufficiency, nursing diagnosis and interventions.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma (BA), including:
1. BA is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath in response to triggers.
2. Pathogenesis involves chronic airway inflammation, intermittent airflow obstruction from bronchoconstriction and remodeling, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Principal cells involved are mast cells, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes.
3. Classification of BA severity is based on symptoms, nighttime symptoms, lung function measurements, and exacerbations. Clinical evaluation includes patient history, physical exam assessing respiratory distress, and tests to measure lung function such
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema that are characterized by persistent airflow obstruction and breathing-related problems.
2. The primary symptoms of COPD include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath with exertion.
3. The main risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoke, accounting for 80-90% of COPD cases. Management of COPD focuses on relieving symptoms, preventing progression, reducing complications, and improving quality of life through smoking cessation, medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy and surgery.
Special considerations in design of clinical trials for special Disease condi...Dr. Pankaj Bablani
This document provides guidance on designing clinical trials for respiratory disorders like asthma and bronchitis. It discusses patient characteristics and selection criteria, including diagnosing based on symptoms and lung function tests. Trial design considerations are outlined, such as evaluating drugs that improve lung function, provide symptom relief, or modify disease progression. Methods to assess efficacy include lung function tests measured over multiple visits. Special populations like children require age-specific study designs. Guidelines from health authorities should be followed for clinical trial authorization.
Mr. Rewat singh, a 63-year-old male stone mine laborer, presented with worsening shortness of breath over the past 7 days and a chronic cough for 3 years. He smokes 4 bundles of bidi per day and has a history of hypertension. On examination, his respiratory rate was increased and breath sounds were diminished. He was diagnosed with pneumonia based on his symptoms and physical exam findings.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. Objectives
At the completion of this unit learners will be able to:
1. Identify factors that can interfere with effective
oxygenation of body tissues.
2. Describe common manifestations of altered
respiratory and cardiovascular function
3. Discuss lifespan-related changes and problems in
respiratory function and cardiovascular system
4. Describe nursing measures to ensure a patient
airway
3. Cont..
6. Recognize the emergencies related to
respiratory and cardiovascular system
7. Explain ways that caregivers can decrease the
exposure of clients to infection
8. Differentiate between medical and surgical
asepsis.
5. Apply Nursing Process and teaching plan for a
client with altered respiratory function and
cardiovascular function
4. Oxygenation
Oxygen, a clear, odorless gas that constitutes
approximately 21%of the air we breathe, is necessary
for proper functioning of all living cells.
Oxygenation (the delivery of oxygen to the body’s
tissues and cells), is necessary to maintain life and
health.
5. PHYSIOLOGY OF OXYGENATION
The delivery of oxygen to the body’s cells is a process that
depends upon the interplay of the pulmonary, hematologic,
and cardiovascular systems.
Specifically, the processes involved include ventilation,
alveolar gas exchange, oxygen transport and delivery, and
cellular respiration.
The absence of oxygen can lead to cellular, tissue, and
organism death.
6. Respiration
Respiration is the process of gas exchange between
the individual and the environment and involves
following components:
Pulmonary ventilation –(breathing)
movement of air in and out of the lungs
Inspiration –(inhalation) act or breathing in
Expiration –(exhalation) act of breathing out
External respiration – exchange of O2 and CO2
between alveoli and blood
Internal respiration – exchange of O2 and CO2
between blood and tissue cells
Anatomy and Physiology of respiration
7. Cont.…
The Air way begins at nose and ends at terminal
bronchioles. Air way provides a pathway for transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Respiratory tract (Air Way) is divided into two:
• Upper Respiratory Tract (URT): consists of
nose, pharynx, larynx and epiglottis.
The main function is to warm, filter and humidify
inspired air.
• Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT): consists of
Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles and lungs.
Its major function are conduction of air and surfactant
production.
10. Age
Oxygenation status can be influenced by age. Older adults are
also more susceptible to respiratory infection because of
decreased activity in the cilia, which normally are an effective
defense mechanism. Other changes includes the following.
• Chest wall and airways become more rigid and less elastic.
• Decreases in muscle strength
• The amount of exchanged air is decreased.
• The cough reflex and cilia action are decreased.
• Mucous membranes become drier and more fragile.
• Decreases in muscle strength and endurance occur.
• If osteoporosis is present, adequate lung expansion may be compromised.
• A decrease in efficiency of the immune system occurs.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease is more common in older adults and
increases the risk of aspiration
11. Environmental Factors
Environmental factors can significantly affect a client’s oxygenation
status. Altitude, heat, cold, and air pollution affect oxygenation.
• The higher the altitude, the lower the PO2 an individual breathes.
As a result, the person at high altitudes has increased respiratory
and cardiac rates and increased respiratory depth, which usually
become most apparent when the individual exercises.
• Healthy people exposed to air pollution, such as smog or
secondhand tobacco smoke, may experience stinging of the eyes,
headache, dizziness, and coughing.
