This document discusses the anatomy and development of occlusion. It begins by defining occlusion and describing the skeletal, joint, muscle and dental components involved in occlusion. It then explains the development of teeth from the dental lamina and describes the stages of tooth development from bud to bell stage. It also provides an overview of the anatomical features of individual tooth groups, including the permanent incisors. The document is an educational resource for understanding occlusion and tooth development.
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This cephalometric analysis gives an idea about the planes ,facial types, arch and axis this slide includes Introduction
Planes,Classification of facial types,Archs,Axis,Dental axis
Conclusion,Ceph tracing
Canted occlusal plane ; etiology and evaluation part 1Maher Fouda
This document discusses canted occlusal planes, including their etiology, evaluation, and impact on smile esthetics. It provides details on how occlusal cant can result from asymmetric growth or positioning of dental arches. The perception and detection of occlusal cant varies, with 2-4 degrees generally considered acceptable. Both hereditary and environmental factors can contribute to asymmetries leading to occlusal canting. Proper evaluation involves clinical examination and documentation to differentiate cant from other potential causes like facial asymmetry or smile limitations.
Microesthetics in orthodontics refers to the small details considered during and after treatment to enhance a patient's smile. This includes tooth proportions, relationships between width and height, and connector areas between teeth. It also involves shaping gingival contours and maintaining proportional gingival heights. The overall goal of focusing on microesthetics is to achieve an attractive, balanced smile with harmonious dental and gingival components through precise finishing in orthodontic treatment.
This document discusses interceptive orthodontics and serial extraction procedures. It defines interceptive orthodontics as recognizing and eliminating potential irregularities in the developing dentofacial complex. Serial extraction involves removing primary and permanent teeth in a planned sequence to correct crowding and guide teeth into improved positions. The document describes several popular serial extraction methods, including Dewel's three-stage method and Tweed's method of extracting primary molars and canines. Factors such as a tooth-size discrepancy or premature tooth loss help determine if serial extraction is appropriate for correcting a developing malocclusion.
This document discusses myofunctional appliances and the basic principles of myofunctional therapy. It covers topics like normal growth and development of bones, TMJ, muscles and hormones. It describes principles of functional appliances and their role in correcting malocclusion. Different types of functional appliances are listed along with bonding procedures in orthodontics. The document also discusses theories of growth, development of cranial and facial bones, muscles of mastication, TMJ and the effect of muscular force.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses proclined upper incisors and bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion. Proclined upper incisors can be caused by skeletal factors, habits like thumb sucking, or dental issues like retained primary teeth. Treatment involves eliminating the underlying causes, using habit reminders, and correcting the tooth alignment. For bimaxillary protrusion, the large tongue and everted lips can cause the issue, and treatment extracts premolars to retract the incisors while ensuring the lower lip creates a proper seal. Both conditions require attention to causes and retention to prevent relapse.
Clinical implications of growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This cephalometric analysis gives an idea about the planes ,facial types, arch and axis this slide includes Introduction
Planes,Classification of facial types,Archs,Axis,Dental axis
Conclusion,Ceph tracing
Canted occlusal plane ; etiology and evaluation part 1Maher Fouda
This document discusses canted occlusal planes, including their etiology, evaluation, and impact on smile esthetics. It provides details on how occlusal cant can result from asymmetric growth or positioning of dental arches. The perception and detection of occlusal cant varies, with 2-4 degrees generally considered acceptable. Both hereditary and environmental factors can contribute to asymmetries leading to occlusal canting. Proper evaluation involves clinical examination and documentation to differentiate cant from other potential causes like facial asymmetry or smile limitations.
Microesthetics in orthodontics refers to the small details considered during and after treatment to enhance a patient's smile. This includes tooth proportions, relationships between width and height, and connector areas between teeth. It also involves shaping gingival contours and maintaining proportional gingival heights. The overall goal of focusing on microesthetics is to achieve an attractive, balanced smile with harmonious dental and gingival components through precise finishing in orthodontic treatment.
This document discusses interceptive orthodontics and serial extraction procedures. It defines interceptive orthodontics as recognizing and eliminating potential irregularities in the developing dentofacial complex. Serial extraction involves removing primary and permanent teeth in a planned sequence to correct crowding and guide teeth into improved positions. The document describes several popular serial extraction methods, including Dewel's three-stage method and Tweed's method of extracting primary molars and canines. Factors such as a tooth-size discrepancy or premature tooth loss help determine if serial extraction is appropriate for correcting a developing malocclusion.
This document discusses myofunctional appliances and the basic principles of myofunctional therapy. It covers topics like normal growth and development of bones, TMJ, muscles and hormones. It describes principles of functional appliances and their role in correcting malocclusion. Different types of functional appliances are listed along with bonding procedures in orthodontics. The document also discusses theories of growth, development of cranial and facial bones, muscles of mastication, TMJ and the effect of muscular force.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses proclined upper incisors and bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion. Proclined upper incisors can be caused by skeletal factors, habits like thumb sucking, or dental issues like retained primary teeth. Treatment involves eliminating the underlying causes, using habit reminders, and correcting the tooth alignment. For bimaxillary protrusion, the large tongue and everted lips can cause the issue, and treatment extracts premolars to retract the incisors while ensuring the lower lip creates a proper seal. Both conditions require attention to causes and retention to prevent relapse.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Curve of spee /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses maxillary canine impaction, including its classification, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. It provides an overview of the development and eruption path of maxillary canines. Common causes of impaction include lack of guidance from lateral incisors and insufficient arch length. Diagnosis involves radiography such as panoramic x-rays and CT scans to determine the three-dimensional position. Treatment options discussed include surgical exposure and applying traction to erupt the canine either buccally or palatally depending on its position.
This document discusses functional appliances used in orthodontic treatment. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of functional appliances, how they work to produce orthopedic, dentoalveolar and muscular changes, different types of functional appliances including activators and Frankel regulators, and guidelines for use and patient instruction.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Classification of malocclsion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Smile is more than a form of communication; it is kind of socialization
and attraction. Although moderate gummy smile can be quite acceptable and
esthetically pleasing if the gum is healthy, more pronounced cases are
less well tolerated and require treatment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses soft tissue analysis in cephalometric evaluations. It begins by explaining the importance of analyzing soft tissue profiles in orthodontic treatment planning. It then outlines various soft tissue landmarks used in cephalometric analysis of the profile, nose, chin, and lips. Specific angular measurements are described to evaluate different regions of the soft tissue facial profile, including nasal angle, nasolabial angle, mentocervical angle, and others. The document provides details on traditional planes of reference and how to assess vertical facial proportions, convexity, and prominence of different soft tissue structures.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Activator , bionator /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Molar distalization /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses utility arches, which are orthodontic appliances used to apply light forces in the dental arch. It provides details on:
- The historical background and development of utility arches based on biomechanical principles.
- Common wire dimensions and materials used, including stainless steel, nickel titanium, and beta titanium alloys.
- The standard design components of utility arches, including molar, vertical, and incisal segments.
- Different types of utility arches like passive arches, intrusion arches, and retraction/protrusion arches and how they are activated to apply specific orthodontic forces.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses normal occlusion versus malocclusion and the diagnostic aids used to assess them. It outlines essential diagnostic aids like case history, clinical examination, study models, radiographs, and photographs. Supplementary diagnostic aids include specialized radiographs, EMG, TMJ imaging, and hormonal tests. A thorough case history and clinical examination involving extraoral soft tissue analysis, TMJ assessment, and intraoral evaluation of the teeth, gingiva and occlusion are essential to diagnosis. Radiographs like lateral cephalograms aid in determining underlying skeletal discrepancies.
