The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Journal club on cocktail impression technique. this technique can be used in cases with poor ridge like in Atwood's class V or Vi ridge defect, where there is not much of residual ridge left.
The temporomandibular joint is the joint of the jaw and is frequently referred to as TMJ. The TMJ is a bilateral synovial articulation between the mandible and temporal bone. The name of the joint is derived from the two bones which form the joint: the upper temporal bone which is part of the cranium (skull), and the lower jawbone or mandible.
There are six main components of the TMJ.
Mandibular condyles
Articular surface of the temporal bone
Capsule
Articular disc
Ligaments
Lateral pterygoid
MANDIBULAR ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
PRESENTED BY
ROSHALMARIA THOMAS
IV/II
THE ANATOMY OF EDENTULOUS RIDGES IN THE MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE DESIGN OF THE COMPLETE DENTURE
THE TOTAL AREA OF SUPPORT FROM THE MANDIBLE IS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN FROM THE MAXILLA.
THE AVERAGE AVAILABLE DENTURE BEARING AREA FOR AN EDENTULOUS MANDIBLE IS 14cm2 , WHEREAS FOR EDENTULOS MAXILLA IT IS 24cm2. THEREFORE THE MANDIBLE IS LESS CAPABLE OF RESISTING OCCLUSAL FORCES THAN THE MAXILLA.
Labial frenum
Fibrous band
Muscles incisivus and orbicularis oris
Active
Labial vestibule
Space between residual alveolar ridge and lips
Length and thickness of labial flange-influences lip support and retention
Buccal frenum
Overlies depressor anguli oris
Fibers of buccinators attached
Buccal vestibule
Extends- posteriorly from buccal frenum to retromolar pad region
Residual alveolar ridge on one side and buccinators on other
Influenced by action of masseter
Lingual frenum
Should be relieved
High lingual frenum is called tongue tie –affects stability
Alveololingual sulcus
Extends from lingual frenum to retromylohyoid curtain
Divided into 3 parts- anterior, middle and posterior
Anterior region- from lingual frenum to premylohyoid fossa
Flange is shorter anteriorly and should touch the floorof the mouth whentip of tongue touches upper incisors
Middle- extends from premylohyoid fossa to distal end of mylohyoid ridge
Shallower due to prominence of mylohyoid ridge and action of mylohyoid muscle
Posterior- retromylohyoid fossa
Typical S form of lingual sulcus
Retromolar pad
Posterior seal of mandibular denture
Pear shaped
Triangular keratinized soft pad of tissue at distal end of ridge
Bounded posteriorly by tendons of temporalis, laterally by buccinators and medially by pterygomandibular raphe and superior constrictor
Denture should extend one half to two thirds of retromolar pad
Buccal shelf area
Area between buccal frenum and anterior border of masseter
Width increases as resorption continues
Lies at right angles to occlusal forces- primary stress bearing area
Residual alveolar ridge
Edentulous mandible may become flat with concave denture bearing surface
In such cases, structures attaching on lingual side of ridge attach over the ridge
Due to resorption mandible inclines outwards and becomes progressively wider
Mylohyoid ridge
Runs along lingual surface of mandible
Anteriorly lies close to inferior border of mandible, posteriorly lies flush along the ridge
Thin mucosa- easily traumatized- hence should be relieved
Undercut present under the ridge
Mental foramen
Between first and second premolar region
Relieved- as pressure may cause paresthesia
Genial tubercles
Pair of bony tubercles
Present anteriorly on lingual side of body of mandible
Due to resorption may become increasingly prominent- denture usage difficult
As we know that the muscles play an important role in stability and support of a prosthesis,hence we should be well learned about their peripheries and actions.
The applied anatomy of temporomandibular joint has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8 - setting of teeth for class I, II and II arch relation ship (Edited)Amal Kaddah
Prosthetic Problems and possible solutions in Setting –up
of teeth for skeletal Class II and Class III arch relationship
of completely edentulous patients
Prof. Amal F. Kaddah
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Journal club on cocktail impression technique. this technique can be used in cases with poor ridge like in Atwood's class V or Vi ridge defect, where there is not much of residual ridge left.
The temporomandibular joint is the joint of the jaw and is frequently referred to as TMJ. The TMJ is a bilateral synovial articulation between the mandible and temporal bone. The name of the joint is derived from the two bones which form the joint: the upper temporal bone which is part of the cranium (skull), and the lower jawbone or mandible.
There are six main components of the TMJ.
Mandibular condyles
Articular surface of the temporal bone
Capsule
Articular disc
Ligaments
Lateral pterygoid
MANDIBULAR ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
PRESENTED BY
ROSHALMARIA THOMAS
IV/II
THE ANATOMY OF EDENTULOUS RIDGES IN THE MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE DESIGN OF THE COMPLETE DENTURE
THE TOTAL AREA OF SUPPORT FROM THE MANDIBLE IS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN FROM THE MAXILLA.
THE AVERAGE AVAILABLE DENTURE BEARING AREA FOR AN EDENTULOUS MANDIBLE IS 14cm2 , WHEREAS FOR EDENTULOS MAXILLA IT IS 24cm2. THEREFORE THE MANDIBLE IS LESS CAPABLE OF RESISTING OCCLUSAL FORCES THAN THE MAXILLA.
