Knowledge of the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic gains in selection of desirable characters could assist the plant breeder in ascertaining criteria to be used for the breeding programmes. Ten open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated at the Teaching and Research farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, during 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of grain yield and its component characters. The effect of genotype and genotype by year interaction were significant for ear weight and grain yield, while the effect of year was highly significant (P< 0.01) for all the characters. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations as well as high heritability along with high genetic advance recorded for grain yield, number of grains ear-1, ear weight, plant and ear heights provides evidence that these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and effective selection could be possible for improvement for these characters. Tze Comp3 C2, Acr 94 Tze Comp5, Tze Comp 4-Dmr Srbc2 and Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt were identified as outstanding genotypes for maize grain yield and should be tested at multilocation for their yield performance.
This document discusses quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, which is used to identify genomic regions associated with quantitative or complex traits. It defines QTLs and their characteristics, and describes the basic process of QTL mapping, which involves constructing genetic linkage maps, phenotyping mapping populations for traits of interest, and using statistical analyses to detect associations between trait variation and genetic markers. The document outlines different types of mapping populations, methods for QTL detection like single-marker analysis and interval mapping, and the use of logarithm of odds (LOD) scores to evaluate the strength of evidence for a QTL in a particular genomic region.
This study examined the nesting patterns and movements of spectacled eiders on Kigigak Island in Alaska from 1998-2012. The researchers found that:
1) Nest success had a significant effect on dispersal distance between consecutive years, with unsuccessful nests dispersing farther on average than successful nests.
2) There was no significant variation found in average yearly dispersal distances between years.
3) Comparisons to a previous 1992-1997 study found differences in dispersal distances of unsuccessful nests, which the authors attributed to differences in sample sizes, data selection, and analysis methods between the studies.
Introduction:
Proposed by Meuwissen et al. (2001)
GS is a specialized form of MAS, in which information from genotype data on marker alleles covering the entire genome forms the basis of selection.
The effects associated with all the marker loci, irrespective of whether the effects are significant or not, covering the entire genome are estimated.
The marker effect estimates are used to calculate the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of different individuals/lines, which form the basis of selection.
Why to go for genomic selection:
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is well-suited for handling oligogenes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with large effects but not for minor QTLs.
MARS attempts to take into account small effect QTLs by combining trait phenotype data with marker genotype data into a combined selection index.
Based on markers showing significant association with the trait(s) and for this reason has been criticized as inefficient
The genomic selection (GS) scheme was to rectify the deficiency of MAS and MARS schemes. The GS scheme utilizes information from genome-wide marker data whether or not their associations with the concerned trait(s) are significant.
GEBV: GenomicEstimated Breeding Values-
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Gene-assisted genomic selection:
A GS model that uses information about prior known QTLs, the targeted QTLs were accumulated in much higher frequencies than when the standard ridge regression was used
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Population used:
Training population: used for training of the GS model and for obtaining estimates of the marker-associated effects needed for estimation of GEBVs of individuals/lines in the breeding population.
Breeding population: the population subjected to GS for achieving the desired improvement and isolation of superior lines for use as new varieties/parents of new improved hybrids.
Training population-
large enough: must be representative of the breeding population: max. trait variance with marker : by cluster analysis
should have either equal or comparable LD, LD decay rates with breeding populations
Updated by including individuals/lines from the breeding population
Training more than one generation
Low colinearity between markers is needed since high colinearity tends to reduce prediction accuracy of certain GS models. (colinearity disturbed by recombination)
Interepidemic Seroepidemiological Survey of Rift Valley Fever in Garissa, KenyaMark Nanyingi
Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that is caused by phlebovirus and transmitted primarily by aedes mosquitoes. RVF outbreaks have led to significant effects to human and animal health in the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula. The economic impact of 1997-98, 2000 and 2006-2007 outbreaks due to massive livestock abortions, deaths, acute human illness and deaths was estimated at over $ 500 million. We hypothesize there is consistent virus circulation in RVF endemic areas of Northern Kenya and RVF epidemics have potential associations with environmental and climatic parameters. The objective of this study was to detect circulation of RVFV in goats, sheep and cattle in Garissa County, Kenya during the inter-epidemic period (IEP).
Methodology: We performed a cross-sectional surveillance of ruminants in RVF high risk areas of Garissa County, Kenya. Periodic blood sampling of sheep, goats and cattle was done in March 2012 and July 2013. Serological analysis for total antiRVF antibodies for 370 ruminants was investigated using a multispecies competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Host risk factors for RVFV seropositivity were examined by both univariable analysis and mixed effects logistic regression model. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for seropositivity were estimated using log linear regression model.