Functional development of dental arches and occlusion /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The document discusses the development of dental occlusion from birth to adulthood. It summarizes that the process involves complex interactions between tooth morphology, muscle functions, bone growth, and forces. It then outlines the key factors that influence occlusion development in more detail, including: bone and tooth relationships, functional eruption, intraoral forces like from muscles and occlusal forces from opposing teeth. It notes that bone adapts to functional forces based on Wolff's law and discusses theories around how various factors guide the intricate process of dental occlusion development.
This document discusses various classifications of malocclusion. It begins by dividing malocclusions into three broad types based on whether the malocclusion involves individual tooth positions, the dental arch relationship, or an underlying skeletal issue. It then discusses Angle's classification system, which divides malocclusions into Classes I, II, and III based on the molar relationship. It also discusses modifications to Angle's system by Dewey and others. The document provides examples to illustrate different types of individual tooth malpositions and dental arch malrelationships. It emphasizes that understanding these classification systems is important for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
This document summarizes impacted teeth, focusing on commonly impacted teeth like third molars, maxillary third molars, and maxillary cuspids. It discusses causes of impaction like genetic factors, localized obstructions, and systemic issues. Diagnosis involves history, examination, palpation, percussion, and various radiographic techniques. Management depends on the specific tooth and can include no treatment, interceptive extraction, surgical exposure with orthodontics, surgical removal, or transplantation. Maxillary canines, central incisors, and mandibular second premolars are discussed in more depth regarding their presentation, investigation, and treatment approaches.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Curve of spee /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses maxillary canine impaction, including its classification, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. It provides an overview of the development and eruption path of maxillary canines. Common causes of impaction include lack of guidance from lateral incisors and insufficient arch length. Diagnosis involves radiography such as panoramic x-rays and CT scans to determine the three-dimensional position. Treatment options discussed include surgical exposure and applying traction to erupt the canine either buccally or palatally depending on its position.
This document discusses functional appliances used in orthodontic treatment. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of functional appliances, how they work to produce orthopedic, dentoalveolar and muscular changes, different types of functional appliances including activators and Frankel regulators, and guidelines for use and patient instruction.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Classification of malocclsion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Smile is more than a form of communication; it is kind of socialization
and attraction. Although moderate gummy smile can be quite acceptable and
esthetically pleasing if the gum is healthy, more pronounced cases are
less well tolerated and require treatment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses soft tissue analysis in cephalometric evaluations. It begins by explaining the importance of analyzing soft tissue profiles in orthodontic treatment planning. It then outlines various soft tissue landmarks used in cephalometric analysis of the profile, nose, chin, and lips. Specific angular measurements are described to evaluate different regions of the soft tissue facial profile, including nasal angle, nasolabial angle, mentocervical angle, and others. The document provides details on traditional planes of reference and how to assess vertical facial proportions, convexity, and prominence of different soft tissue structures.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Activator , bionator /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Molar distalization /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses utility arches, which are orthodontic appliances used to apply light forces in the dental arch. It provides details on:
- The historical background and development of utility arches based on biomechanical principles.
- Common wire dimensions and materials used, including stainless steel, nickel titanium, and beta titanium alloys.
- The standard design components of utility arches, including molar, vertical, and incisal segments.
- Different types of utility arches like passive arches, intrusion arches, and retraction/protrusion arches and how they are activated to apply specific orthodontic forces.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses normal occlusion versus malocclusion and the diagnostic aids used to assess them. It outlines essential diagnostic aids like case history, clinical examination, study models, radiographs, and photographs. Supplementary diagnostic aids include specialized radiographs, EMG, TMJ imaging, and hormonal tests. A thorough case history and clinical examination involving extraoral soft tissue analysis, TMJ assessment, and intraoral evaluation of the teeth, gingiva and occlusion are essential to diagnosis. Radiographs like lateral cephalograms aid in determining underlying skeletal discrepancies.
Functional development of dental arches and occlusion /certified fixed orth...Indian dental academy
The document discusses the development of dental occlusion from birth to adulthood. It summarizes that the process involves complex interactions between tooth morphology, muscle functions, bone growth, and forces. It then outlines the key factors that influence occlusion development in more detail, including: bone and tooth relationships, functional eruption, intraoral forces like from muscles and occlusal forces from opposing teeth. It notes that bone adapts to functional forces based on Wolff's law and discusses theories around how various factors guide the intricate process of dental occlusion development.
This document discusses various classifications of malocclusion. It begins by dividing malocclusions into three broad types based on whether the malocclusion involves individual tooth positions, the dental arch relationship, or an underlying skeletal issue. It then discusses Angle's classification system, which divides malocclusions into Classes I, II, and III based on the molar relationship. It also discusses modifications to Angle's system by Dewey and others. The document provides examples to illustrate different types of individual tooth malpositions and dental arch malrelationships. It emphasizes that understanding these classification systems is important for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
This document summarizes impacted teeth, focusing on commonly impacted teeth like third molars, maxillary third molars, and maxillary cuspids. It discusses causes of impaction like genetic factors, localized obstructions, and systemic issues. Diagnosis involves history, examination, palpation, percussion, and various radiographic techniques. Management depends on the specific tooth and can include no treatment, interceptive extraction, surgical exposure with orthodontics, surgical removal, or transplantation. Maxillary canines, central incisors, and mandibular second premolars are discussed in more depth regarding their presentation, investigation, and treatment approaches.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document summarizes the development of the periodontium, which consists of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. It describes how the dental lamina forms and then divides into the inner and outer processes. Tooth development occurs through the bud, cap and bell stages as the enamel organ forms. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath induces root formation and cementum development. The periodontal ligament then develops from the dental follicle, with principle fibers forming between the cementum and alveolar bone.
The document discusses the complex process of tooth development from initiation to eruption. It begins with the formation of the primary epithelial bands and dental lamina between 6-7 weeks in utero, which give rise to the tooth buds. The buds progress through stages of proliferation, histodifferentiation, and morphodifferentiation to form the crown and root structures. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is responsible for root formation and shape before teeth erupt into the oral cavity.
Tooth development and eruption /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The document discusses the evolution and development of teeth from a reptilian to modern human stage. It describes four main stages of tooth evolution: reptilian (haplodont), early mammalian (triconodont), triangular (trituberculer molar), and quadrutuberculer molar. It then discusses the developmental stages of teeth from the primary epithelial band to the bell stage where histodifferentiation and morphodifferentiation occur. The key cellular structures that develop include the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac which together form the tooth germ.
Growth & development of tooth & tongue/ dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The early development of tooth from six week of prenatal life. Description of different stages- bud,cap and bell stage and amelogenesis, dentinogenesis. Description of root development.
Development Of Dentition & Occlusionjinishnath
The document discusses the development of dentition and occlusion from pre-natal development through post-natal development in humans. It covers:
- Pre-natal development of teeth including formation of the dental lamina and enamel organs.
- Stages of tooth development including bud, cap, and bell stages.
- Formation of the root and root sheath.
- Theories of tooth eruption.
- Post-natal development from birth through completion of primary dentition and the transitional periods involving eruption of permanent teeth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The development of teeth (odontogenesis) is a complex process where teeth form from embryonic cells and grow and erupt into the oral cavity. It begins around the 6th week of gestation with the formation of the primary epithelial band in the upper and lower jaws, from which the dental lamina develops and projects into the underlying mesenchyme to form tooth buds. These buds develop through the bud, cap, and bell stages to form the crown and root structures. Various cell types differentiate and interact to form enamel, dentin, cementum, and the periodontium. Root formation occurs after crown formation is complete, guided by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath which determines the root shape. Teeth continue developing and
The periodontium develops from neural crest cells that migrate into the developing dental arches. The dental lamina forms and invaginates into the underlying mesenchyme, forming the tooth bud. The bud develops through the cap and bell stages as the enamel organ and dental papilla form. The dental follicle gives rise to the periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. Cementoblasts deposit cementum on the root surface. Periodontal ligament fibers develop from the dental follicle and insert into the cementum and bone. The gingiva develops as the tooth erupts, with the reduced enamel epithelium transforming into junctional epithelium and sulcular epithelium.