Labial frenum
Fibrous band
Muscles incisivus and orbicularis oris
Active
Labial vestibule
Space between residual alveolar ridge and lips
Length and thickness of labial flange-influences lip support and retention
Buccal frenum
Overlies depressor anguli oris
Fibers of buccinators attached
Buccal vestibule
Extends- posteriorly from buccal frenum to retromolar pad region
Residual alveolar ridge on one side and buccinators on other
Influenced by action of masseter
Lingual frenum
Should be relieved
High lingual frenum is called tongue tie –affects stability
Alveololingual sulcus
Extends from lingual frenum to retromylohyoid curtain
Divided into 3 parts- anterior, middle and posterior
Anterior region- from lingual frenum to premylohyoid fossa
Flange is shorter anteriorly and should touch the floorof the mouth whentip of tongue touches upper incisors
Middle- extends from premylohyoid fossa to distal end of mylohyoid ridge
Shallower due to prominence of mylohyoid ridge and action of mylohyoid muscle
Posterior- retromylohyoid fossa
Typical S form of lingual sulcus
Retromolar pad
Posterior seal of mandibular denture
Pear shaped
Triangular keratinized soft pad of tissue at distal end of ridge
Bounded posteriorly by tendons of temporalis, laterally by buccinators and medially by pterygomandibular raphe and superior constrictor
Denture should extend one half to two thirds of retromolar pad
Buccal shelf area
Area between buccal frenum and anterior border of masseter
Width increases as resorption continues
Lies at right angles to occlusal forces- primary stress bearing area
Residual alveolar ridge
Edentulous mandible may become flat with concave denture bearing surface
In such cases, structures attaching on lingual side of ridge attach over the ridge
Due to resorption mandible inclines outwards and becomes progressively wider
Mylohyoid ridge
Runs along lingual surface of mandible
Anteriorly lies close to inferior border of mandible, posteriorly lies flush along the ridge
Thin mucosa- easily traumatized- hence should be relieved
Undercut present under the ridge
Mental foramen
Between first and second premolar region
Relieved- as pressure may cause paresthesia
Genial tubercles
Pair of bony tubercles
Present anteriorly on lingual side of body of mandible
Due to resorption may become increasingly prominent- denture usage difficult
As we know that the muscles play an important role in stability and support of a prosthesis,hence we should be well learned about their peripheries and actions.
The applied anatomy of temporomandibular joint has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8 - setting of teeth for class I, II and II arch relation ship (Edited)Amal Kaddah
Prosthetic Problems and possible solutions in Setting –up
of teeth for skeletal Class II and Class III arch relationship
of completely edentulous patients
Prof. Amal F. Kaddah
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Development of naso maxillary complex /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Naso orbital ethmoid fractures- part 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anatomy of the maxilla and its surgical implications /cosmetic dentistry coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Biological consideration in maxillary edentulous arch/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Temperomandibular joint /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. Classification of Bones of the Head & Neck
2. Bones of the Viscerocranium
3. Bones of the Neurocranium
4. The Auditory Ossicles
5. The Hyoid Bone
6. The Cervical Vertebrae
Temporo Mandibular joint (TMJ) importance in orthodontic treatment /certifie...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Management of mandibulectomy / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Tmj ....a basic review /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anatomy and dev of occlusion /orthodontic courses training by indian dental a...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Biological considerations of maxillary and mandibular impressions/cosmetic de...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anatomical landmarks for edentulous patients and facial landmarksMohammed Aziz
Anatomical landmarks for edentulous patients and facial landmarks
physiology of muscles
muscles of mastication
muscles of facial expression
physiology of saliva
Prosthodontics
dentistry
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Similar to Osteology of maxilla and mandible/ dental implant courses (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Osteology of maxilla and mandible/ dental implant courses
1. SeminarSeminar
onon
Osteology Of Maxilla And MandibleOsteology Of Maxilla And Mandible
&&
Anatomy Of Tongue, Soft Palate AndAnatomy Of Tongue, Soft Palate And
Floor Of The MouthFloor Of The Mouth
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMYINDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental EducationLeader in continuing Dental Education
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
2. OSTEOLOGY OF MAXILLA ANDOSTEOLOGY OF MAXILLA AND
MANDIBLEMANDIBLE
The osseous structures not only support the
dentures but have a direct bearing on the
impression making procedures ,position of
teeth and contours of the finished denture
bases.
The maxillary denture base is supported by 2
pairs of bones - MaxillaeMaxillae and PalatinePalatine
bones.