• People who have a history of existing lung disease and altered
respiratory function experience varying degrees of respiratory
difficulty in a polluted environment. Some are unable to perform
self-care in such an environment.
12. Lifestyle Factors
Physical exercise or activity increases the rate and depth of
respirations and hence the supply of oxygen in the body.
Sedentary people, by contrast, lack the alveolar expansion and
deep-breathing patterns of people with regular activity.
Clients who are exposed to dust, animal dander, asbestos, or
toxic chemicals in the home or workplace are at increased risk
for alterations in oxygenation.
• Silicosis is seen more often in sandstone blasters and potters
than in the rest of the population
• Asbestosis in asbestos workers
• Anthracosis in coal miners
• Organic dust disease in farmers and agricultural employees
who work with moldy hay
13. Health Status
• In the healthy person, the respiratory system can
provide sufficient oxygen to meet the body’s needs.
Diseases of the respiratory system, however, can
adversely affect the oxygenation of the blood.
14. Medications
A variety of medications can decrease the rate and
depth of respirations. The most common medications
having this effect are the benzodiazepine sedative-
hypnotics and antianxiety drugs (e.g., diazepam
[Valium], lorazepam [Ativan], midazolam [Versed]),
barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital), and narcotics such as
morphine and meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol).
15. Cont..
• When administering these, the nurse must
carefully monitor respiratory status, especially
when the medication is begun or when the
dose is increased. Older clients are at high risk
of respiratory depression and, hence, usually
require reduced dosages.
16. Stress
When stress and stressors are encountered, both
psychological and physiological responses can affect
oxygenation. Some people may hyperventilate in response to
stress. When this occurs, arterial PO2 rises and PCO2 falls. The
person may experience light-headedness and numbness and
tingling of the fingers, toes, and around the mouth as a result.
Physiologically, the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated
and epinephrine is released during stress. Epinephrine causes
the bronchioles to dilate, increasing blood flow and oxygen
delivery to active muscles. Although these responses are
adaptive in the short term, when stress continues they can be
destructive, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
17. Maintaining Healthy Oxygenation
Encourage clients to:
1. Leave windows open for ventilation instead of using
an air conditioner or humidifier.
2. Wear a mask when working with hazardous
materials, such as asbestos.
3. Limit physical exertion if it causes shortness of
breath.
4. Refrain from smoking.
5. Change filters on furnaces, heaters, and range
hoods as recommended by manufacturer.
18. Common Manifestations Of Altered Respiratory
And Cardiovascular Function
• Apnea: Temporary cessation of breathing.
• Dyspnea: Difficulty in breathing. Eg. SOB
• Eupnea: Normal breathing. 12 to 20 b/m
• Hyperpnea: Increased rate and depth of breathing.
• Hyperventilation: Increased pulmonary ventilation
leading to low blood level of CO2
• Hypoventilation: Decreased pulmonary ventilation
leading to increased blood level of CO2
19. Cont.…
• Orthopnea: Dyspnea that occurs when a person is
lying down.
• Tachypnea: Accelerated respiration
• Bradypnea: Abnormal slowness of breathing.
• Hypoxia: Low oxygen level in tissues
• Hypercarbia: (c): Accumulation of CO2 in the blood
• Hypoxemia: Reduced oxygen in the blood,
23. Life Span Considerations
Problems
Premature infant:
• Lack of surfactant ( A substance in alveoli which
keeps the lungs wet and prevents collapse).
Infants & Toddlers:
• Risk of upper respiratory tract infections due to
exposure to other children and second hand smoke.
• Risk of airway obstruction also.
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24. Life Span Considerations
Problems
School age children & Adolescents:
• Respiratory infections and respiratory risk factors
such as second hand smoke & cigarette smoking. Can
lead to cardiopulmonary disease if continues.
Young & Middle age adults:
• Multiple cardiopulmonary risk factors due to
unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, stress, drugs &
smoking.
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25. Life Span Considerations
Problems
Older Adults:
• Body systems undergo changes throughout the aging
process, eg, atherosclerosis which leads to increased
BP.
Respiratory system changes-----thoracic cage changes---
-- eg, barrel chest-------decreased ventilation.
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28. Cardiac Emergencies
• Cardiac Arrest (the abrupt loss of heart function, breathing
and consciousness.)
• Myocardial infarction (MI) (permanent damage to the heart
muscle.)
• Congestive Heart Failure:(Heart failure is a condition in which
the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
Heart failure does not mean that your heart has stopped or is
about to stop working. It means that your heart is not able to
pump blood the way it should.)
• Disturbances of Cardiac Rhythm (Arrhythmias)
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30. Nursing Process
Assessment: (History Taking)
• Current respiratory problems
• History of respiratory diseases
• Current or past cardiovascular problems
• Life style
• Presence of Cough
• Signs of hypoxia
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31. Nursing Process
Assessment:
• Sputum / (Characteristics of sputum)
• Description of sputum
• Presence of chest pain
• Presence of risk factors
• Medication history
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38. Implementation
3. Interventions to Improve Oxygen Uptake and
Delivery
– Administer oxygen.