The periodontium develops from neural crest cells that migrate to form dental tissues. The dental lamina forms and invaginates, leading to tooth bud development through the bud, cap, and bell stages. Mesenchymal cells aggregate to form the dental papilla and follicle. The follicle gives rise to cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Cementum forms on the root surface in two stages - primary acellular cementum deposited before eruption, and secondary cellular cementum deposited after eruption. The periodontal ligament develops prior to eruption from the dental follicle.
BE UPDATE TO IT,, AS IT IS 3 years back from 2017
Kindly mail me if you feel, needy of this presentation
you can find my mail id @ slide share,,, if not mail me @
sukesh3567@gmail.com.
Good luck
There are 32 permanent teeth in adult humans that are preceded by 20 deciduous teeth during childhood. Teeth develop through distinct stages including the bud, cap and bell stages from the dental lamina. Ameloblasts secrete enamel and odontoblasts secrete dentin to form the crown. Later, Hertwig's epithelial root sheath induces root formation. Teeth erupt between ages 6-13 after complete development of the crown and root.
A Brief Description about the development of teeth. Understanding the process of tooth development is of particular importance for the dentist; as developmental disturbances may occur at any stage of this process resulting in different types of tooth anomalies.
Tooth development can be classified either based on morphology or histology
Morphological stages:
Bud stage
Cap stage
Bell stage:
* Early
* Advanced
Physiological stages:
Initiation
Proliferation
Histodifferentiation
Morphodifferentiation
Apposition
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Similar to Anatomy and dev of occlusion /orthodontic courses training by indian dental academy (20)
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1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
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Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
2. DEFINITION OF OCCLUSION
SKELETAL COMPONENT
JOINTS, LIGAMENTS AND MUSCLES
DENTAL COMPONENT
Development of teeth
Anatomical features in brief of individual groups of teeth
DEVELOPMENT OF OCCLUSION
DETERMINANTS OF OCCLUSAL MORPHOLOGY
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3. DEFINITION OF OCCLUSION
Dorland’s medical dictionary – act of
closure or state of being closed
In dentistry – Relationship of maxillary
and mandibular teeth when they are in
functional contact during activity of the
mandible.
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4. To have a good understanding of
occlusion and its development it is essential
to have a proper understanding of the
masticatory system.
The masticatory system comprises
a) Skeletal component
b) Joints, ligaments and muscles and
c) Dental component.
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6. Three major skeletal components make up the
masticatory system
MAXILLA
MANDIBLE
TEMPORAL BONE
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7. MAXILLA
Develops from the 1st Branchial arch at
about the 4th week of intrauterine life.
It is by intra membranous ossification of the
fronto-nasal and maxillary processes.
Two maxillae are formed in this way which
are fused together in the mid-palatine suture.
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8. The growth takes place by two mechanism –
sutural growth and surface apposition.
Growth sites in the maxilla
o Maxillary tuberosity
o Sutures
o Alveolar border
o Nasal septum
o Lateral walls
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9. Superiorly it forms the floor of the nasal
cavity and the floor of each orbit
Inferiorly it forms the palate and the
alveolar ridges which support the teeth.
As the maxillary bones are intricately fused
to the skull, the maxillary teeth make up the
stationary components of the masticatory
system.
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11. MANDIBLE
Develops from the 1st Branchial arch at
about the 4th week of intrauterine life.
It is derived from the Meckel’s cartilage.
The lower part of the body of the mandible
by membranous ossification
The ramus and processes by cartilaginous
ossification.
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12. The growth sites in the mandible
o Mandibular condyle
o Posterior border of Ramus
o Alveolar process
o Lower border of the mandible
o Suture {at the suture between the two
halves of the mandible fibrous connective
tissue (symphyseal cartilage) serves as a
growth site}
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13. It is a U-shaped bone which supports the
lower teeth and makes up the lower facial
skeleton.
It is suspended below the maxilla by muscles,
ligaments and other soft tissues.
The condyle articulates with the cranium
around which movement occurs making it the
moveable component of the masticatory
system.
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15. TEMPORAL BONE
The mandibular condyle articulates at the base of the
cranium with the squamous portion of the temporal
bone in the concave mandibular fossa called articular or
glenoid fossa.
Immediately anterior to the mandibular fossa is a
convex bony prominence called the articular eminence.
The posterior roof of the glenoid fossa is thin and not
suitable to sustain heavy forces, however, the articular
eminence consists of dense bone which can.
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18. The joint which plays an important role
in the masticatory system is the Temporomandibular joint.
Formed by the articulating surface of
the condyles of the mandible and the articular
fossa (bilaterally) of the temporal bone.
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19. The ligaments in conjunction with the joint are
1. Collateral ligament
2. Capsular ligament
3. Temporo-mandibular ligament
4. Spheno-mandibular ligament
5. Stylo-mandibular ligament
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20. The skeletal components of the
masticatory system are supported and brought
into function with the help of four pairs of
muscles called the muscles of mastication;
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid and
lateral pterygoid muscles.
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24. The masseter, temporalis and medial
pterygoid are responsible for closure of the
mandible
The lateral pterygoid is responsible for
opening of the mandible.
Along with these muscles the digastric
muscle also acts in the functioning of the
masticatory system by depressing the
mandible.
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26. The human dentition comprises of two
stages : a stage of deciduous dentition and a
stage of permanent dentition.
The deciduous dentition is made up of 20
teeth and the permanent dentition is made up
of 32 teeth.
Each tooth comprises of 2 basic parts –
the crown and the root
The root is attached to the alveolar bone
by numerous fibers of connective tissue called
the periodontal ligament.
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27. Deciduous dentition
Comprises of 20 teeth equally distributed in
the upper and lower jaws
Based on their morphology and function
they are classified as incisors, canines and
molars.
Each arch is divided into two quadrants,
each comprising of 5 teeth in the grouping of
2 incisors, 1 canine and 2 molars.
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28. Permanent dentition
Comprises of 32 teeth equally distributed in
the maxillary and mandibular jaws
Based on their morphology and function they
are classified as incisors, canines, premolars and
molars.
Each arch is divided into two quadrants, each
comprising of 8 teeth in the grouping of 2
incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars and 3 molars.
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29. Development of teeth
Teeth are developed from the dental lamina
6 weeks intra uterine life – basal cells of oral
epithelium proliferate to form the dental lamina.
This serves as the primordium for the ectodermal
portion of the tooth.
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30. Bud stage
The epithelium of the dental lamina is separate from
the underlying ectomesenchyme by a basement membrane.
From this basement membrane, round or ovoid
swellings called tooth buds (primordia for enamel organ)
arise.
The enamel organ – peripheral low columnar cells
and central polygonal cells.
Several cells of the tooth bud and the surrounding
mesenchyme undergo mitosis leading to condensation
of the ectomesenchymal cells around the tooth bud.
The condensed ectomesenchyme subjacent to the
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enamel organ is the dental papilla
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31. The dental papilla and the tooth bud
together is surrounded by the dental sac.
The dental papilla forms the tooth pulp
and dentin while the dental sac forms the
cementum and the periodontal ligament.
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32. Cap stage
The tooth bud continues to proliferate in an
unequal growth in different parts to form the
cap stage
1) Outer and inner enamel epithelium : outer cells
are cuboidal and inner cells are tall columnar.
2) Stellate reticulum : Polygonal cells situated in
the center of the enamel organ between the outer
and inner enamel organ form a network. The
inter-cellular spaces are filled with mucoid fluid
rich in albumin.