The mandibular denture is supported by one
bone- Mandible.Mandible.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
3. MAXILLAEMAXILLAE
The maxillae are paired bones and 2nd
largest of
the facial bones. Each maxilla consists of-
BODY- (central mass)
4 PROCESSES –
a) Frontal b) Zygomatic c) Palatine d) Alveolar
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
4. The maxillae jointly form
the
Upper jaw
Buccal roof
Floor and lateral wall of
nasal cavity
Orbital floor
Part of infratemporal
and pterygopalatine
fossa
Part of inferior orbital
and pterygomaxillary
fissure www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
5. BODY OF MAXILLABODY OF MAXILLA
Pyramidal in shape
Has anterior,
posterior
(infratemporal),
orbital, nasal surfaces
enclosing the
maxillary sinus
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Infra temporal surfaceInfra temporal surface
Is convex
Forms anterior wall
of infra temporal
fossa
Separated from
anterior surface by
Zygomatic process
of maxilla
Features
1.1. Alveolar canalsAlveolar canals
2.2. Maxillary tuberosityMaxillary tuberosity
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
8. Orbital surfaceOrbital surface
triangular and
smooth
Forms most of orbital
floor
Features
1. Lacrimal notch
2. Infraorbital groove
3. infraorbital canal
4. Orbital margin
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Nasal surfaceNasal surface
1. Displays maxillary
hiatus posteriorly
leading into the
maxillary sinus
2. Inferior meatus
below the hiatus
3. Nasolacrimal canal
anterior to hiatus
4. Oblique conchal
crest
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
10. MAXILLARY SINUSMAXILLARY SINUS
Large pyramidal cavity
Walls correspond to
orbital,alveolar,facial and
infratemporal aspects of
maxilla
Average size-25mm
transversely,30 mm
anteroposteriorly and 30
mm vertically
Extent –
1. Apex- truncated and
extends into zygomatic
process and sometimes
zygomatic bone. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
11. 2. Base - is medial and
is lateral wall of
nasal cavity with the
maxillary hiatus
3. Roof - floor or orbit
4. Floor – alveolar
process of maxilla ,
1cm below level of
floor of nose and
corresponds to level
of ala of nose
5. Posterior wall –
contains alveolar
canals www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
12. ZYGOMATIC PROCESSZYGOMATIC PROCESS
Pyramidal projection
Anterior ,infra
temporal and orbital
surfaces converge
Features-
1. In front - merges with
anterior surface of
maxilla.
2. Behind - concave
continuous with
infratemporal
surface.
3. Above - serrated for
articulation with
Zygomatic bone.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
13. 4. Below - arched border separates anterior
and infra temporal surfaces.
5. Forms Zygomatic arch with the
Zygomatic bone and Zygomatic process
of frontal bone.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
14. FRONTAL PROCESSFRONTAL PROCESS
It is a strong plate which
projects upwards
posterosuperiorly
between nasal and
lacrimal bone
Features-
1. Ethmoidal crest-
articulate with middle
nasal concha
2. Anterior lacrimal crest-
on lateral surface
3. Medial surface- part of
lateral nasal wall
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Articulations
1. Apical – Nasal part of frontal bone
2. Anterior border- Nasal bone
3. Posterior- Lacrimal bone
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
16. PALATINE PROCESSPALATINE PROCESS
Is thick, strong and
horizontal
Projects medially from
lowest part of medial
maxillary aspect
Forms large part of nasal
floor
Inferior surface forms
anterior 2/3 rd of hard
palate
Medial border raised as
nasal crest and forms
anterior nasal spinewww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Posterior border
serrated to join with
horizontal plate of
palatine bone
Features-
1. Midpalatine suture
2. Incisive foramen
3. Incisive canals
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Alveolar processAlveolar process
Arises from lower
surface of maxilla
Is thick and arched and
wide behind with sockets
fro teeth
In articualted maxilla it
forms the alveolar arch
Maxillary tori may be
present on plalatal
aspect of molar.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
19. It consists of 2 parallel plates of cortical bone
which unite behind to form the tuberosity
behind the last molar
When teeth are present the cortical plates are
connected by interdental septa
The socket is made of 2 types of bone-
1. Lamina dura(alveolar bone proper)-lining wall
of socket
2. Supporting bone-
Inner and outer cortical plates ( form alveolar
eminences over roots of teeth)
Trabecular bone spongy bone)
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Palatine bonesPalatine bones
Form posterior 1/3 of
hard palate
L shaped with horizontal
and perpendicular
plates
The horizontal plates
articulate with the
posterior serrated
border of palatine
process of maxilla
The horizontal plates
unite to form posterior
nasal spine
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
21. Attachments and relationsAttachments and relations
1. incisive fossa-
depressor septi
2. Canine fossa-levator
anguli oris
3. Infra orbital margin-
levator labi superioris
4. Tuberosity-fibres of
medial pterygoid
5. Lateral lacrimal
groove-inferior oblique
muscle
6. Anterior lacrimal crest-
medial palpebral
ligament www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Associated nerves and vesselsAssociated nerves and vessels
1. Infra orbital foramen-infra orbital nerve and
vessels
2. Canalis sinosus -anterior superior alveolar
nerve and vessels
3. Tuberosity -groove for maxillary nerve
4. Incisive canal-nasoplalatine nerve and greater
palatine artery
5. Greater palatine foramen –greater palatine
nerve and vessels
6. Alveolar canals on posterior wall of sinus-
posterior superior alveolar nerve and vessels
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
25. OssificationOssification
Intramemebranous ossification
centre of ossification at bifurcation of trigeminal nerve
infraorbital/anterior superior dental division of CV.
