The document provides an overview of the limbs, including:
- The bones that make up the upper and lower limbs, including how they form joints.
- The regions and compartments of the upper and lower limbs, including their nerve supply and actions.
- The main blood vessels of the upper and lower limbs and how collateral circulation forms alternate routes in case of injury.
- The lymphatic drainage of the upper and lower limbs.
- Examples of imaging studies used for the upper and lower limbs.
In this pdf file you can learn about bone of fore limb
#anatomy
In this pdf include
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpal
- metacarpal
- digit
And also we try to add species Difference of these structures
Anatomy of fibula
LL bone part-5
fibula details, side determination, ossification and it's clinical anatomy. fibula is lateral and smaller bone.
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Thank You!!
Anatomy of tibia in details by Purvi shah
it's clinical anatomy, side determination, features.
Tibia Lower Limb bone part-4
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thank you!!
The fascial compartments of thigh are the three fascial compartments that divide and contain the thigh muscles. The fascia lata is the strong and deep fascia of the thigh that surrounds the thigh muscles and forms the outer limits of the compartments. Internally the muscle compartments are divided by the lateral and medial intermuscular septa.
Femur Bone anatomy LL bone part 2
Details of femur Bone, attachments and clinical anatomy.
Femur thigh bone, longest bone
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Thank You!!
In this pdf file you can learn about bone of fore limb
#anatomy
In this pdf include
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpal
- metacarpal
- digit
And also we try to add species Difference of these structures
Anatomy of fibula
LL bone part-5
fibula details, side determination, ossification and it's clinical anatomy. fibula is lateral and smaller bone.
Like, share and comment.
Thank You!!
Anatomy of tibia in details by Purvi shah
it's clinical anatomy, side determination, features.
Tibia Lower Limb bone part-4
Like, share and comment
thank you!!
The fascial compartments of thigh are the three fascial compartments that divide and contain the thigh muscles. The fascia lata is the strong and deep fascia of the thigh that surrounds the thigh muscles and forms the outer limits of the compartments. Internally the muscle compartments are divided by the lateral and medial intermuscular septa.
Femur Bone anatomy LL bone part 2
Details of femur Bone, attachments and clinical anatomy.
Femur thigh bone, longest bone
Like, share and comment.
Thank You!!
USMLE MSK L011 Lower 09 Anatomical regions of lower limb.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The lower limb is divided into several anatomical regions, each with its own set of bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Understanding these regions is essential for studying the anatomy and function of the lower extremity. These anatomical regions collectively contribute to the overall structure and function of the lower limb, allowing for various movements, weight- bearing, and activities such as walking, running, and standing. Studying the anatomy of the lower limb is crucial for healthcare professionals, anatomists, and individuals in fields such as orthopedics, sports medicine, and physical therapy.
Rectum means straight as if ruled. This is a misnorma,for it is curved in conformity with the hollow of the sacrum.
Rectum is continuous with the sigmoid colon and there is no change of structure at the junction. The distinction is a matter of peritoneal attachment; where there is a mesocolon, the gut is called sigmoid colon and where there is no mesentery, it is called rectum . Where the muscle coats are replaced by sphincters it becomes the anal canal.
The rectum begins in the hollow of the sacrum at the level of its 3rd. Piece and it curves forwards over coccyx and ano-coccygeal raphe.
It is 15 cm long.
The 3 tinea of the sigmoid colon come together over the rectum invest it in a complete outer layer of the longitudinal muscle.
The upper and lower ends of the rectum lie in the midline but the ampulla is convex to the left.
Rectal valves of Houston,2 on the left and one on the Right are produced by circular muscles of the gut.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. OVERVIEW OF LIMBS
BY
DR. ABDUL WAHEED ANSARI
CHAIRPERSON & PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY
RAK COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
RAKMHSU.
1/14/2016 1
2. Learning outcomes of the lecture
• Broad outline of osteology of upper and lower limbs, how they form
the major joints of limbs and associated ligaments.
• Regions and compartments of upper limb and lower limb, their nerve
supply and important actions.
• The main blood supply of upper limb and lower limb and collateral
anastomosis forming alternate routes in case of obstruction or injury.
• The lymphatic drainage of upper limb and lower limb areas.
• Imaging studies of upper and lower limbs.
1/14/2016 2
3. The skeleton of upper limb
• There are 32 bones in each upper limb. They
constitute the appendicular skeleton. The
clavicle is the only long bone that is placed
horizontally and connect with the axial skeleton.
• Scapula lies dorsally and along with clavicle and
humerus constitute the shoulder girdle or
pectoral girdle.
• The humerus is the longest bone in upper limb,
the lower end forming the elbow joint
articulating with the ulna.
• The radius and ulna form the bones of forearm,
distally radius articulates with the carpal bones
forming the wrist joint.
• There are 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows,
distally carpal bones articulates with five
metacarpals forming carpometacarpal joints.
