1. Oxidation is any chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one substance to another. Iron rusting is a common example of oxidation where iron reacts with oxygen and loses electrons.
2. There are several types of oxidative reactions including dehydrogenation, introduction of oxygen into a molecule, and combinations of dehydrogenation and oxygen introduction.
3. Liquid phase oxidation involves free radical chain reactions and is used to convert petroleum-based materials into commodity chemicals. Hydroperoxide is often a major product.
Hydrogenation- definition, catalytic hydrogenation, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation, advantages and disadvantages of catalytic hydrogenation, applications of catalytic hydrogenation
TRANSITION METAL CATALYSIS , THE DIFFERENT METALS OF TRANSITION USED AS CATALYTIC REAGENT WITH ITS PROPERTIES , THEIR CHARGE TRANSFER ITS REACTION INCLUDING COPPER, PALLADIUM FOLLWED BY HECKMAN, ULLMAN COUPLING REACTION, GILLMAN REACTION, HECK REACTION
OXIDATION [PHARMACEUTICAL PROCESS CHEMISTRY]Shikha Popali
INTRODUCTION TO OXIDATION , WHICH IS PROCESS OF ADDITION OF OXYGEN TO THE COMPOUND IN RPOCESS CHEMISTRY AND LIQUID PHASE OXIDATION AND OTHER OXIDISING AGENTS ARE DISCUSSED.
Hydrogenation- definition, catalytic hydrogenation, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation, advantages and disadvantages of catalytic hydrogenation, applications of catalytic hydrogenation
TRANSITION METAL CATALYSIS , THE DIFFERENT METALS OF TRANSITION USED AS CATALYTIC REAGENT WITH ITS PROPERTIES , THEIR CHARGE TRANSFER ITS REACTION INCLUDING COPPER, PALLADIUM FOLLWED BY HECKMAN, ULLMAN COUPLING REACTION, GILLMAN REACTION, HECK REACTION
OXIDATION [PHARMACEUTICAL PROCESS CHEMISTRY]Shikha Popali
INTRODUCTION TO OXIDATION , WHICH IS PROCESS OF ADDITION OF OXYGEN TO THE COMPOUND IN RPOCESS CHEMISTRY AND LIQUID PHASE OXIDATION AND OTHER OXIDISING AGENTS ARE DISCUSSED.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
This powerpoint is about the swern oxidation...It is used for the oxidaton of alcohol and inorder to avoid the chromium reagent. Follow me through youtube
CHE-MYSTERY
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The Chichibabin reaction is a method for producing 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the reaction of pyridine with sodium amide. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1914. The following is the overall form of the general reaction: The direct amination of pyridine with sodium amide takes place in liquid ammonia
THE DCC I.E. DICYCLOCARBODIIMDE IS A REAGENT AND HERE THE DETAIL ACCOUNT ON IT IS GIVEN INCLUDING MOLECULAR WEIGHT, STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND APPLICATIONS FOR OTERS SYNTHESIS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED, THE DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS WITH DCC COMBINATION ARE ALSO MENTIONED
N-BROMOSUCCINAMIDE A REAGENT USED IN THE SYNTHESIS, IT IS ALSO A SYNTETIC REAGENT AND HERE IN THIS PRESENTATION THE MOLECULAR FORMULA ITS ALTERNATE NAME APLLICATION ARE DISCUSSED.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
This powerpoint is about the swern oxidation...It is used for the oxidaton of alcohol and inorder to avoid the chromium reagent. Follow me through youtube
CHE-MYSTERY
Subscribe and press bell button for notfcation
The Chichibabin reaction is a method for producing 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the reaction of pyridine with sodium amide. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1914. The following is the overall form of the general reaction: The direct amination of pyridine with sodium amide takes place in liquid ammonia
THE DCC I.E. DICYCLOCARBODIIMDE IS A REAGENT AND HERE THE DETAIL ACCOUNT ON IT IS GIVEN INCLUDING MOLECULAR WEIGHT, STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND APPLICATIONS FOR OTERS SYNTHESIS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED, THE DIFFERENT SYNTHESIS WITH DCC COMBINATION ARE ALSO MENTIONED
N-BROMOSUCCINAMIDE A REAGENT USED IN THE SYNTHESIS, IT IS ALSO A SYNTETIC REAGENT AND HERE IN THIS PRESENTATION THE MOLECULAR FORMULA ITS ALTERNATE NAME APLLICATION ARE DISCUSSED.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
this presentation includes all the important oxidation and reduction definitions. all oxidizing and reducing agents. oxidation reactions of organic chemistry. reactions involving hydrogen from substrates. oxidation of alcohols, swern oxidation. reactions involving addition of oxygen to the substrates; oxidation of aldehydes and ketones, baeyer villiger reaction, oxidation of alkenes with peroxyacids, hydroxylation of alkenes, oxidative cleavage of diols, ozonolysis, etard reaction, sharpless epoxidation.
B.phram
Semester .4
Subject : Organic chemistry - III
Use as reference and also usable for examination prearation.
gtu afflitited phramacy college's student may using this ppt.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
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2. Oxidation
• Oxidation is any chemical reaction that involves the
moving of electrons. Specifically, it means the substance
that gives away electrons is oxidized. Normally, this is a
reaction between oxygen and a substance such as iron.