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33. 3. Dental papilla : The ectomesenchyme (neural
crest cells) that is enclosed by the invaginated
portion of the inner enamel epithelium
proliferates to form the dental papilla, which is
the formative organ of the dentin and the
primordium of the pulp. The peripheral cells of
the dental papilla enlarge to and differentiate
into odontoblasts.
4. Dental sac : The ectomesenchyme surrounding
the enamel organ and the dental papilla
undergoes condensation. Here a denser and
more fibrous layer develops which forms the
primitive dental sac.
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35. Bell stage
As the invagination of the epithelium deepens
and its margins continue to grow, the enamel
organ assumes a bell shape. Four different types
of cells are seen in this stage:
1) Inner enamel epithelium: single layer of cells
that differentiate into tall columnar cells called
ameloblasts.
2) Stratum intermedium: formed from squamous
cells between the inner enamel epithelium and
the stellate reticulum.
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36. 3) Stellate reticulum: increase in intercellular
fluid and it expands. Star shaped cells are
seen.
4) Outer enamel epithelium: cells flatten to a
low cuboidal form.
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37. Dental papilla
The dental papilla is enclosed in the invaginated
portion of the enamel organ. Prior to enamel formation
by the inner enamel epithelium, the peripheral cells of
the mesenchymal dental papilla differentiate into
odontoblasts.
Dental sac
Before formation of dental tissues commences the
dental sac shows a circular arrangement of fibers and
resembles a capsular structure. With the development of
the root, the fibers of the dental sac differentiate into the
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38. Dentinogenesis and Amelogenesis
After the differentiation of the cells of the dental
papilla and the inner enamel epithelium into the
odontoblasts and ameloblasts, respectively, the dentin is
laid down first. After the first layer of dentin is laid, only
then does amelogenesis commence.
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39. Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath
Formation of root begins after enamel and dentin
formation has reached the future C.E junction
HERS consists of the outer and inner enamel
epithelium only.
The cells differentiate the radicular cells into
odontoblasts and the first layer of dentin is laid down.
The root sheath then loses its structural continuity.
Single rooted and multi rooted teeth are formed by
tongue like projections from a horizontal diaphragm.
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42. Permanent Incisors
Human incisors have thin, blade-like crowns
which are adapted for the cutting and shearing of
food. There are two incisors per quadrant, four per
arch. The first incisor, the central incisor, is next to
the midline. The second incisor, the lateral incisor, is
distal to it.
Maxillary incisors by definition arise in the
premaxilla; mandibular incisors are the teeth that
articulate with them.
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43. Facial: It is the most
prominent tooth in the
mouth. It has a nearly
straight incisal edge
and a gracefully curved
cervical
line.
The
mesial aspect presents a
straight outline; the
distal aspect is more
rounded. Mamelons are
present
on
freshly
erupted,
unworn
central incisors.
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44. Lingual: The lingual
aspect presents a
distinctive
lingual
fossa that is bordered
by mesial and distal
marginal ridges, the
incisal edge, and the
prominent cingulum
at the gingival third.
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45. Proximal: Mesial and
distal aspects present
a
distinctive
triangular
outline.
This is true for all of
the
incisors.
The
incisal ridge of the
crown is aligned on
the long axis of the
tooth along with the
apex of the tooth.
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46. Incisal: The crown is
roughly triangular in
outline; the incisal
edge is nearly a
straight line, though
slightly
crescent
shaped.
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47. Contact Points: The mesial contact point is just about at the
incisal, owing to the very sharp mesial incisal angle. The distal
contact point is located at the junction of the incisal third and
the middle third.
Variation: The maxillary central incisor usually develops
normally. Variations include a short crown or, on occasion, and
unusually long crown. This tooth is rarely absent. The
Hutchinson incisor is a malformation due to congenital syphilis
in utero.
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48. Facial: The maxillary lateral
incisor resembles the central
incisor, but is narrower
mesio-distally. The mesial
outline
resembles
the
adjacent central incisor; the
distal
outline--and
particularly the distal incisal
angle is more rounded than
the mesial incisal angle
(which resembles that of the
adjacent central incisor. The
distal
incisal
angle
resembling the mesial of the
adjacent canine.
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49. Lingual: On the lingual
surface,
the
marginal
ridges
are
usually
prominent and terminate
into
a
prominent
cingulum. There is often a
deep
pit
where
the
marginal ridges converge
gingivally.
A
developmental
groove
often extends across the
distal of the cingulum
onto the root continuing
for part or all of its length.
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50. Proximal: In proximal
view, the maxillary
lateral
incisor
resembles the central
except that the root
appears longer--about
1 1/2 times longer
than the crown. A
line through the long
axis of the tooth
bisects the crown.
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51. Incisal: In incisal view,
this
tooth
can
resemble either the
central or the canine
to varying degrees.
The tooth is narrower
mesiodistally
than
the upper central
incisor; however, it is
nearly
as
thick
labiolingually.
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52. Contact Points: The mesial contact is at the junction of the
incisal third and the middle third. The distal contact is is
located at the center of the middle third of the distal surface.
Variation: This tooth is quite variable. Often the tooth is
narrow, conical, and peg-shaped. It is absent either singly or
bilaterally in 1-2% of individuals. Only the lower second
premolar is more frequently missing.
The lingual pit when present can be very deep and is prone to
early caries in many individuals.
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53. Facial: The mandibular
central incisor is the
smallest tooth in the
dental arch. It is a
long,
narrow,
symmetrical
tooth.
The incisal edge is
straight. Mesial and
distal
outlines
descend apically from
the sharp mesial and
distal incisal angles.
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55. Proximal: Both mesial
land distal surfaces
present a triangular
outline. The incisal
ridge of the crown is
aligned on the long
axis of the tooth
along with the apex
of the tooth.
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56. Incisal: The incisal edge
is at right angles to a
line
passing
labiolingually
through the tooth
reflecting its bilateral
symmetry.
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57. Contact Points: The mesial and distal contacts are at the
junction of the incisal third and the middle third.
Variation: This tooth is consistent in development and is is
rarely absent. The upper incisor region is a common site for
supernumerary teeth which may occasionally occur in the
midline; such a variant is called a mesodens.
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58. Facial:
This
tooth
resembles the central
incisor,
but
is
somewhat larger in
most proportions. It is a
more rounded tooth;
this
is
especially
evident in the distal
incisal angle in unworn
specimens. There is a
lack of the bilateral
symmetry seen in the
central.
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59. Lingual: Except for the
lack of symmetry,
this tooth resemble
the central.
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61. Incisal: The incisal edge
'twisted' from the 90
degree angle with a
line
passing
labiolingually
through the tooth.
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62. Contact Points: The mesial and distal contacts are at the
junction of the incisal third and the middle third.
Variation: This tooth is stable, but variations in root length
and direction are occasionally seen.
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63. Permanent Canine
Human canines are the longest and most stable of
teeth in the dental arch. Only one tooth of this class is
present in each quadrant. In traditional dental literature,
canines are considered the cornerstones of the dental
arch. They are the only teeth in the dentition with a
single cusp. They are especially anchored as prehensile
teeth in the group from whence they get their name, the
Carnivora.
Maxillary canines by definition are the teeth in the
maxilla distal, but closest to the incisors. Mandibular
canines are those lower teeth that articulate with the
mesial aspect of the upper canine.
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64. Facial:
The
canine
is
approximately 1 mm narrower
than the central incisor. Its
mesial aspect resembles the
adjacent lateral incisor; the
distal aspect anticipates the
first premolar proximal to it.
The canine is slightly darker
and more yellow in the color
than the incisor teeth. The
labial surface is smooth, with a
well developed middle lobe
(labial ridge) extending the full
length of the crown cervically
from the cusp tip. The distal
cusp ridge is longer than the
mesial cusp ridge.
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65. Lingual: Distinct mesial
and distal marginal
ridges,
a
welldeveloped
cingulum,
and the cusp ridges
form the boundaries of
the lingual surface. The
prominent lingual ridge
extends from the cusp
tip to the cingulum,
dividing the lingual
surface into mesial and
distal fossae.