Results: The overall seroprevalence for the 370 ruminants was 27.6%. Sheep (n= 87) and cattle (n= 12) had higher prevalence 32.2% (CI [20.6 -31]) and 33.3% (CI [6.7 -60]) respectively than goats (n = 271), 25.8% (CI [22.4 – 42]). Seropostivity in males was 31.8% (CI [22.2-31.8]) higher than 27% (CI [18.1-45.6]) in females. There was an increased likelihood of higher seropositivity in old (OR 18.24, CI [5.26 -116.4]), p < 0.0001) than young animals.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the widespread serological evidence and potential RVFV circulation among domestic ruminants in Garissa district thus indicative of an endemic reservoir of infection. There is need for increased preparedness and response in RVF endemic areas by conducting animal-human syndromic sero-surveillance as part of one health early warning system.
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology has been a primary method for identifying the genes responsible for diseases and other traits for the past ten years. GWAS continues to be highly relevant as a scientific method. Over 2,000 human GWAS reports now appear in scientific journals. Our free eBook aims to explain the basic steps and concepts to complete a GWAS experiment.
This document discusses Leslie matrices and their use in modeling population growth. It provides background on Leslie matrices, including their properties, how they are used to project population sizes over time, and how eigenvalues can determine if a population will grow or decline. The document also gives an example of using a Leslie matrix to model a dog population based on given survival and fertility rates.
Knowledge of the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic gains in selection of desirable characters could assist the plant breeder in ascertaining criteria to be used for the breeding programmes. Ten open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated at the Teaching and Research farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, during 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of grain yield and its component characters. The effect of genotype and genotype by year interaction were significant for ear weight and grain yield, while the effect of year was highly significant (P< 0.01) for all the characters. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations as well as high heritability along with high genetic advance recorded for grain yield, number of grains ear-1, ear weight, plant and ear heights provides evidence that these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and effective selection could be possible for improvement for these characters. Tze Comp3 C2, Acr 94 Tze Comp5, Tze Comp 4-Dmr Srbc2 and Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt were identified as outstanding genotypes for maize grain yield and should be tested at multilocation for their yield performance.
This document discusses quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, which is used to identify genomic regions associated with quantitative or complex traits. It defines QTLs and their characteristics, and describes the basic process of QTL mapping, which involves constructing genetic linkage maps, phenotyping mapping populations for traits of interest, and using statistical analyses to detect associations between trait variation and genetic markers. The document outlines different types of mapping populations, methods for QTL detection like single-marker analysis and interval mapping, and the use of logarithm of odds (LOD) scores to evaluate the strength of evidence for a QTL in a particular genomic region.
This study examined the nesting patterns and movements of spectacled eiders on Kigigak Island in Alaska from 1998-2012. The researchers found that:
1) Nest success had a significant effect on dispersal distance between consecutive years, with unsuccessful nests dispersing farther on average than successful nests.
2) There was no significant variation found in average yearly dispersal distances between years.
3) Comparisons to a previous 1992-1997 study found differences in dispersal distances of unsuccessful nests, which the authors attributed to differences in sample sizes, data selection, and analysis methods between the studies.
Introduction:
Proposed by Meuwissen et al. (2001)
GS is a specialized form of MAS, in which information from genotype data on marker alleles covering the entire genome forms the basis of selection.
The effects associated with all the marker loci, irrespective of whether the effects are significant or not, covering the entire genome are estimated.
The marker effect estimates are used to calculate the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of different individuals/lines, which form the basis of selection.
Why to go for genomic selection:
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is well-suited for handling oligogenes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with large effects but not for minor QTLs.
MARS attempts to take into account small effect QTLs by combining trait phenotype data with marker genotype data into a combined selection index.
Based on markers showing significant association with the trait(s) and for this reason has been criticized as inefficient
The genomic selection (GS) scheme was to rectify the deficiency of MAS and MARS schemes. The GS scheme utilizes information from genome-wide marker data whether or not their associations with the concerned trait(s) are significant.
GEBV: GenomicEstimated Breeding Values-
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Gene-assisted genomic selection:
A GS model that uses information about prior known QTLs, the targeted QTLs were accumulated in much higher frequencies than when the standard ridge regression was used
The sum total of effects associated with all the marker alleles present in the individual and included in the GS model applied to the population under selection
Calculated on a single individual basis
Population used:
Training population: used for training of the GS model and for obtaining estimates of the marker-associated effects needed for estimation of GEBVs of individuals/lines in the breeding population.
Breeding population: the population subjected to GS for achieving the desired improvement and isolation of superior lines for use as new varieties/parents of new improved hybrids.