• simple mask
• Nasal canula
• Venturi mask
• Rebreathing and Non-rebreathing mask
– Administer blood components.
39. Implementation
4. Interventions to Increase Cardiac Output and
Tissue Perfusion
– Manage fluid balance.
– Encourage activity restrictions and assistance
with activities of daily living.
– Position client properly.
– Administer medications.
41. Implementation
• Interventions to Address Associated Nursing
Diagnoses
– Explore lifestyle and activity adaptations.
– Encourage dietary and nutritional modifications.
– Promote comfort measures.
42. Asepsis
• Asepsis is the absence of microorganisms.
• Medical asepsis uses practices to reduce the
number, growth, and spread of microorganisms.
Medical asepsis is also referred to as “clean
technique.
• Surgical asepsis, or sterile technique, consists of
those practices that eliminate all microorganisms and
spores from an object or area.
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44. Ways That Can Decrease The Exposure Of
Clients To Infection
45. Oxygen Therapy
is the administration of oxygen at a concentration greater than
that found in the environmental atmosphere.
Goal:
Is to provide adequate transport of oxygen in the blood while
decreasing the work of breathing and reducing stress on the
myocardium
To prevent Hypoxia
Oxygen administration:
Oxygen therapy is prescribed by the physician who specifies the
concentration, method of delivery and liter flow per minute. The
concentration is of more importance than the liter flow per
minute
47. Cont..
Humidifiers – prevent mucous
membranes from drying and becoming
irritated and loosens secretions for easier
expectoration. Oxygen passing through
water picks up water vapor before it
reaches the client
The oxygen passes through sterile
distilled water or tap water and then
along a line to the device through which
the moistened oxygen is inhaled ( e.g. a
Cannula, Nasal Catheter, or Oxygen
Mask).
49. Nasal Cannula/Nasal Prongs)
• Flow rate up to 6L/min
• Unable to determine exact concentration
• Comfortable – allows patient to eat, drink talk
• Can still be used if patient’ mouth breathing
• Delivers O2 into the patient’s nostrils by way of two small
plastic prongs
• Delivers low concentration of O2 (24% to 45%) at flow rates of
2-6 L/min
• Most common inexpensive device
50. Face Masks
Face masks that cover the client’s nose and
mouth may be used for oxygen inhalation.
Exhalation ports on the sides of the masks
allowed exhaled carbon dioxide to escape.
Simple Face Masks delivers oxygen
concentrations from 40% to 60% at liters flows of
5 – 8 L/minute, respectively
Partial Rebreather Masks
delivers oxygen concentrations of 60% to 90% at
liter flows of 6 to 10 L/ minute, respectively. The
oxygen reservoir bag that is attached allows the
client to rebreathe about the first third of the
exhaled air in conjunction with oxygen
51. Non Rebreather Masks
It delivers the highest oxygen concentration
possible – 95% to 100% - by means other than
intubation or mechanical ventilation at liter
flows of 10 – 15 L/ minute,respectively.
Venturi Masks
The venturi masks delivers oxygen
concentrations varying from 24% to 40% or
50% at liter flows of 4 to 10 L/ minute.
is often used with air-entrainment nebulizers to
provide humidification and oxygen therapy.
Face Masks
52. Face Tents (Face Shield)
Can replace oxygen masks when
masks are poorly tolerated by clients.
Face tents provide varying
concentration of oxygen, for example
30% to 50% concentration of oxygen
at 4 to 8 L/minute.
53. Artificial Airways
Oropharyngeal Airways
• An OPA is a device usually made of plastic
• It is inserted into patients mouth and into back of throat
• Helps to maintain an open airway for breathing/ resuscitation
• Use OPA’s only on unconscious patients who DON’T have a gag
reflex
Oropharyngeal airways stimulate the gag reflex and are only
used for clients with altered level of consciousness;
Example:
o Because of general anesthesia
o Overdose
o Head injury
54. Suctioning
• NEVER suction for longer than 15 seconds at a time
• NEVER suction as you are inserting the catheter,
place the suction tip in the patients mouth before
starting suction
55. Nurses Responsibilities
• The nurse should explain the reason and the
objective for the therapy
• The nurse should know the proper care of and
administration of oxygen
• Instruct the patient and family the methods for
administering oxygen
• Demonstrate safe and appropriate use of oxygen and
oxygen device
• Identify to patient and family the signs and
symptoms indicating the need for oxygen
56. References
Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Kozier, B., Erb, G., Levett-
Jones, T., Dwyer, T., ... & Park, T. (2010). Kozier and
Erb's fundamentals of nursing (Vol. 1). Pearson
Australia.
Delaine, S., & Lander, P. (2008). Fundamentals of
nursing standard and practice.
Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2001). Ross and Wilson
anatomy and physiology in health and illness.
Churchill Livingstone.
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