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66. Proximal: The mesial
and distal aspects
present a triangular
outline.
They
resemble the incisors,
but are more robust-especially
in
the
cingulum region.
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67. Incisal: The asymmetry
of this tooth is readily
apparent from this
aspect. It usually
thicker labiolingually
than
it
is
mesiodistally. The tip
of
the
cusp
is
displaced
labially
and mesial to the
central long axis of
this tooth.
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68. Contact point: The mesial contact point is at the
junction of the incisal and middle third. Distally, the
contact is situated more cervically. It is at the middle
of the middle third.
Variation: Each of the major features of this tooth are
'variations on a theme.' In some persons, a cusp-like
tubercle is found on the cingulum. Lingual pits occur
only infrequently. On occasion, the root is unusually
long or unusually short.
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69. Facial: The mandibular canine is
noticeably narrower mesiodistally
than the upper, but the root may be
as long as that of the upper canine.
In an individual person,the lower
canine is often shorter than that of
the upper canine. The mandibular
canine is wider mesiodistally than
either lower incisor. A distinctive
feature is the nearly straight
outline of the mesial aspect of the
crown and root. When the tooth is
unworn, the mesial cusp ridge
appears as a sort of 'shoulder' on
the tooth. The mesial cusp ridge is
much shorter than the distal cusp
ridge
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70. Lingual: The marginal
ridges and cingulum
are less prominent
than those of the
maxillary canine. The
lingual surface is
smooth and regular.
The lingual ridge, if
present, is usually
rather subtle in its
expression.
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71. Proximal: The mesial and
distal aspects present a
triangular outline. The
cingulum as noted is
less well developed.
When the crown and
root are viewed from
the proximal, this tooth
uniquely presents a
crescent-like
profile
similar to a cashew nut.
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72. Incisal: The mesiodistal
dimension is clearly less
than the labiolingual
dimension. The mesial
and distal 'halves' of the
tooth are more identical
than the upper canine
from this perspective.
You will recall that the
cusp tip of the maxillary
canine is facial to a ling
through the long axis. In
the mandibular canine,
the unworn incisal edge
is on the line through
the long axis of this
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73. Contact point: The mesial contact point is at the
junction of the incisal and middle third. Distally, the
contact is situated more cervically. It is at the middle
of the middle third.
Variation: On occasion, the root is bifurcated near its
tip. The double root may, or may not be accompanied
by deep depressions in the root.
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74. Premolar
The premolar teeth are transitional teeth
located between the canine and molar teeth. There
are two premolars per quadrant and are identified
as first and second premolars. They have at least
two cusps.
Premolar teeth by definition are permanent
teeth distal to the canines preceded by deciduous
molars.
Utilized in the initial breakdown of food
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75. Facial:
The
buccal
surface
is
quite
rounded and this
tooth resembles the
maxillary canine. The
buccal cusp is long;
from that cusp tip, the
prominent
buccal
ridge descends to the
cervical line of the
tooth.
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76. Lingual: The lingual
cusp is smaller and
the tip of that cusp is
shifted toward the
mesial. The lingual
surface is rounded in
all aspects.
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77. Proximal: The mesial aspect
of this tooth has a
distinctive concavity in
the cervical third that
extends onto the root. It is
called
variously
the
mesial
developmental
depression,
mesial
concavity, or the 'canine
fossa'--a
misleading
description since it is on
the premolar. The distal
aspect of the maxillary
first permanent molar also
has
a
developmental
depression. The mesial
marginal developmental
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groove is a distinctive
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78. Occlusal: There are two
well-defined
cusps
buccal and lingual. The
larger cusp is the buccal;
its cusp tip is located
midway mesiodistally.
The lingual cusp tip is
shifted mesially. The
occlusal outline presents
a hexagonal appearance.
On the mesial marginal
ridge is a distinctive
feature,
the
mesial
marginal developmental
groove.
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79. Contact Points; Height of Curvature: The distal contact
area is located more buccal than is the mesial contact area.
Both contact points are at the junction of the occlusal and
middle third of the tooth.
Variation: Most upper first premolars of people in our
society have two roots; however, a single root is found in
about 20% of teeth. Three rooted premolars are found
occasionally.
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80. Facial: This tooth closely
resembles
the
maxillary
first
premolar but is a less
defined copy of its
companion to the
mesial. The buccal
cusp is shorter, less
pointed, and more
rounded than the
first.
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81. Lingual: Again, this
tooth resembles the
first. The lingual
cusp, however, is
more nearly as large
as the buccal cusp.
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82. Proximal: Mesial and
distal surfaces are
rounded. The mesial
developmental
depression
and
mesial marginal ridge
are not present on the
second premolar.
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83. Occlusal: The crown
outline is rounded,
ovoid, and is less
clearly defined than
is the first.
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84. Contact Points; Height of Curvature: When viewed from
the facial, the distal contact area is located more cervically
than is the mesial contact area.
Variation: The occlusal anatomy is more variable in the
second than in the first. There is wide variability is root
size, curvature, and form.
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85. Facial: The outline is
very
nearly
symmetrical
bilaterally,
displaying a large,
pointed buccal cusp.
From it descends a
large, well developed
buccal ridge.
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86. Lingual: This tooth has
the smallest and most
ill-defined
lingual
cusp of any of the
premolars.
A
distinctive feature is
the
mesiolingual
developmental
groove. (Remember
the mesial marginal
developmental
groove in the upper
first premolar? That
one is mesial. The
one on the lower is
toward the lingual.)
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87. Proximal:
The
large
buccal cusp tip is
centered over the root
tip, about at the long
axis of this tooth. The
very large buccal cusp
and much reduced
lingual cusp are very
evident. You should
keep in mind that the
mesial marginal ridge
is more cervical than
the distal contact
ridge; each anticipate
the shape of their
respective
adjacent
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88. Occlusal: The occlusal outline
is
diamond-shaped.
(Review
of
premolar
occlusal outlines: the upper
first is hexagonal, the upper
second is ovoid, the lower
first is diamond, and the
lower second is square.)
The large buccal cusp
dominates the occlusal
surface. Marginal ridges are
well developed and the
mesiolingual
developmental groove is
consistently present. There
are mesial and distal fossae
with pits, affectionately
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89. Contact Points; Height of Curvature: When viewed from the
facial, each contact area/height of curvature is at about the
same height.
Variation: This is a variable tooth in both crown and root. It
may, in some persons, more nearly resemble the lower
second premolar.
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90. Facial: From this aspect,
the tooth somewhat
resembles the first,
but the buccal cusp is
less pronounced. The
tooth is larger than
the first.
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91. Lingual: Two significant
variations are seen in
this view. The most
common is the threecusp form which has
two lingual cusps.
The mesial of those is
the larger of the two.
The other form is the
two-cusp for with a
single lingual cusp.
In that variant, the
lingual cusp tip is
shifted to the mesial.
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92. Proximal: The buccal
cusp is shorter than
the first. The lingual
cusp (or cusps) are
much
better
developed than the
first and give the
lingual a full, welldeveloped profile.
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93. Occlusal: The two or three
cusp versions become
clearly evident. In the
three-cusp version, the
developmental
grooves
present a distinctive 'Y'
shape and have a central
pit. In the two cusp
version,
a
single
developmental
groove
crosses
the
transverse
ridge from mesial to distal.
(Review: the lower second
premolar is larger than the
first, while the upper first
premolar is just slightly
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94. Contact Points; Height of Curvature: From the facial,
the mesial contact is more occlusal than the distal
contact. Why? The distal marginal ridge is lower than
the mesial marginal ridge.
Variation: There may be one or two lingual cusps. This
tooth is sometimes missing; only the third molars and
upper lateral incisors are missing more frequently than
this tooth.