Training population-
large enough: must be representative of the breeding population: max. trait variance with marker : by cluster analysis
should have either equal or comparable LD, LD decay rates with breeding populations
Updated by including individuals/lines from the breeding population
Training more than one generation
Low colinearity between markers is needed since high colinearity tends to reduce prediction accuracy of certain GS models. (colinearity disturbed by recombination)
Interepidemic Seroepidemiological Survey of Rift Valley Fever in Garissa, KenyaMark Nanyingi
Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that is caused by phlebovirus and transmitted primarily by aedes mosquitoes. RVF outbreaks have led to significant effects to human and animal health in the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula. The economic impact of 1997-98, 2000 and 2006-2007 outbreaks due to massive livestock abortions, deaths, acute human illness and deaths was estimated at over $ 500 million. We hypothesize there is consistent virus circulation in RVF endemic areas of Northern Kenya and RVF epidemics have potential associations with environmental and climatic parameters. The objective of this study was to detect circulation of RVFV in goats, sheep and cattle in Garissa County, Kenya during the inter-epidemic period (IEP).
Methodology: We performed a cross-sectional surveillance of ruminants in RVF high risk areas of Garissa County, Kenya. Periodic blood sampling of sheep, goats and cattle was done in March 2012 and July 2013. Serological analysis for total antiRVF antibodies for 370 ruminants was investigated using a multispecies competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Host risk factors for RVFV seropositivity were examined by both univariable analysis and mixed effects logistic regression model. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for seropositivity were estimated using log linear regression model.
Results: The overall seroprevalence for the 370 ruminants was 27.6%. Sheep (n= 87) and cattle (n= 12) had higher prevalence 32.2% (CI [20.6 -31]) and 33.3% (CI [6.7 -60]) respectively than goats (n = 271), 25.8% (CI [22.4 – 42]). Seropostivity in males was 31.8% (CI [22.2-31.8]) higher than 27% (CI [18.1-45.6]) in females. There was an increased likelihood of higher seropositivity in old (OR 18.24, CI [5.26 -116.4]), p < 0.0001) than young animals.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the widespread serological evidence and potential RVFV circulation among domestic ruminants in Garissa district thus indicative of an endemic reservoir of infection. There is need for increased preparedness and response in RVF endemic areas by conducting animal-human syndromic sero-surveillance as part of one health early warning system.
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology has been a primary method for identifying the genes responsible for diseases and other traits for the past ten years. GWAS continues to be highly relevant as a scientific method. Over 2,000 human GWAS reports now appear in scientific journals. Our free eBook aims to explain the basic steps and concepts to complete a GWAS experiment.
This document discusses Leslie matrices and their use in modeling population growth. It provides background on Leslie matrices, including their properties, how they are used to project population sizes over time, and how eigenvalues can determine if a population will grow or decline. The document also gives an example of using a Leslie matrix to model a dog population based on given survival and fertility rates.
Scaling up Ethiopia’s ‘Seeds for Needs’ approach of using agricultural biodiv...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Carlo Fadda presents to the World Bank on the results we have had so far working with partners in Ethiopia to tap into the genetic diversity of the country and the knowledge of farmers, to help them adapt better to climate change.
Find out more about Seeds for Needs: www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change/seeds-for-needs/
Sero-epidemiological investigation of foot and mouth disease in cattle at the...ILRI
Poster by Daniel Nthiwa, Silvia Alonso, David Odongo, Eucharia Kenya and Bernard Bett presented at the 15th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Ecology, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 12–16 November 2018.
This thesis examines landscape ecology, survival, and space use of lesser prairie-chickens in the southern Great Plains. The author evaluated nonbreeding female survival using known-fate models and found survival was high but not explained by landscape variables. Home range size was larger for birds tracked with GPS versus VHF and larger in one nonbreeding season versus another. Males and females were tied to leks throughout the nonbreeding season. Habitat use differed among study sites but not temporally. The author also found survival differed between study sites corresponding to grassland amount, and increasing landscape heterogeneity and distance from fences positively and negatively influenced survival, respectively.
1) The document discusses concepts of heritability, genetic advance, and genotype-environment interaction which are important in plant breeding. It defines heritability as the ratio of genetic to phenotypic variance and explains broad and narrow sense heritability.
2) Genetic advance is the improvement in mean genotypic value from selection and depends on genetic variability, heritability, and selection intensity. High genetic advance indicates additive gene control.
3) Genotype-environment interaction refers to differences in genotype performance across environments. Quantitative interaction involves differences in scale while qualitative/crossover interaction involves changes in rank. Low interaction is desirable.
This study tested the effects of different types of gene flow on seed germination and weighted mean germination time in marginal populations of Silene cililata at the edge of its ecological range. The researchers artificially cross-pollinated mother plants from 6 marginal populations using pollen from the same population, other marginal populations in the same mountain, and marginal and central populations in different mountains. Gene flow from other mountains and central populations increased germination levels and decreased inbreeding depression. However, the effects differed between mountains. Gene flow also affected germination time but its effects depended on the mountain. Random effects, especially between mother plants, had the greatest influence on variance.
