Saliva and its prosthodontic considerationsCPGIDSH
importance of saliva is often neglected by clinicians and practitioners but is one of the most important body fluids not only in dentistry perceptive but also in regard to medical diagnosis. in dentistry it plays a special role specially in complete denture patients
Saliva and its prosthodontic considerationsCPGIDSH
importance of saliva is often neglected by clinicians and practitioners but is one of the most important body fluids not only in dentistry perceptive but also in regard to medical diagnosis. in dentistry it plays a special role specially in complete denture patients
As we know that the muscles play an important role in stability and support of a prosthesis,hence we should be well learned about their peripheries and actions.
The human mandible can be related to the maxilla in several positions in the horizontal plane. Among these centric relation is a significant position, because of its usefulness in relating the dentulous and edentulous mandible to maxilla, where the teeth , muscles and temporomandibular joint function in harmony. It is a position of occluso-articular harmony.
As we know that the muscles play an important role in stability and support of a prosthesis,hence we should be well learned about their peripheries and actions.
The human mandible can be related to the maxilla in several positions in the horizontal plane. Among these centric relation is a significant position, because of its usefulness in relating the dentulous and edentulous mandible to maxilla, where the teeth , muscles and temporomandibular joint function in harmony. It is a position of occluso-articular harmony.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Journal club on cocktail impression technique. this technique can be used in cases with poor ridge like in Atwood's class V or Vi ridge defect, where there is not much of residual ridge left.
in brief about dental implants materials. metalslike titanium stainless steel etc and non metals materials like ceramics peek materials and all the other advancerments in the field of implants described in brief
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
4. INTRODUCTION
• A highly mobile muscular organ situated in the
floor of mouth.
• Associated with functions of stomato-gnathic
system like taste, speech, mastication and
deglutition.
Dr. Bhupendra
7. STRUCTURE
The human tongue is
divided into two parts:
I. an oral part at the front
II. a pharyngeal part
Dr. Bhupendra
8. • DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS
• SUPERIOR (DORSAL)
• INFERIOR (VENTRAL)
Dr. Bhupendra
9. • TIP
• BODY
• ROOT
E
X
T
E
R
N
A
L
F
E
A
T
U
R
E
S
Dr. Bhupendra
10. The four types of
papilla are :
• FILIFORM
• FUNGIFORM
• FOLIATE
• CIRCUMVALLATE
Dr. Bhupendra
11. • Filiform papillae are small cone-
shaped projections
• Fungiform papillae are rounder in
shape and larger than the filiform
papillae, and tend to be
concentrated along the margins of
the tongue.
Dr. Bhupendra
12. • Vallate papillae The largest of
the papillae ,
• blunt-ended cylindrical papillae .
• only about 8 to 12 in number.
• Foliate papillae are linear folds of
mucosa on the sides of the
tongue near the terminal sulcus.
Dr. Bhupendra
13. MUSCLES OF TONGUE
DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS:
• EXTRINSIC GROUP - originate from structures outside the
tongue and insert into the tongue. These muscles
protrude, retract, depress, and elevate the tongue.
• INTRINSIC GROUP - originate and insert within the
substance of the tongue and they alter the shape of
the tongue by:
• lengthening and shortening it,
• curling and uncurling its apex and edges, and
Dr. Bhupendra
15. INTRINSIC MUSCLES
• Superior longitudinal: It shortens the tongue and makes
the dorsum concave.
• Inferior longitudinal: It shortens the tongue and makes the
dorsum convex.
• Transverse: It helps in narrowing and elongation of tongue
(increase in height of tongue).
• Vertical: It broadens the tongue and causes flattening of
tongue.
Dr. Bhupendra
16. EXTRINSIC MUSCLES
The extrinsic musculature consists of four pairs of muscles,
namely
• Genioglossus
• Hyoglossus
• Styloglossus
• Palatoglossus.
Dr. Bhupendra
17. GENIOGLOSSUS
• Thick fan-shaped
• Origin: superior mental spines
on the posterior surface of the
mandibular symphysis
• Insertion: Body of hyoid, entire
length of tongue
• Function: Protrudes tongue,
depress centre of tongue
Dr. Bhupendra
18. HYOGLOSSUS
• Thin quadrangular muscles
• Origin: Greater horn and
adjacent part of body of hyoid
bone
• Insertion: Lateral surface of
tongue
• Function: Depresses tongue
Dr. Bhupendra
19. STYLOGLOSSUS
• Origin: Styloid process of
temporal bone
• Insertion: Lateral surface of
tongue
• Function: Elevates and
retracts tongue
Dr. Bhupendra
20. PALATOGLOSSUS
• Origin: Inferior surface of
palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: Lateral margin of
tongue
• Function: Depresses soft
palate and elevates back of
the tongue.