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95. Permanent Molar Teeth
The permanent molars occupy the most
posterior portion of the dental arch. They have the
largest occlusal surfaces of any of the teeth and
have from three to five major cusps.
Molar teeth by definition are cheek teeth that
are NOT preceded by primary teeth. Permanent
molars are accessional teeth without primary
predecessors. In contrast to the molars, permanent
incisors, canines, and premolars are succedaneous
(successional teeth). These teeth are important in
chewing and maintaining the vertical dimension.
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96. Facial: The mesiobuccal
and distobuccal cusps
dominate the facial
outline. They are
separated
by
the
buccal developmental
groove. All three roots
are
visible.
The
buccal roots present a
'plier
handle'
appearance with the
large lingual root
centered
between
them.
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97. Lingual: Two cusps of
unequal size dominate the
occlusal profile. The cusps
are separated by the
lingual
developmental
groove
which
is
continuous
with
the
distolingual (or distal
oblique)
groove.
The
larger mesiolingual cusp
often
displays
the
Carabelli trait. It is a
variable feature. It appears
most often as a cusp of
variable size, but is
occasionally
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98. Proximal:
In
mesial
perspective
the
mesiolingual
cusp,
mesial marginal ridge,
and mesiobuccal cusp
comprise the occlusal
outline. When present,
the Carabelli trait is seen
in this view. In its distal
aspect, the two distal
cusps are clearly seen;
however,
the
distal
marginal
ridge
is
somewhat shorter than
the mesial one. A small
concavity on the distal
surface that continues
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99. Occlusal: The tooth outline is
somewhat rhomboidal with
four distinct cusps. The cusp
order according to size is:
mesiolingual,
mesiobuccal,
distobuccal, and distolingual.
The tips of the mesiolingual,
mesiobuccal, and distobuccal
cusps
form
the
trigon,
reflecting the evolutionary
origins of the maxillary
molar. The distolingual cusp
is called the talon (heel) and
is a more recent acquisition in
evolutionary
history.
A
frequent feature of maxillary
molars is the Carabelli trait
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located on the mesiolingual
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100. Contact Points; Height of Curvature: The mesial
contact is above, but close to, the mesial marginal ridge.
It is somewhat buccal to the center of the crown
mesiodistally. The distal contact is similarly above the
distal marginal ridge but is centered buccolingually.
Variation: Deviation from the accepted normal is
infrequent. The Carabelli trait is a variable feature. It is
of special interest to the dental anthropologist in tracing
human evolutionary history.
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101. Facial: The crown is shorter
occluso-cervically and narrower
mesiodistally when compared
to the first molar. The
distobuccal cusp is visibly
smaller than the mesiobuccal
cusp. The two buccal roots are
more nearly parallel. The roots
are more parallel; the apex of
the mesial root is on line with
the
with
the
buccal
developmental groove. Mesial
and distal roots tend to be
about the same length.
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103. Proximal: The crown is
shorter than the first
molar and the palatal
root
has
less
divergence. The roots
tend to remain within
the crown profile.
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104. Occlusal: The distolingual
cusp is smaller on the
second than on the first
molar. When it is much
reduced in size, the crown
outline is described as
'heart-shaped.'
The
Carabelli trait is usually
absent. The order of cusp
size, largest to smallest, is
the same as the first but is
more
exaggerated:
mesiolingual,
mesiobuccal, distobuccal,
and distolingual.
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105. Contact Points: Height of Curvature: Both mesial and
distal contacts tend to be centered buccolingually below the
marginal ridges. Since the molars become shorter, moving
from first to this molar, the contacts tend to appear more
toward the center of the proximal surfaces.
Variation: The distolingual cusp is the most variable
feature of this tooth. When it is large, the occlusal is
somewhat rhomboidal; when reduced in size the crown is
described as triangular or 'heart-shaped.' At times, the
root may be fused.
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106. Facial: The crown is
usually shorter in
both
axial
and
mesiodistal
dimensions.
Two
buccal
roots
are
present, but in most
cases they are fused.
The mesial buccal
cusp is larger than the
distal buccal cusp.
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107. Lingual: In most thirds,
there is just one large
lingual cusp. In some
cases there is a poorly
developed
distolingual cusp and
a lingual groove. The
lingual root is often
fused to the to buccal
cusps.
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108. Proximal: The outline of
the crown is rounded;
it is often described
as bulbous in dental
literature.
Technically,
the
mesial surface is the
only
'proximal'
surface. The distal
surface
does
not
contact another tooth.
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109. Occlusal: The crown of
this tooth is the
smallest
of
the
maxillary molars. The
first molar is the
largest in the series.
The outline of the
occlusal surface can
be described as heartshaped. The mesial
lingual cusp is the
largest, the mesial
buccal is second in
size, and the distal
buccal cusp is the
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110. Contact Points; Height of Curvature: This tooth is rounded
and variable in shape. The distal surface has no contact with
any other tooth.
Variation: They are the most variable teeth in the dentition.
Impaction occurs frequently. Some resemble the adjacent
second molar; others may have many cusps, small 'cusplets',
and many grooves.
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111. Facial: The lower first permanent molar has the
widest mesiodistal diameter of all of the
molar teeth. Three cusps cusps separated by
developmental grooves make up the occlusal
outline seen in this view. Moving from
mesial to distal, these features form the
occlusal outline as follows: mesiobuccal cusp,
mesiobuccal
developmental
groove,
distobuccal cusp, distobuccal developmental
groove, and the distal cusp. The mesiobuccal
cusp is usually the widest of the cusps and is
generally considered the largest of the five
cusps. The distal cusp is smaller than any of
the buccal cusps and it contributes little to
the buccal surface. The two roots of this tooth
are clearly seen. The distal root is usually less
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112. Lingual: Three cusps make
up the occlusal profile in
this
view:
the
mesiolingual,
the
distolingual, and the
distal cusp which is
somewhat
lower
in
profile. The mesiobuccal
cusp is usually the
widest and highest of the
three. A short lingual
developmental
groove
separates the two lingual
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cusps
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113. Proximal: The distinctive height
of curvature seen in the
cervical third of the buccal
surface is called the cervical
ridge. The mesial surface may
be flat or concave in its
cervical third . It is highly
convex in its middle and
occlusal thirds. The occlusal
profile is marked by the
mesiobuccal
cusp,
mesiolingual cusp, and the
mesial marginal ridge that
connects them. The mesial
root
is
the
broadest
buccolingually of any of the
lower molar roots. The distal
surface of the crown is
narrower buccolingually than
the mesial surface. Three
cusps are seen from the distal
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114. Occlusal: This tooth
presents a pentagonal
occlusal outline that
is distinctive for this
tooth. There are five
cusps. Of them, the
mesiobuccal cusp is
the largest, the distal
cusp is the smallest.
The
two
buccal
grooves
and
the
single lingual groove
form the "Y5" pattern
distinctive for this
tooth. The five cusp
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115. Contact Points; Height of Curvature: The mesial contact is
centered buccolingually just below the marginal ridge. The
distal contact is centered over the distal root, but is buccal to
the center point of the distal marginal ridge.
Variation: Most lower first molars have five cusps.
Occasionally the distal cusp is missing. More rarely, in large
molars, the distal cusp is joined by a sixth cusp, the 'cusp six'
or tuberculum sextum. Two mesial roots are seen on
occasion; this Sinodont feature is occasionally seen clinically,
particularly in persons of North American Indian heritage.
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116. Facial: When compared to
the first molar, the
second molar crown is
shorter
both
mesiodistally and from
the cervix to the occlusal
surface. The two welldeveloped buccal cusps
form the occlusal outline.
There is no distal cusp as
on the first molar. A
buccal
developmental
groove appears between
the buccal cusps and
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117. Lingual: The crown is
shorter than that of
the first molar. The
occlusal outline is
formed
by
the
mesiolingual
and
distolingal cusps.
