Nursing theory provides a framework for nurses by defining concepts, describing relationships between variables, and guiding practice, research, education and communication. There are four levels of theory from metatheory to practice theory. Common nursing theories were developed to explain phenomena like human caring, adaptation to illness, and achieving self-care. Theories influence assessment, intervention, and evaluation in nursing and help define the profession.
This theory will be helpful for Nurses and Student nurses while caring critically ill patient and understand how levels of prevention will be beneficial in internal, external and created environment of mankind.
Orems theory ppt for M.Sc. nursing 1st yearShweta Kumar
Introduction: Orem defines self-care as a learned, goal oriented activity directed towards the self in the interest of maintaining life, health, development and well being. The goal of Orem’s theory is to help the client perform self-care.
Biography of theorist Dorothea E Orem: Dorothea E Orem was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 15, 1914. She was a nursing theorist and creator of the ‘ Self-care deficit ’ nursing theory, also known as the Orem model of nursing.
Orem’s General Theory Of Nursing: Orem (1991) states her general theory. Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory Of Nursing, which is composed of three interrelated theories: 1) Theory of self-care: Self-care, self-care agency, basic conditioning factors, the therapeutic self-care demand, self-care requisites- Universal (Activities of daily living [ADL]), Developmental, Health deviation
2) Theory of self-care deficit, 3) Theory of nursing systems: Wholly compensatory system, partly compensatory system, supportive educative system.
Orem’s theory and nursing metaparadigm:Definition of metaparadigm- “ the concept that identify the phenomenon of central interest to a discipline ; the prepositions that describe those concepts and their relationships to each other.”
Nursing metaparadigm concepts: *Nursing,* Health, *Environment, *Human being.
Orem’s theory and nursing process:
Nursing process- 1)Assessment, 2)Nursing diagnosis, 3)Plans with scientific rationale, 4)Implementation, 5)Evaluation
Orem’s nursing process- 1)Diagnosis and prescription ; determine why nursing is needed. Analyze and interpret- make judgements regarding care. 2)Design of a nursing system and plan for delivery of care. 3)Production and management of nursing systems.
Orem’s work and the characteristics of a theory:- *Theories must be logical in nature,* simple yet generalizable,*basis of hypothesis that can be tested,* assist in increasing the general body of knowledge,* practitioners to guide and improve their practice,* consistent with other validated theories , laws and principles.
Strengths of Orem’s theory:-
Limitations of Orem’s theory:-
Application of Orem's Self-Care Deficit theory: Evaluation of the application of self care deficit theory:
Summary: Orem presents her general theory of nursing, The self care deficit theory of nursing , which is composed of three interrelated theories of self care, self care deficit and nursing systems. This theory is used as basis for nursing school curriculum and base of nursing information system.
This theory will be helpful for Nurses and Student nurses while caring critically ill patient and understand how levels of prevention will be beneficial in internal, external and created environment of mankind.
Orems theory ppt for M.Sc. nursing 1st yearShweta Kumar
Introduction: Orem defines self-care as a learned, goal oriented activity directed towards the self in the interest of maintaining life, health, development and well being. The goal of Orem’s theory is to help the client perform self-care.
Biography of theorist Dorothea E Orem: Dorothea E Orem was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 15, 1914. She was a nursing theorist and creator of the ‘ Self-care deficit ’ nursing theory, also known as the Orem model of nursing.
Orem’s General Theory Of Nursing: Orem (1991) states her general theory. Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory Of Nursing, which is composed of three interrelated theories: 1) Theory of self-care: Self-care, self-care agency, basic conditioning factors, the therapeutic self-care demand, self-care requisites- Universal (Activities of daily living [ADL]), Developmental, Health deviation
2) Theory of self-care deficit, 3) Theory of nursing systems: Wholly compensatory system, partly compensatory system, supportive educative system.
Orem’s theory and nursing metaparadigm:Definition of metaparadigm- “ the concept that identify the phenomenon of central interest to a discipline ; the prepositions that describe those concepts and their relationships to each other.”
Nursing metaparadigm concepts: *Nursing,* Health, *Environment, *Human being.
Orem’s theory and nursing process:
Nursing process- 1)Assessment, 2)Nursing diagnosis, 3)Plans with scientific rationale, 4)Implementation, 5)Evaluation
Orem’s nursing process- 1)Diagnosis and prescription ; determine why nursing is needed. Analyze and interpret- make judgements regarding care. 2)Design of a nursing system and plan for delivery of care. 3)Production and management of nursing systems.