Has 2 centres-
1. main maxillary mass above canine fossa at 6 week of
intra uterine life
2. pre-maxillary centres ‘ os incisivum ‘
Above incisor tooth germs
Prevomerine
• Frontal process is developed from both centers.
The maxillary sinus appears as a shallow groove on the
nasal surface of the bone about the fourth month of fetal
life, but does not reach its full size until after the second
dentition.
Lateral alveolar plate forms first then medial alveolar
plate where palatal process becomes hard palate. The
two plates form a trough for the developing deciduous
teeth. Remodelling and growth at sutures allows
growth. ..
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Age changesAge changes
1. At birth-
transverse and sagittal dimensions greater than
vertical
Prominent frontal process
Body equal or less than alveolar process with alveoli
reaching to orbital floor
Maxillary sinus a mere furrow on lateral nasal wall
2. Adults
Vertical dimension is greatest
3. Old age/loss of teeth-bone rivets to infantile shape
4. Resorption pattern-the maxillae resorb upward and
inward becoming progressively smaller, makes the
person look prognathic
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Clinical ConsiderationsClinical Considerations
Zygomatico alveolar crest-similar to buccal shelf area of
mandible as stress bearing area, but the mucosal
covering is thin and hence not considered for the same .
In some cases may be prominent and requires relief,
failure to provide relief leads to poor retention of the
denture
Alveolar tubercle -provides resistance against the
horizontal movements of the denture. To take advantage
of this resistance to movement the denture base should
cover the tubercles and fill the hammular notches.
Alveolar process- following tooth extraction it tends to
resorb which compromises the retention of the dentures.
the maxillae resorb upwards and inwards making it
smaller with reduction in ridge height .
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
28. The palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plates of
palatine bone resist resorption and are the stress
bearing areas in maxillary denture.
Mid palatal suture – needs to be relieved since the
mucosal covering in thin
incisive foramen – carries nasopalatne nerve and
vessels and exit perpendicular to the palate and need to
be relieved
The posterior palatal seal of the maxillary denture should
follow the contour of the posterior border of the hard
palate – extending from hamular notch to hamular notch
but not in a straight line, as it would pass over the
posterior nasal spine resulting in resorption of bone and
seal would be lost.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
29. MandibleMandible
It is the largest,
strongest and lowest
bone in the face.
Only movable bone
in the skull.
Parts –
1. Body- horse shoe
shaped
2. Pair of vertical Rami
ascending
posteriorly
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
30. BodyBody
U-shaped
Has EXTERNAL and INTERNAL surfaces
separated by upper and lower borders.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
31. External surface
1. Symphysis menti
2. Mental protuberance
3. Mental foramen
4. External oblique line
5. Base / lower border
6. Diagastric fossa
7. Incisive fossa
8. Upper border
/alveolar part
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
34. Lateral surfaceLateral surface – flat
with oblique ridges
Medial surfaceMedial surface –
Features-
1. Mandibular foramen
2. Lingula
3. Mylohyoid groove
4. Upper border-forms
mandibular notch
5. Lower border- forms
angle( junction of the
body and ramus ) www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
35. AnteriorAnterior border-
continuous with
coronoid process
PosteriorPosterior border-
extends from
condyle to angle
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Coronoid processCoronoid process
Flat ,triangular
Upward and
forward projection
from anterolateral
part of ramus
Anterior border
continuous with
anterior border of
ramus
Posterior border
bounds the
mandibular notch
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Condylar processCondylar process
Upward projection from
posterosuperior part of
ramus
Apically enlarged as head
of condyle
Articulates with temporal
bone’s mandibular fossa to
form temperomandibular
joint
Lateral aspect palpable in
front of tragus
Pterygoid fovea anterior to
neck
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
38. Attachments and relationsAttachments and relations
1. External oblique- origin to
buccinator,depressor
inferioris, depressor anguli
oris
2. Incisive fossa -origin of
mentalis, mental slips of
orbicularis oris
3. Mylohyoid line – origin to
mylohyoid muscle ,
attachment to superior
constrictor of pharynx,
pterygomandibular raphae
4. Upper genial tubercles
-genioglossus
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
39. 5. Lower genial tubercles
–origin to geniohyoid
6. Diagastric fossa-
anterior belly of
diagastric
7. Lower border -deep
cervical fascia and
platysma
8. Lateral surface of
ramus - insertion for
masseter
9. Posterosuperior lateral
surface of ramus-
parotid gland
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
40. 10. Lingula-sphenomandibular
ligament
11. Medial surface of ramus-
medial pterygoid muscle
attachment
12. Apex of coronoid process -
temporalis attachment
13. Pterygoid fovea - lateral
pterygoid muscle
14. Lateral surface of neck -
attachment to lateral ligament
of temperomandibular joint ,
parotid gland
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
41. Foramina and other relations
1. Mental foramina -
mental nerve and
vessels
2. Mandibular notch -
massetric nerve and
vessels
3. Medial side of neck -
auriculo temporal nerve
4. Mylohyoid groove -
mylohyoid nerve and
vessels
5. Mylohyoid groove in front
of ramus - lingual nervewww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
43. OssificationOssification
Second bone to ossify in the body].
intramembranous ossification
Only small part of meckel’s cartilage some
distance from midline is site of
endochondral ossification
Each half ossifies from one centre which
appears in 6th
week of intra uterine life,
near future mental foramen.