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118. Proximal: The mesial
profile resembles that
of the first molar. The
distal
profile
is
formed
by
the
distobuccal
cusp,
distal marginal ridge,
and the distolingual
cusp. Unlike the first
molar, there is no
distal fifth cusp.
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119. Occlusal: There are four
well developed cusps
with developmental
grooves that meet at a
right angle to form
the distinctive "+4"
pattern characteristic
of this tooth.
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120. Contact Points; Height of Curvature: When moving distally
from first to third molar, the proximal surfaces become
progressively more rounded. The net effect is to displace the
contact area cervically and away from the crest of the
marginal ridges.
Variation: Morphologically this is a stable tooth. Five-cusp
versions are seen on occasion, however root variability is
greater than in the first molar.
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121. Facial: The crown is
often short and has a
rounded outline.
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123. Proximal: Mesially and
distally, this tooth
resembles the first and
second molars. The
crown of the third
molar, however, is
shorter than either of
the
other
molars.
Technically, only the
mesial surface is a
'proximal' surface.
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124. Occlusal: Four or five
cusps may be present.
This surface can be a
good copy of the first or
second molar, or poorly
developed with many
accessory grooves. The
occlusal outline is often
ovoid and the occlusal
surface is constricted.
Occasionally,
the
surface has so many
grooves that it is
described
as
crenulated--a condition
seen in the great apes.
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125. Contact Points; Height of Curvature: The rounded mesial
surface has its contact area more cervical than any other
lower molar. There is no tooth distal to the third molar.
Variation: This is an extremely variable tooth and on
occasion it is missing. While the most common anomaly of
upper third molars is that they are undersized, lower third
molars can be undersized or oversized. Lower third molars
fail to erupt in many persons.
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130. Permament dentition
First molars
Central incisor
Lateral incisor
Mandibular canines
First premolars
Second premolars
Maxillary canines
Second molars
Third molars
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135. Mandibular Permanent Incisor
Permanent central incisors develop lingually and apically
to the primary incisors
Permanent lateral incisors occupy a position lingual to the
central incisors. The developing lateral incisor may be seen
in close proximity to the lingual cortical plate of the
mandibular symphysis
Crowns of both central and lateral are lingually inclined
The incisal path of eruption of the teeth is oblique and
usually directed labially relative to primary incisors
As the permanent incisors erupt they resorb the lingual
aspect of the primary incisor roots
On completion of eruption they occupy a more labial
inclination
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136. Maxillary Permanent Incisor
Eruption takes place after the mandibular lateral
has erupted
Central incisor precedes lateral incisor
The path of eruption is more labial and oblique
than that of mandibular permanent incisors
(resulting in a more labial positioning of maxillary
incisors)
There is a distal tilting of the crowns of the central
incisors on eruption causing a mild midline
diastema. This gets closed with the eruption of the
lateral incisors
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137. Mandibular Permanent Canines
During the eruption, the axis is directed
mesially and lingually
The permanent cuspids erupt along the
distal aspect of the roots of the permanent
lateral incisors
Upon eruption, their final positioning,
relative to their predecessors, is labial with a
mesial inclination
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138. Maxillary Permanent Canines
This is the last tooth to erupt anterior to the
molars in this arch
As they erupt, they are directed towards the
distal aspect of the maxillary permanent
lateral incisor roots and erupt in the dental
arch
Their final position in the arch is labial in
their relation with the lateral incisors and 1st
premolar
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139. Mandibular and Maxillary First Premolars
It develops beneath the first primary molar and is
enclosed by its roots
The path of eruption is directly towards the
occlusal plane
Resorbs the roots of the first primary molar to
weaken its support and pushes it out to occupy its
position in the arch
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140. Mandibular Second Premolars
Last tooth to erupt anterior to the first molar
There are three possible paths
Distal path of eruption – This is considered the
best as there is no loss of space. As the 2 nd
premolar erupts distally, it resorbs the distal root
of the 2nd primary molar and glides along the
mesial surface of the 1st permanent molar. This is
considered the normal path of eruption.
Occlusal path of eruption – Here there is a loss
of space owing to the mesial shifting of the 1 st
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141. Mesial path of eruption – Least desirable path
of eruption. This occurs owing to the blocking out
of space for the 2nd premolar due to an increased
time lapse between the exfoliation of the 2nd
primary molar and the eruption of the 2nd
bicuspid.
Mandibular Second Premolars
Identical to the first premolar in its path of
eruption. Mostly follows an occlusal path of
eruption.
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142. Mandibular First Permanent Molar
The first permanent teeth to erupt
Prior to eruption, the crowns are canted mesially and
lingually, with their bony crypts positioned at the angle
formed by the junction of the body of the mandible and the
anterior border of the ramus
Movement of the tooth occlusally, along with the
resorption of the anterior border of the ascending ramus,
facilitates the eruption of the tooth
During the course of eruption, the molar undergoes a
rotation, re-orienting the crown with the occlusal plane
Ultimately they are positioned with a slight mesial tilt and a
slight lingual inclination in the transverse axis
Flush terminal plane later changes to Class I relationship
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143. Maxillary First Permanent Molar
The Crowns are distally and buccally oriented in their
crypts.
As the maxillary arch gets lengthened due to appositional
growth at the tuberosities, the maxillary 1St permanent molar
rotates mesially and the crowns are uprighted so that they
move vertically towards the occlusal plane
On completion of eruption, they are inclined mesially on
their long axis and buccally in their transverse axis
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144. Mandibular Second Permanent Molar
Crypts positioned at base of the ascending ramus
Space for eruption is gained by resorption of the anterior
border of the ramus
In the crypts, the crowns are pointed mesially, almost at
right angles to the occlusal plane
The crown rotates in a distal direction and erupts against
the mandibular 1st permanent molar in and occlusal direction
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145. Maxillary Second Permanent Molar
Position in crypt and pathway of eruption is similar to the
1st permanent molar
Mesiobuccal inclination of the tooth in its final occlusal
position
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147. Stage
Age in years
Characteristics
First stage
3
Second stage
6
Eruption of 1st
permanent molar
Third stage
6–9
Exchange of incisors
Fourth stage
9 – 12
Exchange of lateral
teeth
Fifth stage
12
Eruption of 2nd molar
Primary dentition
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149. Primary tooth buds form at 6 weeks IUL
Commence erupting at 6 months post birth and
goes upto 2 ½ years of age when the 2nd primary
molar occludes
At the age of 3 the primary dentition is established
From 3 – 5 years no activity
From 5 – 6 years, the size of the dental arch begins
to change due to eruptive forces from the first
permanent molar
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150. Spaces in primary dentition
Primate space – mesial to maxillary canine,
distal to mandibular canine
Developmental space – between the incisors
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151. Occlusal relationship of 2nd primary molars
Eruption and root completion of the 2nd primary molar
marks the completion of the primary dentition development
The relationship of the distal surfaces of the maxillary and
mandibular primary molars is one of the most important
factors to influence the future occlusion of the permanent
dentition
Terminal plane – Mesiodistal relation of the max. and
mand. 2nd primary molars when in centric occlusion
Three types:
a) Flush terminal plane
b) Mesial step
c) Distal step
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155. Size of the dental arch
Size can be measured by the dental arch width
between the primary canines and between the 2 nd
primary molars
Length can be measured from the most labial
surface of the primary Central incisor to the canine
and to the 2nd primary molars
A.Inter canine width
B.Inter molar width
C.Anterior arch
length
D.Total arch length
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157. 1st permanent molar is the key to the permanent
occlusion
The prediction of the occlusion of the 1st permanent
molars is known at the primary dentition stage
a) Flush terminal plane – If there are dental spaces
existing in the primary dental arch, the 1st molar will
erupt into CLASS I. If not, it becomes a cusp-tocusp occlusion
b) Mesial step – Erupts directly into CLASS I
occlusion
c) Distal step – Directly and definitely into CLASS II
occlusion
The physiologic spaces get closed due to mesially
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directed eruptive forces of permanent molars HOME
158. Some cases of Flush terminal plane go in for
CLASS III when physiologic spaces are absent
in the mandible
The active growth of the mandible also
regulates the occlusion (forward and downward
growth of mandible)
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161. This commences after the eruption of the 1st molar
begins
Total sum of the mesiodistal widths of permanent
incisors is greater than that of primary incisors bye
about 7mm in maxilla and 5mm in mandible
Moorress (1965) observed some degree of crowding of
anteriors during their eruption, which is transient
Regulating factors for arrangement of permanent
incisors are:
a) Interdental spaces between primary incisors
b) Increase of intercanine width
c) Increase of anterior length in dental arch
d) Change of tooth axis of incisors
e) Ugly duckling stage
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163. Limited by the mesial surface of the 1st molar distally
and distal surface of the lateral incisor
Two factors permit smooth eruptive pathways
a) Leeway space – The combined width of the
permanent lateral teeth is less than that of the
primary lateral teeth by about 1mm in the maxilla
and 3mm in the mandible
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164. b)Order of exchange – Eruption pattern sequences usually
seen are 3-4-5, 4-3-5, 4-5-3
In the mandible it is usually 3-4-5 and as the
permanent canine is larger than the primary canine,
crowding is very common immediately after the exchange
of canines.