Orem’s work and the characteristics of a theory:- *Theories must be logical in nature,* simple yet generalizable,*basis of hypothesis that can be tested,* assist in increasing the general body of knowledge,* practitioners to guide and improve their practice,* consistent with other validated theories , laws and principles.
Strengths of Orem’s theory:-
Limitations of Orem’s theory:-
Application of Orem's Self-Care Deficit theory: Evaluation of the application of self care deficit theory:
Summary: Orem presents her general theory of nursing, The self care deficit theory of nursing , which is composed of three interrelated theories of self care, self care deficit and nursing systems. This theory is used as basis for nursing school curriculum and base of nursing information system.
Today’s presentation focuses on Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring. During this presentation we will analyze the theoretical framework, review the critical components of the Theory of Caring, and discuss how the theory is utilized in nursing practice. This presentation will also detail application of Watson’s Theory of Caring into the peri-operative environment by instituting a “sacred space” and explain the process of implementing the sacred space. Enjoy!
Virginia henderson's theory of nursingMandeep Gill
Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family. During the World War 1, Henderson developed an interest in nursing. So in 1918 she entered the Army school of Nursing in Washington D.C. Henderson graduated in 1921 and accepted a position as a staff nurse with the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service in New York. After 2 years, in 1923, she started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. She has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. She is known as, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing” & “The 20th century Florence Nightingale."
Appraise the component of various nursing theories; description, purpose, concepts, definition.
Discuss the application of nursing theories in nursing practice.
9320141Nursing Theories & Health AssessmentNUR.docxransayo
9/3/2014
1
Nursing Theories & Health
Assessment
NUR 3069: Advanced Health Assessment
Key Terms
• Health and health pattern
• Holism
• Holistic
• Theory
• Nursing theory
• Health assessment
• Health promotion
Perspectives on Nursing Theory
• What is a theory as opposed to a conceptual framework?
• What is nursing theory?
• How do nursing theories relate to health assessment?
• What theory can nurses use?
9/3/2014
2
Definition of Theory
• Theory:
A creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative,
purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena.
• Purpose:
Theory is developed for a reason that can be identified and specifies
the context and situation in which the theory applies.
Why Nursing Theory?
• Nursing theory:
• Guides nursing education, research, and practice.
• Strengthens links between nurses in education, research, and practice.
• Contributes to a well-founded basis for practice.
• Helps nurses develop better understanding of factors affecting family
function.
• Directs nurses to more specific purposes than merely filling a gap.
• Considers significant factors that influence nursing , and, therefore, helps
nurses in nursing-specific situations.
Nursing Theorists
• Florence Nightingale:
Environment is the central concept.
• Viewed as all external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of an
organism (1860).
• Virginia Henderson:
Mind and body are inseparable
• No two individuals are alike; each is unique (1966).
9/3/2014
3
Nursing Theorists
(continued)
• Martha Rogers:
• A science of unitary human beings.
• Person-environment are energy fields that evolve negentropically (1970).
• Family system approach.
• Callista Roy:
Adaptation/Independence model (1974).
• Dorothea Orem:
Self-care maintains wholeness (1971).
• Madeleine Leininger:
Caring is universal and varies transculturally (1978).
• Imogene King:
• General systems framework.
• Transactions within the dyad of nurse and client.
• Margaret Newman:
Total person approach to patient problems. Disease is a clue of preexisting life
patterns (1979).
Definition of Health, Health Pattern, & Health Promotion
• Health:
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
• Health pattern:
A set of related traits, habits, or acts that affect a client's health.
• Health promotion:
Behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize
human potential.
Health Assessment & The Nursing Process
• Health assessment is a systematic method of collecting data about a
client for the purposes of:
• Determining the client’s current and ongoing health status.
• Predicting risks to health.
• Identifying health promotion activities.
• The nursing process is a systematic, rational, dynamic, and cyclic
process used by the nurse to plan and provide care for the client.
9/3/2014
4
Models of Health
• Ecological Model:
Examines the interaction of agent, host, and environment.
• C.
Nursing is both an art and a science. The science of nursing examines the relationship among person, health and environment. The art of nursing is embedded in caring relationship between nurse and client.
As an increasingly emerging profession, nursing is now deeply involved in identifying its own unique body of knowledge that is essential to nursing practice.
There are various theories proposed by nursing theorist. among those, Orem is one who gave self care deficit theory. She proposed three interrelated concepts viz. theory of self care, theory of self care deficit , and theory of nursing system.
Nursing is both an art and a science. The science of nursing examines the relationship among person, health and environment. The art of nursing is embedded in caring relationship between nurse and client.