In fetal life it is a paired bone
Bony union takes place during first year of
life at symphysis menti.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Age changesAge changes
1. Infants and children
The 2 halves fuse
during 1st
year of life
Mental foramen
opens near sockets
for deciduous molars
Mandibular canal
near lower border
Angle is obtuse-140
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
45. 2.Adults
Mental foramen opens
midway between upper
and lower border
Mandibular canal parallel
to mylohyoid line
Angle is 110-120
3. Old age-
Due to loss of teeth
reverts to infantile stage
Angle becomes obtuse
2
3
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
46. PROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONSPROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
Disto buccal flange of maxillary denture should not
overfill the vestibule ,since when mandible is
protruded the anterior border of ramus extends
towards the tuberosity and causes discomfort and
dislodgement
External oblique line- guide for Lateral termination of
buccal flange of mandibular denture
Buccal shelf area – is the primary stress bearing area,
because its density, mucosal covering,realtion to
vertical closure of jaws is best suited to resist forces
generated. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
47. When the ridge resorption is extensive mental
foramen is in a more superior position and hence
must be relieved
Due to irregularity of mylohyoid line the lingual flange
should extend inferior and not lateral to it
When loss of residual ridge is extensive the mental
spines are superior in position than crest of ridge and
need surgical correction.
Resorption pattern- makes the mandible wider and
larger ,and inclines outward
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
48. AnatomyAnatomy
OfOf
Soft Palate , TongueSoft Palate , Tongue
&&
Floor Of MouthFloor Of Mouthwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
49. SOFT PALATESOFT PALATE
The palate or
oral roof is
divided into 2
regions
1. Hard palate
2. Soft palate
Hard palate is
formed by the
palatine process
of maxilla and
horizontal plate
of palatine
bone. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
53. 2 surfaces
1. Anterior (oral)-
concave , marked by
median raphe
2. Posterior – convex,
continuous with nasal
floor
2 borders
1. Superior- attached to
posterior hard palate
2. Inferior - free and
hanging between
mouth and pharynx
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
54. FEATURESFEATURES
UvulaUvula- median conical
process projecting
from inferior border
Palatal arches-
PalatoglossalPalatoglossal arch
(anterior pillar of
fauces)
PalatopharyngealPalatopharyngeal arch
(posterior pillar of
fauces)
Palatine fovea
Palatine mucosal
glands www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
55. Palatine AponeurosisPalatine Aponeurosis
Thin and fibrous
Forms fibrous base
Supports the muscles
and strengthens the
soft palate
Attached to posterior
border of hard palate
behind palatine crest
Composed of
expanded tendons of
tensor palati
Encloses Musculus
uvulae near midlinewww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
56. All other palatine muscles are attached to it.
The juxta-osseus part of soft palate contains
mucous glands inferior to the aponeurosis
Less mobile and more horizontal than rest of
soft palate
Main action is by tensor palatini.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
57. PALATINE MUSCULATUREPALATINE MUSCULATURE
Levator veli palatini
Tensor veli palatini
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Musculus uvulae
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
58. Levator Veli PalatiniLevator Veli Palatini
Cylindrical muscle
Lateral to posterior
nasal aperture
Origin
1. Inferior aspect of
auditory tube
2. Adjoining part of
inferior surface of
petrous temporal
bone
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
59. Insertion
1. Passes over upper margin pf superior
constrictor and enters pharynx and spreds in
the soft palate between the palatopharyngeus
2. Fibres inserted into upper surface of
aponeurosis upto midline and blends with its
fellow
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
61. Tensor Veli PalatiniTensor Veli Palatini
Thin triangular
muscle
Lateral to medial
pterygoid plate,
auditory tube and
Levator palati
Origin
1. Lateral side of
auditory tube
2. Greater wing of
sphenoid
3. Scaphoid fossa of
sphenoid
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
62. Insertion
Fibres form delicate tendon, winds over the
pterygoid hammulus,passes through origin of
buccinator and flattens to form palatine
aponeurosis
Actions
1. Alone-pulls soft palate to one side
2. With fellow-tightens soft palate anterior)
3. Opens auditory tube
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
65. Insertion
Continues at origin with fellow to side of
tongue ,fibres spread over lingual dorsum
and some mingle with transverse linguae
Actions
1. Elevates root of tongue
2. Approximates palatoglossal arch
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
66. PalatopharyngeusPalatopharyngeus
Forms
Palatopharyngeal
arch
2 fasciculi separated
by Levator palatini -
anterior and posterior
Origin
1. Anterior fasciculus –
posterior border of
hard palate
2. Posterior- palatine
aponeurosis www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
67. 3. The 2 unite at posterolateral border of soft
palate
Insertion
1. Posterior border of thyroid cartilage
2. Wall of pharynx and its median raphe
3. Crosses midline and forms incomplete
longitudinal muscular layer
Actions
1. Pull pharynx up forward and medial and
shorten it during swallowing
2. Approximate palatopharyngeal arches
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
68. Passavants RidgePassavants Ridge
Few fibres of Palatopharyngeus pass circularly
deep to mucous membrane of pharynx and form a
sphincter internal to superior constrictor
The passavant’s muscle on contraction raises
the ridge on posterior wall of pharynx
Soft palate when elevated comes in contact with
this ridge and closes the pharyngeal isthmus..