If the pattern isn’t changed the crowding gets
alleviated after the exfoliation of the 2nd primary molar.
If the sequence changes to 4-3-5 or 4-5-3, there isn’t
efficient utilization of the Leeway space and teeth get
crowded
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166. Occurs after the eruption of all the permanent teeth in
the dental arch upto the 1st permanent molar is complete
Its eruptive pathway is guided by the destal surface of
the 1st permanent molar
The dental arch length may be less than in primary
dentition owing to closure of Leeway space and this can
cause crowding of the 2nd molar. However, this gets
compensated by the growth of the mandible in a forward
downward direction.
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168. Posterior controlling factor (Condylar guidance)
Anterior controlling factor (Anterior
guidance)
Vertical determinants
1. Effect of condylar guidance on cusp height
2. Effect of anterior guidance on cusp height
3. Effect of plane of occlusion on cusp height
4. Effect of curve of spee on cusp height
5. Effect of mandibular lateral translation
movement on cusp height
Horizontal determinants
1. Effect of distance from the rotating condyle
2. Effect of distance from midsagittal plane
3. Effect of distance from rotating condyle and
fossa from midsagittal plane
4. Effect of mandibular lateral translation movement
5. Effect of intercondylar distance
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170. As the condyle moves out of centric relation it
descends along the articular eminence
If the articular eminence is steep, the condyle
describes a steep vertically inclined path and if
flatter, the path is less vertically inclined
The angle at which the condyle moves away
from a horizontal reference plane is referred to as
the condylar guidance angle
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171. The CGA is steeper for the orbiting condyle in a
latero-trussive movement of the mandible as the
medial wall of the mandibular fossa is steeper
than the articular eminence in front
The two TMJ’s provide the guidance for the
posterior portion of the mandible and are largely
responsible for determining the character of
mandibular movement posteriorly. Thus they
become the posterior controlling factor
It is a fixed factor
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173. The anterior teeth guide the movement of the
anterior portion of the mandible
As the mandible protrudes, the incisal edge of
the mandibular anterior teeth occlude with the
lingual surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth
The steepness of the lingual surface determines
the amount of vertical movement of the mandible
It is a variable factor
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175. 1. Effect of condylar guidance on cusp height
Steeper the articular
eminence, more is
the descent of the
condyle, resulting in
greater
vertical
movement.
Thus
allowing for steeper
posterior cusps
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176. 2. Effect of anterior guidance on cusp height
Increased horizontal overlap decreases
the anterior guidance angle. There is less
vertical movement of the mandible leading to
flatter posterior cusps
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177. Increased vertical overlap increases the
anterior guidance angle. There is more vertical
movement of the mandible leading to steeper
posterior cusps
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178. 3. Effect of plane of occlusion on cusp
height
Plane of occlusion is an imaginary line touching
the incisal edges of the maxillary anterior teeth
and the cusps of the maxillary posterior teeth
Depending on the angulation of the plane of
occlusion in relations to the horizontal plane, the
degree of movement of the tooth varies. If less
degree of movement is seen – flatter cusps; and if
more degree of movement is seen – taller cusps.
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180. 4. Effect of curve of spee on cusp height
Curve of spee is an antero - posterior curve
extending from the tip of the mandibular canine
along the buccal cusp tips of the mandibular
posterior teeth
Its degree of curvature influences the height of the
posterior cusps. Flatter the curve of spee, greater is
the angle away from the maxillary posteriors – taller
cusp. More acute curve of spee, smaller the angle of
mandibular posterior tooth movement – flatter
cusps.
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182. Orientation of the curve of spee also
influences cusp height
Radius perpendicular to horizontal reference
plane
Posterior teeth located distal to the radius
need shorter cusps and those mesial to the
radius need taller teeth
Rotated posteriorly : Shorter cusps
Rotated anteriorly : Taller cusps
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184. 5. Effect of mandibular lateral translation
movement on cusp height
This is a bodily sideshift of the mandible where
the orbiting condyle moves downwards, forwards
and inwards. The degree of inward movement of the
orbiting condyle is determined by two factors
(1) Morphology of medial wall of mandibular
fossa
(2) Inner horiz. Portion of TM ligament, which
attaches to the lateral pole of the rotating condyle
The lateral translation has three attributes:
amount, direction and timing
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185. The amount of lateral translation depends on the
tightness of the inner horizontal portion of the TM
ligament attached to the lateral
pole of the rotating condyle. Looser the ligament,
greater is the amount of lateral translation, posterior
cusps should be shorter to permit lateral translation
without contact
The direction of shift of the rotating condyle is
determined by morphology and ligamentous attachment
of the rotating TMJ. Movement occurs within a 60˚ cone
permitting superior, inferior, anterior and posterior
movements in addition to the lateral translation. The
vertical movement of the rotating condyle during a
lateral translation helps determine cusp height.
Latero-superior movement – shorter posterior cusps
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Latero inferior movement – longer posterior cusps HOME
186. The time of lateral translation is of great influence on
occlusal morphology. If late, there is less influence as the
maxillary and mandibular cusps are beyond functional
range. If early, a shift is seen even before the condyle
begins to translate (immediate side shift). If it occurs along
with an eccentric movement, the movement is called
progressive side shift. The more immediate the side shift,
the shorter are the posterior teeth cusps to avoid
interference.
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188. 1. Effect of distance from the rotating condyle
Increased distance – wider angle between
laterotrussive and mediotrussive pathways, flatter
centric cusps
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189. 2. Effect of distance from midsagittal plane
Increased distance – wider angle between
laterotrussive and mediotrussive pathways, flatter
centric cusps
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190. 3. Effect of distance from rotating condyle and
fossa from midsagittal plane
They generally counter act each other. The
combination of the two positional relationships is what
determines the exact pathways of the centric cusp tips.
Curvature of dental arch causes the two
components to counter act each other and negate their
effect
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191. 4. Effect of mandibular lateral translation movement
Increased lateral movement, increases the angle
between laterotrussive and mediotrussive pathways
The direction of rotation of the rotating condyle also
plays a role
Lateral and anterior direction – Increased angle (flatter cusp)
Lateral and posterior direction – decreased angle (sharper
cusp)
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192. 5. Effect of intercondylar distance
Increase in distance, reduces the angle
between laterotrussive and mediotrussive
pathways
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