As an increasingly emerging profession, nursing is now deeply involved in identifying its own unique body of knowledge that is essential to nursing practice. The development of a body of knowledge is basic to any professional discipline, which can be applied to its practice. Such knowledge often expressed in terms of concepts and theories in the area of the behavioral or social sciences.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. UNDERSTANDING THE WORK OF NURSE THEORISTS
…………….. A Creative Beginning
Theories of Nursing
• Theory is "an internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts,
definitions and propositions) that present a systematic view about a
phenomenon and which is useful for description, explanation, prediction
and control".
• Theories are road maps that provide a framework for selecting and
organizing information:
o What to ask
o What to observe
o What to focus on
o What to think about
• Nursing theory is an organized and systematic articulation of a set of
statements related to questions in the discipline of nursing.
Uses of Theory
Theory is used to:
• Describe
• Explain
• Predict
• Prescribe
Uses of Nursing Theory
• Define relationships among the variables of a given field of inquiry
• Guide research, practice and communication
• Allow the prediction of the consequences of care
• Allow the prediction of a range of patient responses
Levels of Theory
There are four levels of theory
• Metatheory
• Grand Theory
• Middle Range Theory
• Practice Theory
Types of Theory
In Nursing there are four types of theories:
• Needs
• Interaction
• Outcome
• Humanistic
Practice value of theory
• Enhances understanding and explanation for events
• Influence our behavior.
• Makes to think differently about a problem or a situation
2. • Helps to try new approaches or altering behavior.
• We can gain a new perspective of events
• Basis for challenge of its speculative tenets or propositions
• Challenges subsequent discovery of new ideas or knowledge that might
explain and predict events not yet understood
In practice
• Assist nurses to describe, explain, and predict everyday experiences.
• Serve to guide assessment, intervention, and evaluation of nursing care.
• Provide a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about the health
status of clients, which are essential for effective decision making and
implementation.
• Help to establish criteria to measure the quality of nursing care
• Help build a common nursing terminology to use in communicating with
other health professionals. Ideas are developed and words defined.
• Enhance autonomy (independence and self-governance) of nursing by
defining its own independent functions.
In education
• Provide a general focus for curriculum design.
• Guide curricular decision making
In research
• Offer a framework for generating knowledge and new ideas.
• Assist in discovering knowledge gaps in specific field of study.
• Offer a systematic approach to identify questions for study, select variables,
interpret findings, and validate nursing interventions.
An illustration……
The germ theory
• Explains the phenomenon of disease transmission
• Means of speculative explanation and prediction of certain observable events
• Allows us to effectively function to prevent transmission of communicable
disease.
• Viable basis upon which to make decisions about how to prevent certain
illnesses.
• There are phenomena we do not understand that are related to germ
transmission,
• Example-the communicability of cancer.
"Nursing Practice."
All experiences and events a practicing nurse encounters in the process of
providing nursing care.
Events…..
• Some may be experienced by the client,
• Others by the nurse
• Some may be observed in the environment
• May be observed in the nurse-client interaction.
• In situations of daily work or living,
3. …………..but as long as they are observable during the process of providing direct
nursing care, they are considered part of nursing practice.
Approaches to inter relationships between practice and theory
• How nursing practice contributes to the process of theory development..
• How theory contributes to nursing practice…
Contribution of practice to theory development
• Theory development within nursing occurs in the context of practice.
• Two activities contribute significantly to the overall process of developing
theory in nursing.
• Concept analysis and
• Practical validation of theory.
Concept analysis
• Identify and verify abstract concepts
• "what events in practice can be linked with abstract concept x"
• Application of theory in practice
• Nursing process operation of analysis of assessment data.
• Used as scientific rationale supporting judgments in nursing care plans.
Concepts
• Concepts may be (a) readily observable, or concrete, ideas such as
thermometer, rash, and lesion; (b) indirectly observable, or inferential,
ideas such as pain and temperature; or c) non-observable, or abstract,
ideas such as equilibrium, adaptation, stress, and powerlessness
• nursing theories address and specify relationships among four major
abstract concepts referred to as the metaparadigm of nursing.
• Four concepts are considered to be central to nursing :
• Person or client, the recipient of nursing care (includes individuals, families,
groups, and communities).
• Environment, the internal and external surroundings that affect the client.
This includes people in the physical environment, such as families, friends,
and significant others.
4. • Health, the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences.
• Nursing, the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing
care on behalf of, or in conjunction with, the client
Nightingale’s environmental theory
• "the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his
recovery"
• She linked health with five environmental factors :
• Pure or fresh air
• Pure water
• Efficient drainage
• Cleanliness
• Light, especially direct sunlight
• Deficiencies in these five factors produced lack
• Of health or illness.