This document summarizes an association mapping study of seed oil and protein contents in upland cotton. 180 cotton accessions were genotyped using 228 SSR markers and phenotyped for oil and protein content over multiple locations and years. Population structure analysis identified two subpopulations. Association analysis identified 86 marker-trait associations between 58 SSR markers and the two traits, with 15 and 12 markers associated with oil and protein content respectively. 18 markers were significantly associated with the traits in more than one environment, with 9 markers associated with both oil and protein content simultaneously and stably across locations.
Archived presentation detailing avian monitoring dataset and products from statistical models for grassland bird distribution in the southern great plains.
1) The document reviews key concepts in ecology and adaptation covered in Biology 205, including principles of allocation, offspring number vs size, life history strategies, competition, predator-prey dynamics, and community structure.
2) Main concepts discussed include tradeoffs organisms face regarding offspring size vs number, how adult survival impacts reproduction age and body size, and r vs K selection strategies.
3) Models of population dynamics and species interactions are examined, including logistic growth, Lotka-Volterra, and food webs. Factors influencing community diversity such as environmental complexity and disturbance are also addressed.
Repeatability refers to the correlation between measurements of the same trait for an individual measured more than once. It ranges from 0 to 1. Repeatability is influenced by both permanent environmental effects, which consistently impact all measurements of an individual, as well as temporary environmental effects that vary between measurements. Heritability instead refers to the degree to which offspring inherit traits from their parents. While heritability estimates the genetic influence, repeatability captures both genetic and permanent environmental influences. Repeatability can be estimated using analysis of variance to partition phenotypic variance into within and between individual components. Higher repeatability means past performance is a better predictor of future performance.
The document discusses planning for success with grass-fed beef operations. It covers selecting appropriate genetics for forage-based production, managing grazing through practices like rotational grazing and high stock density grazing, and building soil health through increasing soil organic matter and cultivating soil microbes. Maintaining soil health is key, as microbes drive many soil functions and high organic matter improves water retention, nutrient storage, and drought resilience. The document emphasizes building diverse, complex pastures through multispecies plantings and grazing management.
This document discusses the role of genetic regulatory elements in human evolution and longevity. It makes three key points:
1. There is evidence that longevity and aging are heritable and selection traits that vary between species and populations due to evolutionary history.
2. Recent genetic studies have provided a huge amount of data on human and other genomes but have found few genetic variants associated with common diseases and traits, suggesting regulatory elements play an important role.
3. Elements like copy number variations, transposons, microRNAs, epigenetic modifications and DNA repair genes likely co-evolve over time and influence traits like longevity. Understanding their interactions and co-evolution could help trace human adaptations like skin color or nutrition.
The document summarizes key concepts in ecology. It discusses how ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine species distributions and abundances. The document also outlines different levels of ecology, from organismal to global scales. It provides examples of factors like climate that influence species distributions. Population ecology concepts like survivorship curves are presented. Community ecology examines topics such as trophic structure, succession, competition, and predation. Ecosystem ecology analyzes nutrient cycling and primary productivity.
BIO 106
Lecture 10
Quantitative Inheritance
A. Inheritance of Quantitative Characters
1. Multiple Genes
2. Number of Genes in polygene Systems
3. Regression to the Mean
4. Effects of Dominance and Gene Interactions
5. Effects of Genes in Multiplying Effects
B. Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics
C. Components of Phenotypic Variance
D. Heredity
1. Heritability in the Narrow Sense
2. Heritability in the Broad Sense
This document discusses heritability, which is defined as the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic factors rather than environmental influences. It notes there are statistical and more common definitions of heritability. The concept plays a central role in psychology and analyzes the relative contributions of genetic and non-genetic factors to traits. Heritability is estimated using studies of related individuals like twins to determine the similarities between them. Estimates provide the proportion of trait variation explained by genetics within a given population under the prevailing environmental conditions.
ESA Poster (NAT edited & JLS edits & MEG edits)Alexandra Kaluf
This study evaluated the effect of applying foliar insecticides at different timings in soybean fields on western corn rootworm beetle populations and subsequent root damage in rotated corn crops. The experimental design involved applying insecticide early when a nearby cornfield was at the tassel stage, applying late when nearby corn was at the brown silk stage, or leaving untreated control plots. Beetle counts showed no significant differences between early, late and control treatments before or after the insecticide applications. The authors conclude that applying insecticide to soybeans based on growth stages of nearby corn did not impact beetle populations, likely due to beetle movement between fields. This is the first year of a three-year study, with corn crops to
Data Sharing for the Catchment Based ApproachMichelle Walker
A presentation given to Rivers Trusts and Environment Agency WFD monitoring strategy team in September 2013.