Dr. Bhupendra
21. CONSIDERATIONS
• Tongue thrusting habit tend to displace mandibular
denture and sometimes maxillary denture also.
• Measurement of the tongue force and fatigue indicate
that long span edentulous state effects the musculature
of the tongue. The tongue becomes stronger and this
increase in strength must be considered.
Dr. Bhupendra
22. considerations
• After the loss of teeth, tongue expands into the
space created by loss of teeth, known as
Proptosis Lingualis.
• The enlarged tongue creates problem during
impression making, contributes to mandibular
denture instability, is crowded by denture base
resulting in difficulty in swallowing.
Dr. Bhupendra
23. considerations
•The crowded tongue always presses on the
front part of palate causing soreness and
tenderness.
•It also causes excessive pressure on the
mandibular denture which pushes it forward
and outward every time the mouth is
opened. Dr. Bhupendra
27. TASTE BUDS
• The taste buds are the sensory
end organs for gustation.
• Each bud is flask-shaped, with a
wide base and a short neck
opening at the taste pore.
• The apical ends of the taste cells
contain microvilli 2-3 μm in
length that connect with the
luminal surface through a pore
like opening.
Dr. Bhupendra
28. Taste bud are involved in detecting
the five elements of taste
perception:
• salty
• sour
• bitter
• sweet
• Umami
• Taste buds have a life span of
about 10-12 days.
Dr. Bhupendra
29. DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF TONGUE
• Macroglossia
• Microglossia
• Ankyloglossia
• Bifid tongue
• Fissured tongue
• Median rhomboid glossitis
Dr. Bhupendra
34. FUNCTIONS OF TONGUE
• It is a necessary part of the instrument of
articulate speech.
• It acts like a reed in a wood-wind instrument to
effect variations of sound qualities.
• It moistens lips to facilitate speech. This is an
important, yet frequently overlook observation.
Dr. Bhupendra
35. functions contd.
• It acts as an improved conveyor belt to help complete
the process of mastication by gathering, holding, and
assisting food to the food table for complete
mastication before deglutition.
• It also aids as a vehicle to direct the masticated bolus
to the oropharynx.
• It helps control and guide the fluid intake to the
pharynx.
Dr. Bhupendra
36. functions contd.
• It contains the greatest number of the taste organs
and mucin-secreting gland.
• It is a contributing factor in aiding normal positioning
of erupting teeth in the dental arches as a counter-
pressure to the facial muscles on the labial and buccal
side of teeth.
• It aids in depressing the soft palate to eliminate
mucous, sinus, and lacrimal secretions.
Dr. Bhupendra
37. function contd.
•It aids in the retention of ill-fitting dentures.
•It helps block the trachea in deglutition to
keep food out of the bronchial tract.
•It effects displacement and compression of
air, thereby helping create suction in
swallowing.
Dr. Bhupendra
39. CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PARTIAL & COMPLETE
EDENTULISM
• Tongue size and position.
• If patient has been without teeth or prostheses for a long
time or has worn maxillary denture against lower anterior
teeth only, then the tongue can become enlarged and
powerful causing instability of dentures.
Dr. Bhupendra
40. CLASSIFICATION OF TONGUE
M. M House classification of tongue form(1958):
• Class 1: Normal in size, development and function.
Sufficient teeth are present to maintain normal form and
function.
• Class2: Teeth have been absent long enough to permit a
change in the form and function of the tongue.
• Class3: Excessively large tongue. All teeth have been
absent for an extended period of time, allowing for
abnormal development of the size of tongue.
Dr. Bhupendra
41. C. R Wright classification of tongue position:
• Class 1 – Tongue lies in the floor of mouth with the tip forward
and slightly below the incisal edges of mandibular anterior
teeth.
• Class 2 – The tip is in a normal position but the tongue is
broadened and flattened.
• Class 3 – The tongue is retracted and depressed into the floor
of the mouth with the tip curled upward, downward or
assimilated into the body of tongue.
Class I Class II Class III
Dr. Bhupendra
42. ROLE OF TONGUE DURING FABRICATION AND
SUCCESS OF PROSTHESIS
• Small tongue = easy impression making but
compromised lingual seal.
• Relatively large tongue = hindrance while making
impression, but a good lingual seal is always expected
out of it.
• Tongue position is important to the prognosis of
mandibular denture.