Peplau’s interpersonal relations model
• Nurses enter into a personal relationship with an individual when a felt need
is present
Henderson’s definition of nursing
• Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or well
individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs
(Henderson)
• Breathing normally
• Eating and drinking adequately
• Eliminating body wastes
• Moving and maintaining a desirable position
• Sleeping and resting
• Selecting suitable clothes
• Maintaining body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and
modifying the environment.
• Keeping the body clean and well groomed to protect the integument.
• Avoiding dangers in the environment and avoiding injuring others
• Communicating with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or
opinions
• Worshipping according to one’s faith
• Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
• Playing or participating in various forms of recreation.
• Learning, discovering, or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal
development and health, and using available health facilities
Roger’s science of unitary human beings
• She states that humans are dynamic energy fields in continuous exchange
with environmental fields, both of which are infinite.
• Nurses applying Roger's theory in practice (a) focus on the person’s
wholeness, (b) seek to promote symphonic interaction between the two
energy fields (human and environment) to strengthen the coherence and
5. integrity of the person, c) coordinate the human field with the
rhythmicities of the environmental field, and (d) direct and redirect
patterns of interaction between the two energy fields to promote maximum
health potential
Orem’s general theory of nursing
• Orem’s self-care deficit theory explains not only when nursing is needed but
also how people can be assisted through five methods of helping: acting or
doing for, guiding, teaching, supporting, and providing an environment
that promotes the individual’s abilities to meet current and future
demands.
King’s goal attainment theory
• King’s theory offers insight into nurses’ interactions with individuals and
groups within the environment. It highlights the importance of client’s
participation in decision that influence care and focuses on both the
process of nurse-client interaction and the outcomes of care.
Neuman’s systems model
• The model is based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the reaction to
it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature.
• Betty Neuman's model of nursing is applicable to a variety of nursing
practice settings involving individuals, families, groups, and communities.
Roy’s adaptation model
• Roy focuses on the individual as a biopsychosocial adaptive system that
employs a feedback cycle of input (stimuli), throughput (control
processes), and output (behaviors or adaptive responses).
Watson’s human caring theory
• Jean Watson (1979) believes the practice of caring is central to nursing; it is
the unifying focus for practice.
• Nursing interventions related to human care are referred to as carative
factors.
• Watson’s theory of human caring has receiving worldwide recognition and is
a major force in redefining nursing as a caring-healing health model.
Parse’s human becoming theory
• Parse’s model of human becoming emphasizes how individuals choose and
bear responsibility for patterns of personal health.
Leininger’s cultural care diversity and universality theory
• She emphasizes that human caring, although a universal phenomenon,
varies among cultures in its expressions, processes, and patterns; it is
largely culturally derived.
Orem’s general theory of nursing
Assessing
• Involves collecting data about the client’s capacities (knowledge, skills, and
motivation) to perform universal, developmental, and health-deviation
self-care requisites. Determine self-care deficits.
Diagnosing
• Stated in terms of the client’s limitations for maintaining self care (a deficit
in self-care agency)
Planning
6. • Involves considering and designing, with the client’s participation, an
appropriate nursing system (wholly compensatory, partially compensatory,
supportive-educative, or a mix) that will help the client achieve an optimal
level of self care
Implementing
• Assisting the client
Evaluating
• Determining the client’s level of achievement
References
1.Phipps J Wilma, Sands K Judith. Medical Surgical Nursing: concepts & clinical
practice.6th edition. Philadelphia. Mosby publications. 1996.
2.Black M. Joice, Hawks hokanson Jane. Medical Surgical Nursing: Clinical
Management for positive outcomes. St Lois, Missouri. 2005.
3.Tomey AM, Alligood. MR. Nursing theorists and their work. (5th ed.).
Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002
4.Alligood M.R, Tomey. A.M. Nursing theory utilization and application. 2nd
Ed. Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002.
7. • Involves considering and designing, with the client’s participation, an
appropriate nursing system (wholly compensatory, partially compensatory,
supportive-educative, or a mix) that will help the client achieve an optimal
level of self care
Implementing
• Assisting the client
Evaluating
• Determining the client’s level of achievement
References
1.Phipps J Wilma, Sands K Judith. Medical Surgical Nursing: concepts & clinical
practice.6th edition. Philadelphia. Mosby publications. 1996.
2.Black M. Joice, Hawks hokanson Jane. Medical Surgical Nursing: Clinical
Management for positive outcomes. St Lois, Missouri. 2005.
3.Tomey AM, Alligood. MR. Nursing theorists and their work. (5th ed.).
Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002
4.Alligood M.R, Tomey. A.M. Nursing theory utilization and application. 2nd
Ed. Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002.