Setting out the need for two-way information sharing between catchment partnerships and EA and the vision which we are trying to achieve through the CaBA support fund.
The document discusses mathematical models of competition in ecology. It summarizes the logistic population growth model, which models intraspecific competition using the term rN(1-N/K), where r is the per capita growth rate and K is the carrying capacity. The document also discusses the Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition, which uses competition coefficients α to measure the effect of one species on another. The outcome of competition is determined by the carrying capacities and competition coefficients in the Lotka-Volterra model. Experiments with Paramecium species demonstrated how resource limitation and competition affect population growth.
Emerging Issues Presentation Housing Development In Upstatetdilan
The document describes two models used to project the impact of future housing development on bird and amphibian populations in Upstate South Carolina. The Population Reduction Model estimates species decline based on development pressure, habitat decline index, and percentage of habitat protected. The Threat Analysis Model incorporates growth rates, habitat suitability, and protection status to calculate threat indices. Both models project declines in all focal species by 2030 due to predicted development, with Swainson's Warbler facing the greatest reduction.
Dr. Andres Perez - PRRS Epidemiology: Best Principles of Control at a Regiona...John Blue
PRRS Epidemiology: Best Principles of Control at a Regional Level - Dr. Andres Perez, University of Minnesota, from the 2015 North American PRRS Symposium, December 4 - 5, 2015, Chicago, IL, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-north-american-prrs-symposium
Scaling up Ethiopia’s ‘Seeds for Needs’ approach of using agricultural biodiv...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Carlo Fadda presents to the World Bank on the results we have had so far working with partners in Ethiopia to tap into the genetic diversity of the country and the knowledge of farmers, to help them adapt better to climate change.
Find out more about Seeds for Needs: www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change/seeds-for-needs/
Sero-epidemiological investigation of foot and mouth disease in cattle at the...ILRI
Poster by Daniel Nthiwa, Silvia Alonso, David Odongo, Eucharia Kenya and Bernard Bett presented at the 15th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Ecology, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 12–16 November 2018.
This thesis examines landscape ecology, survival, and space use of lesser prairie-chickens in the southern Great Plains. The author evaluated nonbreeding female survival using known-fate models and found survival was high but not explained by landscape variables. Home range size was larger for birds tracked with GPS versus VHF and larger in one nonbreeding season versus another. Males and females were tied to leks throughout the nonbreeding season. Habitat use differed among study sites but not temporally. The author also found survival differed between study sites corresponding to grassland amount, and increasing landscape heterogeneity and distance from fences positively and negatively influenced survival, respectively.
1) The document discusses concepts of heritability, genetic advance, and genotype-environment interaction which are important in plant breeding. It defines heritability as the ratio of genetic to phenotypic variance and explains broad and narrow sense heritability.
2) Genetic advance is the improvement in mean genotypic value from selection and depends on genetic variability, heritability, and selection intensity. High genetic advance indicates additive gene control.
3) Genotype-environment interaction refers to differences in genotype performance across environments. Quantitative interaction involves differences in scale while qualitative/crossover interaction involves changes in rank. Low interaction is desirable.
This study tested the effects of different types of gene flow on seed germination and weighted mean germination time in marginal populations of Silene cililata at the edge of its ecological range. The researchers artificially cross-pollinated mother plants from 6 marginal populations using pollen from the same population, other marginal populations in the same mountain, and marginal and central populations in different mountains. Gene flow from other mountains and central populations increased germination levels and decreased inbreeding depression. However, the effects differed between mountains. Gene flow also affected germination time but its effects depended on the mountain. Random effects, especially between mother plants, had the greatest influence on variance.
This document summarizes an association mapping study of seed oil and protein contents in upland cotton. 180 cotton accessions were genotyped using 228 SSR markers and phenotyped for oil and protein content over multiple locations and years. Population structure analysis identified two subpopulations. Association analysis identified 86 marker-trait associations between 58 SSR markers and the two traits, with 15 and 12 markers associated with oil and protein content respectively. 18 markers were significantly associated with the traits in more than one environment, with 9 markers associated with both oil and protein content simultaneously and stably across locations.
Archived presentation detailing avian monitoring dataset and products from statistical models for grassland bird distribution in the southern great plains.
1) The document reviews key concepts in ecology and adaptation covered in Biology 205, including principles of allocation, offspring number vs size, life history strategies, competition, predator-prey dynamics, and community structure.
2) Main concepts discussed include tradeoffs organisms face regarding offspring size vs number, how adult survival impacts reproduction age and body size, and r vs K selection strategies.
3) Models of population dynamics and species interactions are examined, including logistic growth, Lotka-Volterra, and food webs. Factors influencing community diversity such as environmental complexity and disturbance are also addressed.