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
69. Movements And FunctionsMovements And Functions
Controls pharyngeal and oropharyngeal
isthmus ( can close them completely or
partially)
Plays important role in
1. Swallowing
2. Chewing
3. Quality of voice
4. Sneezing
5. Coughing
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
70. Applied AnatomyApplied Anatomy
ParalysisParalysis (V nerve lesion)
1. nasal regurgitation of liquids
2. Nasal twang in voice
3. Flattening pf palatal arch
Cleft palateCleft palate
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
71. Cleft palate
Severe with hare lip
When least severe
confined to soft palate
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
72. PROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONSPROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
The anatomy of soft palate determines the
location of the distal border of maxillary denture
base and posterior palatal seal
The posterior extension of maxillary denture base
lies in soft palate i.e. the palatine aponeurosis and
overlying mucosa
Palatine muscles and contour of soft palate
determine the extent and contour of posterior
palatal seal
The seal should follow the contour of palatine
bones and extend from hammular notch to
hammular notch
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
73. Classification Of Soft PalateClassification Of Soft Palate
Class IClass I
Soft palate is horizontal
as it extends posteriorly
with minimal muscular
activity
Considerable amount
of mm separates the
anterior and posterior
vibrating line
Will give a wide
posterior palatal seal
which is not deepwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
74. Class IIClass II
Soft palate make a
45 degree angle with
hard palate
Tissue coverage is
less for posterior
palatal seal than
class I
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
75. Class IIIClass III
Most acute contour
about 70 degrees
Requires marked
elevation of
musculature to
create the
velopharyngeal
closure
Seen with V shaped
palatal vault
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
76. House Classification Of Palatal Throat FormsHouse Classification Of Palatal Throat Forms
found on a line
drawn between the
two hamular
notches:
Class IClass I:
5-12mm distal
(more than 5mm of
movable tissue
available for post-
damming---ideal for
retention).
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
77. Class IIClass II
3-5mm distal (1-
5mm of movable
tissue available for
post damming.
Good retention is
usually possible.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
78. Class III:Class III:
3-5mm anterior
(less than 1mm of
movable tissue
available for post
damming.
Retention is usually
poor
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
79. PROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONSPROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
The slender tendon of tensor palatini could
influence the denture contour when taut in
hammular notch area
Vibrating line is determined by elevation of soft
palate during contraction of Levator palatini
When the 2 palatoglossi contract they draw tongue
and soft palate together and close the isthmus of
fauces and bring lateral pressure to the lingual
extension of mandibular denture base
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
80. THE TONGUETHE TONGUE ((LINGUALINGUA))
The tongue is the principal organ of the
sense of taste, and an important organ of
speech
it assists in the mastication and deglutition
of the food
It is situated in the floor of the mouth,
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
81. External FeaturesExternal Features
Root
Apex
Body
1. Curved dorsum
2. Inferior surface
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
82. ROOTROOT
Attached to hyoid
bone below and
mandible above
Dorsum convex-
1. Oral (anterior 2/3)
2. Pharyngeal (posterior
1/3)
Features
Sulcus terminalis –
V shaped groove
divides into anterior 2/3
and posterior 1/3
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
83. Foramen caecum pit in middle of sulcus‑
terminalis marks site of invagination of
thyroid diverticulum.
Referred to as pre sulcal and post sulcal
parts
Apex (apex linguae tip),
Thin and narrow
Directed forward against the lingual
surfaces of the lower incisor teeth.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
84. ORAL ( Pre sulcal)ORAL ( Pre sulcal)
Located on floor of
mouth
Apex torches incisor
teeth
Margins free
Dorsum
1. Related to hard and
soft palate
2. Foliate papillae on
each side
3. Mucosa has median
sulcus , papillated,
rough www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
85. Inferior surface-
1. Smooth mucosa
2. Connected by
frenulum linguae
3. Laterally- deep
lingual vein , plica
fimbriata towards
apex
4. Anterior lingual
salivary glands
5. Opening of
Warton's duct
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
86. Pharyngeal (post sulcal) partPharyngeal (post sulcal) part
Posterior to
palatoglossal arches
base of tongue)
Forms anterior wall of
oropharynx
Mucosa reflected on
palatine tonsil ,
epiglottic folds,
pharyngeal wall
Devoid of papillae
Low elevations due to
lingual tonsil www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
87. Connected with the epiglottis by three folds
(glossoepiglottic) of mucous membrane
Numerous mucous glands
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
89. Vallate PapillaeVallate Papillae
Sometimes called
circumvallate, are the
largest papilla found
on the tongue.