• The phalanges are bones of digits, thumb having
only 2 phalanx where as medial four digits have
3 distal phalanges.
1/14/2016 3
4. The bones of lower limb
• There 31 bones in each lower limb. The
hip bone articulates with the femur and
sacrum forming hip joint and sacroiliac
joints.
• Femur is the largest bone in the whole
skeleton, distally it articulates with the
tibia and patella forming knee joint.
• Tibia and fibula are the bones of leg.
Distally articulating with the talus
forming ankle joint, talotibiofibular joint.
• There are 7 tarsal bones:- calcaneum,
talus, cuboid, navicular and 3 cuneiforms.
• Distally tarsal articulates with the
metatarsals forming tarsometatarsl joints.
• Great toe has 2 phalanx where as lateral
4 digits have each 3 phalanges.
1/14/2016 4
5. Regions and compartments of upper limb
• The pectoral region, shoulder region, scapular
region, arm , forearm and hand are the regions
of upper limb.
• The arm is between the shoulder joint and elbow
joint.
• The anterior region of arm is flexor
compartment. It is supplied by
musculocutaneous nerve.
The muscles in this compartment are :-
1) Coracobrachialis
2) Biceps brachii
3) Brachialis
Coracobrachialis brings flexion of shoulder joint;
biceps brings supination of forearm; brachialis
brings flexion of elbow joint.
• The forearm compartments are anterior and
posterior.
• The anterior compartment is flexor compartment
and posterior compartment is extensor
compartment.
• The nerve of anterior compartment of forearm is
median nerve and ulnar nerve.
• The nerve of posterior compartment of forearm
is the posterior interosseous nerve ( branch of
radial nerve).
• The flexor group of muscles are flexors of wrist
and digits and thumb.
• The extensor group of muscles are extensors of
wrist, thumb and digits.
• The hand has intrinsic muscles of thumb and
hypothenar region, lumbricals, and interossei.
1/14/2016 5
8. The blood supply of upper limb
• The right upper limb is supplied by right
subclavian artery that arises from
brachiocephalic trunk.
• The left subclavian is a direct branch fro
arch of aorta.
• At the outer border of first rib the
subclavian artery is renamed as axillary
artery, it becomes brachial artery at the
lower border of teres major.
• The brachial artery divides into terminal
radial and ulnar arteries at the neck of
radius.
• The radial and ulnar arteries are palpable
at the wrist joint
• The dorsal venous arch present on
the dorsum of hand continues as
basilica and cephalic veins draining
the hand and forearm.
• At cubital fossa, basilic and cephalic
veins joins to form median cubital
vein.
• Basilic vein joins the deep veins and
drains in to axillary vein.
• The cephalic vein pierces the
clavipectoral fascia and ends into
axillary vein.
• The axillary vein becomes subclavian
vein at the outer border of first rib.
1/14/2016 8
9. A 68-year-old female with acute right lower extremity pain and absent
popliteal and pedal pulses. There is an occlusion of the popliteal artery
caused by an embolus. occlusion of the popliteal artery caused by an
embolus.
1/14/2016 9
11. The lymphatic drainage of upper limb. The axillary group of lymph
nodes drain the entire upper limb, including breast.
1/14/2016 11
12. Lower limb regions and
compartments
1/14/2016 12
• The gluteal region, anterior thigh region,
posterior thigh region, and medial thigh
region or adductor region.
• The leg is below knee and above ankle
joint. It has three compartments,
anterior, posterior and lateral
compartments of leg. Each compartment
has their own nerve supply.
• Foot has sole and dorsum, intrinsic
muscles and extrinsic muscles tendons.
13. The blood supply of lower
limb• The external iliac artery continuous as femoral
artery as it passes below inguinal ligament.
• The femoral artery gives profunda femoris
branch, to supply to the thigh muscles.
• The popliteal artery is the continuation of
femoral artery from the hiatus magnus to the
lower border of popliteus.
• The popliteal artery gives two terminal branches,
anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
• The anterior tibial artery descends on dorsum of
foot and renamed as dorsalis pedis artery.
• The dorsal venous arch continues as great
saphenous and small saphenous veins.
• The deep veins continues as popliteal vein and
femoral vein and external iliac vein.
1/14/2016 13
14. The lymphatic drainage of
lower limb
• The inguinal group of lymph nodes drain
the entire lower limb, including the groin
region.
• The lower part of abdominal wall also is
drained in to the inguinal group of lymph
nodes.
• 1. Superomedial superficial inguinal
• 2. Superolateral superficial inguinal
• 3. Inferior superficial inguinal
• 4. Deep inguinal lymph nodes
1/14/2016 14
15. They receive as afferents lymphatic vessels from the
following:
• integument of the penis
• scrotum
• perineum
• buttock
• abdominal wall below the level of the umbilicus
• back below the level of the iliac crest
• vulva
• anus (below the pectinate line)
• the thigh and the medial side of the leg (the lateral leg drains to the
popliteal lymph nodes first).
1/14/2016 15