Repeatability refers to the correlation between measurements of the same trait for an individual measured more than once. It ranges from 0 to 1. Repeatability is influenced by both permanent environmental effects, which consistently impact all measurements of an individual, as well as temporary environmental effects that vary between measurements. Heritability instead refers to the degree to which offspring inherit traits from their parents. While heritability estimates the genetic influence, repeatability captures both genetic and permanent environmental influences. Repeatability can be estimated using analysis of variance to partition phenotypic variance into within and between individual components. Higher repeatability means past performance is a better predictor of future performance.
The document discusses planning for success with grass-fed beef operations. It covers selecting appropriate genetics for forage-based production, managing grazing through practices like rotational grazing and high stock density grazing, and building soil health through increasing soil organic matter and cultivating soil microbes. Maintaining soil health is key, as microbes drive many soil functions and high organic matter improves water retention, nutrient storage, and drought resilience. The document emphasizes building diverse, complex pastures through multispecies plantings and grazing management.
This document discusses the role of genetic regulatory elements in human evolution and longevity. It makes three key points:
1. There is evidence that longevity and aging are heritable and selection traits that vary between species and populations due to evolutionary history.
2. Recent genetic studies have provided a huge amount of data on human and other genomes but have found few genetic variants associated with common diseases and traits, suggesting regulatory elements play an important role.
3. Elements like copy number variations, transposons, microRNAs, epigenetic modifications and DNA repair genes likely co-evolve over time and influence traits like longevity. Understanding their interactions and co-evolution could help trace human adaptations like skin color or nutrition.
The document summarizes key concepts in ecology. It discusses how ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. These interactions determine species distributions and abundances. The document also outlines different levels of ecology, from organismal to global scales. It provides examples of factors like climate that influence species distributions. Population ecology concepts like survivorship curves are presented. Community ecology examines topics such as trophic structure, succession, competition, and predation. Ecosystem ecology analyzes nutrient cycling and primary productivity.
BIO 106
Lecture 10
Quantitative Inheritance
A. Inheritance of Quantitative Characters
1. Multiple Genes
2. Number of Genes in polygene Systems
3. Regression to the Mean
4. Effects of Dominance and Gene Interactions
5. Effects of Genes in Multiplying Effects
B. Analysis of Quantitative Characteristics
C. Components of Phenotypic Variance
D. Heredity
1. Heritability in the Narrow Sense
2. Heritability in the Broad Sense
This document discusses heritability, which is defined as the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic factors rather than environmental influences. It notes there are statistical and more common definitions of heritability. The concept plays a central role in psychology and analyzes the relative contributions of genetic and non-genetic factors to traits. Heritability is estimated using studies of related individuals like twins to determine the similarities between them. Estimates provide the proportion of trait variation explained by genetics within a given population under the prevailing environmental conditions.
ESA Poster (NAT edited & JLS edits & MEG edits)Alexandra Kaluf
This study evaluated the effect of applying foliar insecticides at different timings in soybean fields on western corn rootworm beetle populations and subsequent root damage in rotated corn crops. The experimental design involved applying insecticide early when a nearby cornfield was at the tassel stage, applying late when nearby corn was at the brown silk stage, or leaving untreated control plots. Beetle counts showed no significant differences between early, late and control treatments before or after the insecticide applications. The authors conclude that applying insecticide to soybeans based on growth stages of nearby corn did not impact beetle populations, likely due to beetle movement between fields. This is the first year of a three-year study, with corn crops to
Data Sharing for the Catchment Based ApproachMichelle Walker
A presentation given to Rivers Trusts and Environment Agency WFD monitoring strategy team in September 2013.
Setting out the need for two-way information sharing between catchment partnerships and EA and the vision which we are trying to achieve through the CaBA support fund.
The document discusses mathematical models of competition in ecology. It summarizes the logistic population growth model, which models intraspecific competition using the term rN(1-N/K), where r is the per capita growth rate and K is the carrying capacity. The document also discusses the Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition, which uses competition coefficients α to measure the effect of one species on another. The outcome of competition is determined by the carrying capacities and competition coefficients in the Lotka-Volterra model. Experiments with Paramecium species demonstrated how resource limitation and competition affect population growth.
Emerging Issues Presentation Housing Development In Upstatetdilan
The document describes two models used to project the impact of future housing development on bird and amphibian populations in Upstate South Carolina. The Population Reduction Model estimates species decline based on development pressure, habitat decline index, and percentage of habitat protected. The Threat Analysis Model incorporates growth rates, habitat suitability, and protection status to calculate threat indices. Both models project declines in all focal species by 2030 due to predicted development, with Swainson's Warbler facing the greatest reduction.