Average of 7 to 12
papilla located on the
dorsum towards the
back of the tongue.
Arranged in a "V"
shape pointing
toward the throat.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
90. These papilla are involved in the perception
of taste and have taste buds located on
their tips.
Each vallate papilla contains from 250 to
270 taste buds. Although later in life, after
age 75, the total number of vallate papilla
on the tongue's surface drops about 50%.
These taste buds respond only to sour and
bitter qualities.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
91. PAPILLA (FUNGI FORMPAPILLA (FUNGI FORM))
Small, mushroom-shaped
papilla with a deep-red
color.
Scattered irregularly over
the surface of the tongue,
but are predominantly
found at the apex and
along the sides.
Taste buds located just
below their surface.
Respond only to sweet
and salt tastes.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
92. FILIFORM PAPILLAEFILIFORM PAPILLAE
Cover the anterior two-
thirds of the dorsum.
Minute, filiform in shape,
Arranged in lines parallel
with the two rows of the
papillæ vallatæ,
At the apex their direction
is transverse.
Devoid of taste buds
Epithelium keratinized
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
93. PAPILLA (FOLIATE)PAPILLA (FOLIATE)
Leaf-like forms.
Clusters roughly in the
middle of each side of the
tongue.
Positioned just in front of
the "V" formation of the
vallate papilla.
Taste buds located just
below the surface.
They respond
predominantly to
sourness. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
94. The papillae simplicespapillae simplices are similar to those of the
skin, and cover the whole of the mucous
membrane of the tongue, as well as the larger
papillae.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
95. MUSCLES OF THE TONGUEMUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Extrinsic musclesExtrinsic muscles
Intrinsic musclesIntrinsic muscles
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
96. INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUEINTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Superior longitudinal muscle
Inferior longitudinal muscle
Transverse muscle
Vertical muscle
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
97. SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLESUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE
thin stratum of
oblique and
longitudinal fibers
under mucous
membrane on the
dorsum of the tongue
Origin
Arises from the sub
mucous fibrous layer
close to the epiglottis
and from the median
fibrous septum.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
98. SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLESUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE
Insertion-
Mucous membrane
Edges of the tongue
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
99. INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLEINFERIOR LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE
Narrow band situated
on under surface of
the tongue between
the Genioglossus and
Hyoglossus.
Extent-
1. Root to the apex
2. Posterior fibers are
connected with the
body of the hyoid bone
3. Anteriorly- blends with
the fibers of the
Styloglossus. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
100. TRANSVERSE LINGUALISTRANSVERSE LINGUALIS
Fibers arise from the median fibrous
septum and blend with
Palatopharyngeus.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
101. VERTICALIS LINGUÆVERTICALIS LINGUÆ
Found only at the
borders of the
forepart of the
tongue.
Its fibers extend
from the upper to
the under surface of
the organ.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
102. ACTIONSACTIONS
The intrinsic muscles are mainly concerned in altering
the shape of the tongue,
Becomes shortened, narrowed, or curved in different
directions.
The Longitudinalis superior and inferior shorten the
tongue, but the former, in addition, turn the tip and
sides upward so as to render the dorsum concave,
while the latter pull the tip downward and render the
dorsum convex.
The Transversus narrows and elongates the tongue,
Verticalis flattens and broadens it.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
104. GENIOGLOSSOUSGENIOGLOSSOUS
Fan shaped, triangular,
bilateral ,close and
parallel to midline
Forms main bulk of
tongue
Origin –
Genial tubercle
Insertion
Inferior fibres-hyoid bone,
middle constrictor of
pharynx
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
105. GENIOGLOSSOUSGENIOGLOSSOUS
Median fibres-run backwards
Superior fibres – root to apex of ventral surface
Actions
Forward traction of tongue to protrude apex from
mouth
Acts bilaterally to depress central part of tongue
making it concave side to side
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
106. HYOGLOSSOUSHYOGLOSSOUS
Thin and
quadrilateral,
Origin-
Side of the body and
whole length of the
greater cornu of the
hyoid bone
Insertion
Lateral side of
Tongue between the
Styloglossus and
Longitudinalis
inferior.. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
108. STYLOGLOSSOUSSTYLOGLOSSOUS
the shortest and
smallest of the
three styloid
muscles
Origin-
1. Anterior and
lateral surfaces
of the styloid
process, near its
apex
2. The
stylomandibular
ligament. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
109. Insertion
divides at side of tongue near its dorsal
surface,
1. Longitudinal part-
blends with the Longitudinalis inferior in front of
the Hyoglossus;
2. oblique,part
overlaps the Hyoglossus and decussates with
its fibers.
Actions
Draws tongue upwards and backwards
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
110. Nerve supply
Motor
1. Hypoglossal nerve
2. Cranial part of accessory
nerve through pharyngeal
plexus
Sensory
Anterior 2/3
Lingual nerve
Chorda tympani
Posterior 1/3
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Posterior most
Vagus(internal laryngeal)
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
111. Arterial supply
1. Lingual artery
2. Tonsillar and ascending pharyngeal – to root
Venous drainage
Deep lingual vein
Lymphatic drainage ‑
Tip of tongue drains to submental lymph
nodes; remainder of anterior two thirds
drains to submandibular and deep cervical
lymph nodes; posterior third drains to deep
cervical lymph nodes.