• When iron reacts with oxygen it forms a chemical
called rust because it has been oxidized (the iron has
lost some electrons) and the oxygen has
been reduced (the oxygen has gained some electrons).
• Formula of rusting is:
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
xH2O→Fe2O3.x H2O
3. • Oxidation is the opposite of reduction. A reduction-
reaction always comes together with an oxidation-
reaction. Oxidation and reduction together are
called redox (reduction and oxidation). Oxygen does not
have to be present in a reaction for it to be a redox-
reaction.
• Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
• In terms of oxygen transfer, oxidation may be defined as
the chemical process in which a substance gains oxygen
or loses electrons and hydrogen.
• When one of the reactants is oxygen, then oxidation is
the gain of oxygen. Reduction is a loss of oxygen. For
example:
• Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
4. Oxidizing agent
• It could be a chemical that releases oxygen atoms. For
example, potassium chlorate has a chemical formula of
KClO3. When it oxidizes a reducing agent, such
as powdered aluminum metal, it loses its oxygen to the
aluminum and becomes potassium chloride, KCl.
• Another definition is a chemical that
accepts electrons from a reducing agent. For example,
potassium permanganate has an oxidation state of +7.
In acid solution, it gains 5 electrons (e-), becoming
a manganese compound with an oxidation state of +2.
Most oxidizing agents of the second (electron-accepting)
definition have oxygen, but not all. For
example, fluorine (F2), the most powerful oxidizing agent,
does not have any oxygen in it.
5. TYPES OF OXIDATIVE
REACTIONS
In the organic chemical industry, oxidation constitutes one of the
most powerful tools used in the synthesis of chemical compounds. The
oxidation processes are many and varied and are manifested in a
variety of net effects. The principal types of oxidative reactions may be
set forth as follows:
• 1. Dehydrogenation is illustrated in the transformation of a primary
alcohol to an aldehyde:
C2H5OH + ½ O2 CH3CHO + H2O
Or a secondary alcohol to a ketone:
CH3CHOH.CH3 + ½ O2 CH3COCH3 + H2O
• 2. An atom of oxygen may be introduced into a molecule, as is
illustrated by the oxidation of an aldehyde to an acid:
CH3CHO + ½ O2 CH3COOH
Or of a hydrocarbon to an alcohol:
(C6H5)3CH + 1/2O2 (C6H5)3COH
6. • Oxidation or Dehydrogenation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and
Ketones
Primary alcohols can be converted to aldehydes and secondary
alcohols to ketones
• Oxidation of Phenols and Aromatic Amines to Quinones
Ortho and para diols are easily oxidized to ortho- and para-
quinones, respectively.
7. • 3. A combination of dehydrogenation and introduction of
oxygen may occur, as in the preparation of aldehyde from
hydrocarbons:
CH4+O2 CH2O + H2O
Or the preparation of benzoic acid from benzyl alcohol
C6H5CH2CH.OH + O2 C6H5COOH + H2O
4. Dehydrogenation may also be accompanied by molecular
condensation, as is the case when two molecules of benzene
from diphenyl or two molecules of toluene from stilbene or
when methyl, anthraquinone is converted to anthracene
yellow
C2C6H5 + ½ O2 C6H5 - C6H5 + H2O 2C6H5.CH3 + O2
C6H5.CH = CH.C6H5 + 2H2O
5. Dehydrogenation, oxygen introduction and destruction of
carbon linkages may all occur in the same process of oxidation,
e.g. in the oxidation of naphthalene to phthalic anhydride:
C10H8+4.5O2 C8H4O3 + 2H2O + 2CO2
8. liquid-phase oxidation
• Liquid phase oxidation processes are one of main pathways to
convert petroleum-based hydrocarbon raw materials into important
commodity chemicals used in the fine chemical industry.
• Liquid-phase oxidation is discussed in terms of the free radical chain
mechanism proposed by Bolland and his co-workers. This scheme
was devised for certain oxidations in which hydroperoxide is the
major product.
• It is shown, however, that this mechanism is applicable in its
essentials to other oxidations in which the hydroperoxide is not the
main product.
• In such cases the products are to be explained in terms of the
further reactions of the hydroperoxide formed, or the wastage by
other reactions of the radicals involved in the chain, or shortening of
of the chain length as may be produced by catalysts.
As examples, the oxidation of paraffins, of olefins and of
acetaldehyde are discussed.
9.
10. Non Metallic Oxidizing Agent
1. Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide acts as both a reducing agent and oxidizing
agent depending upon the nature of the reacting species. In
which case does peroxide act as a reducing agent in acid
medium
11. Ozonolysis
• When compounds containing double bonds are treated with ozone,
usually at low temperatures, they are converted to compounds
called ozonides (16) that can be isolated but, because some of them
are explosive, are more often decomposed with zinc and acetic acid,
or catalytic hydrogenation to give 2 equivalents of aldehyde, or 2
equivalents of ketone, or 1 equivalent of each, depending on the
groups attached to the alkene
• The decomposition of 16 has also been carried out with
triethylamine and with reducing agents, among them trimethyl
phosphite,thiourea, and dimethyl sulfide However, ozonides can also
be oxidized with oxygen, peroxyacids, or H2O2 to give ketones
and/or carboxylic acids or reduced with LiAlH4
• Ozonolysis is therefore an important synthetic reaction.