Dr. Andres Perez - PRRS Epidemiology: Best Principles of Control at a Regiona...John Blue
PRRS Epidemiology: Best Principles of Control at a Regional Level - Dr. Andres Perez, University of Minnesota, from the 2015 North American PRRS Symposium, December 4 - 5, 2015, Chicago, IL, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-north-american-prrs-symposium
This document summarizes modeling work done by researchers to model and forecast the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. It includes compartmental and agent-based models built off previous work. The models are fitted to case count data from Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone using optimization routines. Forecasts are generated and interventions are discussed. Next steps focus on improving model structure and calibration.
Reinforcement learning for context-dependent control of emergency outbreaks o...EuFMD
The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme was on global vaccine security
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Dr. Amy Kinsley - Managing Complexity: Simplifying Assumptions of Foot-and-Mo...John Blue
Managing Complexity: Simplifying Assumptions of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Models for Swine - Dr. Amy Kinsley, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
Dr. Amy Kinsley - Managing Complexity: Simplifying Assumptions of Foot-and-Mo...John Blue
Managing Complexity: Simplifying Assumptions of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Models for Swine - Dr. Amy Kinsley, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for discovering and documenting biodiversity in the current information age. It argues that current taxonomic processes are too slow and that new approaches are needed to integrate distributed data sources and leverage community contributions. Specifically, it proposes:
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This document summarizes modeling work done to forecast the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014. It includes forecasts for Liberia and Sierra Leone using compartmental models, as well as integrating these models into an agent-based simulation of mobility and transmission. The authors discuss calibrating models to historical outbreaks, representing limited healthcare system capacity, and next steps in refining models and using them to evaluate interventions.
Digital Pathology: Precision Medicine, Deep Learning and Computer Aided Inter...Joel Saltz
In this presentation, I will survey the development of Digital Pathology methodology beginning with the 1997 virtual microscope prototype at Hopkins to current tools, methods and algorithms designed to display, analyze and classify whole slide imaging data. I will describe methods, tools and algorithms to extract information from Pathology images. These tools include ability to traverse whole slide images, segment nuclei, carry out deep learning region classification and characterize relationship between extracted features and morphological structures. I will also describe some of the research efforts that motivate development of these tools, the role Pathomics is playing in precision medicine research as well as the impact of Pathology Informatics on clinical practice and health care quality.
Presentation at the Department of Biomedical Informatics, University Pittsburgh Medical Center, April 27, 2018
Federal Research & Development for the Florida system Sept 2014 Warren Kibbe
This document discusses challenges in cancer data integration and analysis. It proposes the development of open science models, standardized data elements, and sustainable informatics infrastructure. Emerging technologies like mobile devices, social media, and cloud computing create opportunities to build a national "learning health system" for cancer. The National Cancer Institute is pursuing initiatives like the Cancer Genomics Data Commons and cloud pilots to leverage large genomic and clinical datasets using these technologies and develop predictive models to improve outcomes. The ultimate goal is a system that facilitates data sharing, continuous learning from all cancer patients, and personalized, predictive oncology.
Researchers at the Network Dynamics and Simulation Science Laboratory have been using a combination of modeling techniques to predict the spread of the Ebola outbreak.
Epidemiology of malaria in irrigated parts of Tana River County, KenyaILRI
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This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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OS18 - 5.b.3 Evaluating optimal control strategies for FMDV with the us disease outbreak simulation - S. Sellman
1. EVALUATING OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE WITH THE U.S.
DISEASE OUTBREAK SIMULATION
Stefan Sellman1,Lindsay M. Beck-Johnson2, Kimberly Tsao3, Amanda Minter4, Deedra Murrieta2, Clayton Hallman3, Ryan S.
Miller3, Katie Portacci3, Peter Brommesson1, Uno Wennergren1, Tom Lindström1, Michael J. Tildesley4 & Colleen T. Webb2
1 Linköping University
2 Colorado State University
3 USDA-APHIS-VS-CEAH
4 University of Warwick
2. THE U.S. DISEASE OUTBREAK SIMULATION - USDOS
• National-scale (i.e. continental-scale) premises-level simulation tool
for modeling infectious disease within the United States cattle
population.
• Kernel based local spread + long-distance transmission via a
stochastic process to generate shipments.
3. U.S. CATTLE PREMISES DATA
• ~815,000 cattle premises with over 100 million
beef and dairy animals.
Largest premises (feedlots) >100,000 animals.
• Spatial data aggregated at county level for
different size classes (NASS).
• Precise locations need to be simulated using
the Farm Location and Agricultural Production
Simulator (FLAPS).
• FLAPS: environmental + geographical + anthropogenic predictors -> probability surface for premises
occurrence.
• NASS information to get the county-level size distributions right.
• More information about FLAPS: Burdett et al. 2015
4. USDOS - LOCAL TRANSMISSION
• Local transmission encapsulates any
transmission that is not via shipment.