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
112. GLANDS OF THE TONGUEGLANDS OF THE TONGUE
They are mucous behind the vallate papillae, but
are also present at the apex and marginal parts.
In this connection the anterior lingual glands
(Blandin or Nuhn they are situated on the under
surface of the apex of the tongue one on either
side of the frenulum,
each opens by three or four ducts on the under
surface of the apex.
The serous glands occur only at the back of the
tongue near the taste-buds,
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
114. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONSCLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Tongue is an important factor in denture success
or failure
Size and activity are the main concerns
It will expand into edentulous spaces and lead to
tongue biting in new dentures and will compete
with the dentures for space
Small tongue jeopardizes the lingual seal
Proper tongue movements are important for
border molding procedures
The tongue is also a guide in evaluating height of
occlusal plane at time of try in, the dorsal surface
is at level of occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth
at rest www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
115. • Tongue movements and muscle cordination are
essential in denture retention during normal
physiologic activity
• Tongue position is important for prognosis of
mandibular denture
• Since the tongue is located in floor of the mouth
it is intimately in contact with lingual flange of
mandibular denture, the denture flanges must
be contoured to allow the tongue its normal
range of functional movements.
• The tongue must be normal and tacit for it to be
a reliable guide to evaluate occlusal height of
posterior teeth
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
116. WRIGHT’S CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUEWRIGHT’S CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE
POSITIONPOSITION
Class I-Class I-
normal (favorable))
tongue lies in floor
of mouth tip forward
and slightly below
incisal edge of
lower incisors
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
117. Class II-Class II-
Tongue flat and
broad ,but tip in
normal position
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
118. Class III-Class III-
Tongue retracted
and depressed in
floor of mouth
with tip curled
upward or
downward or
assimilated into
body of tongue
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
119. HOUSE CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE SIZESHOUSE CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE SIZES
Class IClass I
Normal in size,
development and
function with enough
teeth present to
maintain the form
Calss II-Calss II-
Teeth absent long enough
to permit change in
from and function of
tongue www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
120. Class III –Class III –
Excessively large
tongue all teeth
absent for an
extended period of
time allowing for
abnormal
development of
tongue.
Insufficient denture
can also lead to class
3 tongue
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
121. FLOOR OF THE MOUTHFLOOR OF THE MOUTH
Structures in the floor of the mouthStructures in the floor of the mouth
Mylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Sublingual salivary gland
Submandibular duct
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
123. MYLOHYOIDMYLOHYOID
The two muscles
form a muscular sling
which marks the floor
of the oral cavity
Origin: mylohyoid line
of mandible
Insertion: Body of
hyoid bone and
median raphae ..
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
124. MYLOHYOIDMYLOHYOID
Action
Elevate hyoid bone and base of tongue
Elevate floor of mouth
depress mandible
Nerve supply
Mylohyoid nerve
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
125. GENIOHYOIDGENIOHYOID
Lies above mylohyoid
Origin: inferior mental
spine
Insertion: Body of hyoid.
Action: Elevates the
tongue, depress the
mandible.
Innervation: c1 through
hypoglossal nerve
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
126. Sublingual salivary glandSublingual salivary gland
In floor of mouth between mandible and
genioglossus muscle; horseshoe shaped‑
glandular masses around lingual frenum.
15 ducts open from this gland directly into floor
of mouth
Submandibular duct ( Wharton's duct)Submandibular duct ( Wharton's duct)
Opens in floor of mouth on summit of
sublingual papilla at side of lingual frenum
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
127. PROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONSPROSTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
If floor of the mouth is near the crest of the ridge
at rest or magnitude of movement is great
retention and stability of denture will be poor
The floor of mouth in sublingual gland and
mylohyoid areas can be very high and close to
the ridge crest and may at times spill over and
eliminate the alveolingual sulcus
These tissues have to be selectively placed for
good prognosis www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
128. The posterior part of mylohyoid in molar region
affects the lingual impression border during
swallowing and in moving the tongue
During swallowing it contracts raising the floor of
mouth
For denture to be successful the ,lingual flange
must be parallel to the mylohyoid when it is
contracted
When floor of the mouth is raised the sublingual
gland comes close to the crest of the ridge and
reduces the vertical space available for extension
of the flange in anterior part of the mouthwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
129. Gland maybe be pushed down by resistant
impression material
The lingual flange of tray should be sloped
toward the tongue and make impression with low
viscosity material
The retromylohyoid space( lateral throat form)
can be a potential space that is partially or
completely obliterated by tongue movement
The success of the denture to a degree depends
on how much this space can be utilized as it is
critical for lingual seal and lateral stability
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
130. NEIL’S LATERAL THROAT FORMNEIL’S LATERAL THROAT FORM
Class IClass I
Large (extends well
towards tissues)
Class IIClass II:
Between I and III
Class III:Class III:
Small and unfavorable
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com