Dr. Bhupendra
43. INFLUENCE AND ACTION OF FLOOR OF THE
MOUTH
• Suprahyoid muscles are the digastric, stylohyoid,
mylohyoid and the geniohyoid. Accessory muscles of
mastication.
• The mylohyoid and geniohyoid may influence the borders
of the mandibular denture.
• The right and left mylohyoid muscles together form the
floor of the mouth.
Dr. Bhupendra
44. • If the denture flange is extended below and under the
mylohyoid line, it will impinge on mylohyoid muscle and the
action of the muscle can unseat the denture.
Dr. Bhupendra
45. • The distal-lingual
extension should extend
over the retro-molar pad
and about 3 mm below
the mylohyoid ridge.
• The mylohyoid muscle
affects mid & ant. Portion
of the inferior border of
lingual flange.
Dr. Bhupendra
46. ALVEOLO-LINGUAL SULCUS
• The space between the residual ridge and the tongue
which extends from lingual frenum to the retro-mylohyoid
curtain.
Dr. Bhupendra
49. 2. MIDDLE REGION
• Extends from the Pre-mylohyoid fossa to the distal end of
mylohyoid ridge curving medially from body of the
mandible. The curvature is caused by prominence of
mylohyoid ridge.
Dr. Bhupendra
50. 3. POSTERIOR PART
• This part is the retro mylohyoid space or fossa. Also
known as Lateral throat form.
• It extends from the end of the mylohyoid ridge to the
retro-mylohyoid curtain ( glossopalatine and superior
constrictor muscles ).
• The denture border should extend posteriorly to contact
the retro-mylohyoid curtain ( the posterior limit of
alveololingual sulcus ).
Dr. Bhupendra
51. • The distal end of the lingual flange
turns buccally to fill the
retromylohyoid fossa.
• When the lingual flange is developed
in this manner the border has a
typical ‘s’ shaped curve.
• If the floor is too low, so the dentist
tends to over extend the denture
flange, which leads to loss of
retention because the denture flange
impinges on the tissues.
Dr. Bhupendra
52. TONGUE SPACE
• Artificial teeth must be arranged in neutral zone.
• If tongue is cramped by denture
• lateral pressure exerted
Producing
• instability in denture when tongue moves
Dr. Bhupendra
53. EFFECT OF TONGUE ON SPEECH
Linguo-Dental sounds (th)
• Tip of tongue slightly bw upper & lower anterior teeth.
• 3mm space – Normal
• <3mm - Anterior teeth too far forward - Excessive vertical
overlap
• >6mm -Anterior teeth too far lingual
Dr. Bhupendra
54. • Linguo-Alveolar Sounds (t, d, n, s, z)
• Contact of tip of tongue with the anterior most
part of palate.
• ‘t’ ‘d’ if teeth far lingual
• ‘d’ ‘t’ if teeth far anterior
Dr. Bhupendra
56. POST-INSERTION SPEECH ADAPTATION
• New prosthesis Difficulty in learning new motor
acts Obstruct adaptation.
• Speech adaptation to new Prosthesis 2-4 weeks
post-insertion.
• Old dentures act as a guidance.
Dr. Bhupendra
57. • Bilabial, labio-dental, linguo-dental & linguo-
alveolar sounds most affected.
• Lingual flange of the mandibular denture too thick
in anterior region, faulty S sound.
• Patient must practice opening & closing while the
tongue assumes a normal position.
Dr. Bhupendra
58. OCCLUSAL PLANE
• According to Fenn, to obtain
maximum stability of lower denture,
the occlusal plane of the lower
teeth should be very slightly below
the bulk of tongue, so that tongue
performs the majority of its
movements above the denture and
thus keep the denture down.
Dr. Bhupendra
59. NEUTRAL ZONE
• The soft tissue that form internal
and external boundaries of
denture base influences the
denture stability. It is to
understand and determine the
peripheral borders, tooth position
and external contours of denture.
Dr. Bhupendra
60. EFFECT OF LINGUAL FRENUM
• In case of hypertrophic frenum: lingual frenectomy is done.
• In case ankyloglossia exist with a heavy alveolar attachment,
then detachment of fibers may be necessary to ensure
clearance.
• In patients of lingual frenectomy, the denture should be made
before the surgery, to prevent relapse, as this denture acts as a
stent.
• Careful clearance is needed, as lingual frenum is attached to
tongue and inadequate clearance may result in LOSS OF SEAL
Dr. Bhupendra
61. PROSTHETIC RECONSTRUCTION OF MANDIBULAR
TONGUE
• A total glossectomy or laryngectomy results in
loss of basic vital functions and loss of speech.
• In these patients fabrication of a mandibular
tongue prosthesis can be done.
Dr. Bhupendra
62. 1. Edentulous maxilla. 2. Edentulous mandible, floor of mouth, surgical defect. 3. Final impressions using impression wax. 4.
Mandibular denture showing elliptical acrylic retention button and posterior platforms for posterior support of the tongue
prosthesis. 5. Final tongue prosthesis with mandibular denture. 6. Tongue prosthesis attached to mandibular denture. 7. Prosthesis
Dr. Bhupendra
63. • The tongue prosthesis is not mobile, but articulation is
improved by the fact that the prosthesis takes up space, thus
changing resonance of the oral cavity with certain sounds.
• Besides improving speech, the patient is able to crush food
against the palate, aiding mastication.
• The posterior channeled shape of the tongue assists in
deglutition.
• In this case, the patient was highly motivated, which helped
prognosis considerably.MAURICE W. BELSKY: Prosthetic reconstruction of mandibular Tongue prosthesis: J. Prosthet Dent , Vol 1, No. 2
December: 1992: p 171-173
Dr. Bhupendra
65. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
• Knowledge of anatomy, physiology and functions of tongue is
an essence to understand the complex morphological and
functional changes in the tongue with aging or with complete
and partial edentulism.
• This knowledge will help us to reach optimal prosthetic
success, as tongue plays significant and perhaps the dictating
role in affecting stability and retention of prosthesis.
• So we can conclude that a proper diagnose of tongue is must
before proceeding and planning any type of dental
procedures.
Dr. Bhupendra
66. REFERENCES
• ZARB-BOLENDER Prosthodontics Treatment For Edentulous Patients 12th edition, Elsevier.
• BERNARD LEVIN Impressions for Complete Dentures, Quintessence Publishing Company
• SHELDON WINKLER Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics 3rd edition, A.I.T.B.S
Publishers
• INDERBIR SINGH, Textbook of Human Embryology, 6th edition.1996, Macmillan India ltd.
• ORBAN’S, Oral Histology & Embryology, 10th edition, C.B.S Publishers & Distributors
• MAURICE W. BELSKY: Prosthetic reconstruction of mandibular Tongue prosthesis: J. Prosthet
Dent , Vol 1, No. 2 December: 1992: p 171-173
• An analysis of tongue factor and its functioning areas in dental prosthesis. Kessler JPD,1955
• JPD 1963,,VOL 13,857-865, by Philip Rinaladi
Dr. Bhupendra
Editor's Notes
The average length of the human tongue from the oropharynx to the tip is 10 cm. The average weight of the human tongue from adult males is 70g and for adult females 60g.
The tongue appears in embryo of approximately 4 weeks in the form of two lateral lingual swellings and one medial swelling, the tuberculum impar.
These 3 swelling originate from the first pharyngeal arch.
A second median swelling, the copula, or hypobranchial eminence, is formed by 2nd , 3rd , and part of the 4th arch.
The posterior part, or root of the tongue originates from the 2nd, 3rd, and parts of the 4th pharyngeal arch.
The body of the tongue is separated from posterior 3rd by a ‘V’ shaped groove, the terminal sulcus.
Further lateral lingual swellings increases in size, they cover the tuberculum impar and merge, forming anterior 2/3rd (body) of tongue.
A third median swelling, formed by the posterior part of 4th arch, marks development of epiglottis.
Immediately behind this swelling is laryngeal orifice, which is flanked by the arytenoid swelling
It is a “lingual fixing muscle of the lower denture”
It helps tongue to touch the palate, thus preventing the bolus from coming out.
It is also a lingual dislocating muscle.
It is having the same action as that of the styloglossus muscles.
The tongue receives its blood supply primarily from the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery.
There is also a secondary blood supply to the tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.
The tongue is drained by dorsal lingual and deep lingual veins
Tips drain bilaterally to submental nodes
Anterior 2/3rd drains unilaterally into right and left Submandibular nodes.
Posterior 1/3rd drains bilaterally to Juguloomohyoid nodes
Via small opening i.e. taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via nerve
proper designing of the lingual flange at the wax up stage helps increase the stability of mandibular denture
achieved by adding as little as wax possible, behind the incisors in the anterior region while behind the premolars, a flat or slightly concave surface should be established In the molar and retromolar region, the polished surface is designed to be slightly concave facing inwards, upwards and forwards. Narrow posterior teeth should be selected for patients with macroglossia