• 𝜆𝑖𝑗 = 𝑇𝑖 𝑆𝑗 𝐾 𝑑𝑖𝑗
• 𝐾 𝑑𝑖𝑗 =
𝛼
1+
𝑑 𝑖𝑗
𝛽
𝛾
• Kernel parameters fitted to the 2001 UK FMD
outbreak data.
• Current best fit: transmissibility and susceptibility scales
linearly with number of animals on premises.
• Model parameters
• Exposure to infectiousness, 5 days.
• Infectiousness to immunity, 7 days (in event of no
control).
5. USDOS - LOCAL TRANSMISSION CONT.
• Evaluation of local transmission between all possible infected-
susceptible premises pairs is very computationally intensive and
requires specialized algorithms.
• Our approach: grid the landscape and evaluate in a hierarchical
manner first between grids and only if necessary between
premises.
• Around 500 times faster than the naïve approach.
• Sellman et al. 2018 for details.
6. USDOS - SHIPMENT TRANSMISSION
• Cattle shipments generated continuously throughout the
simulation.
• Based on premises-size dependent shipment rates.
• Rate governed by kernel-based distance dependence and
county-level infrastructure covariates.
• Parameters estimated using the separate model USAMM
(U.S. Animal Movement Model, Lindström et al. 2013).
• Challenging because the best available shipment data is a
10% sample of shipments crossing state borders.
Figure: Lindström et al. 2013
7. IMPORTANCE OF SHIPMENTS With shipments
Total number of infected farms, given
that the outbreak begins in this county.
Without shipments
Simulations
• Random farms in each county seeded and simulation run
until outbreak dies out.
• On average roughly 0.3 shipments / year and premises.
• Shipments are relatively rare, but have a large impact on
outbreak dynamics.
Percent of direct transmission from local spread.
8. CONTROL STRATEGIES
• Movement restrictions, depopulation, vaccination, modeling of dangerous
contacts.
• USDOS allows for constraints in daily animal volumes that can be vaccinated or
depopulated.
• Control scenarios parameterized with input from USDA subject matter experts.
Scenarios:
Depopulation of both infected farms and dangerous contacts together with state-level
movement restrictions.
Depopulation of infected farms and vaccination of dangerous contacts together with state-level
movement restrictions.
9. Culling Strategy Vaccination Strategy
No Control
Total number of infected farms, given
that the outbreak begins in this county.
10. CONCLUSIONS – CONTROL STRATEGIES & SHIPMENTS
• USDOS allows us to efficiently simulate outbreaks and evaluate control strategies
• In a very large cattle population.
• Without exact locations of premises.
• With limited information about shipments.
• Control can shift the predicted national scale patterns.
• Shipments are uncommon but has the potential to greatly increase outbreak size
11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Colleen Webb
Tom Lindström
Uno Wennergren
Michael Tildesley
Lindsay Beck-Johnson
Clayton Hallman
Kimberly Tsao
Webb Lab
This work is supported by funding provided by the United States Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate under grant number
2010-ST-108-000017 and contract numbers HSHQDC-13-B0028 and D15PC00278.
The analyses, views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the regulatory
opinions, official policies, either expressed or implied, of the USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services or the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
The Findings and Conclusions in This Preliminary Presentation Have Not Been Formally Disseminated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Should Not
Be Construed to Represent Any Agency Determination or Policy.
Deedra Murrieta
Erin Gorsich
Peter Brommesson
Amanda Minter
Ryan Miller
Katie Portacci
Michael Buhnerkempe
12. References
Burdett, C.L., Kraus, B.R., Garza, S.J., Miller, R.S., Bjork, K.E., 2015. Simulating the Distribution of Individual Livestock Farms and Their
Populations in the United States: An Example Using Domestic Swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) Farms. PLOS ONE 10, e0140338.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140338
Lindström, T., Grear, D.A., Buhnerkempe, M., Webb, C.T., Miller, R.S., Portacci, K., Wennergren, U., 2013. A Bayesian Approach for Modeling
Cattle Movements in the United States: Scaling up a Partially Observed Network. PLOS ONE 8, e53432.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053432
Sellman S, Tsao K, Tildesley MJ, Brommesson P, Webb CT, et al. 2018. Need for speed: An optimized gridding approach for spatially explicit
disease simulations. PLOS Computational Biology 14(4): e1006086. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006086
Hayama, Y., Yamamoto, T., Kobayashi, S., Muroga, N., Tsutsui, T., 2013. Mathematical model of the 2010 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in
Japan and evaluation of control measures. Prev. Vet. Med. 112, 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.08.010
Brand, S.P.C., Tildesley, M.J., Keeling, M.J., 2015. Rapid simulation of spatial epidemics: A spectral method. J. Theor. Biol. 370, 121–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.01.027
13. IMPORTANCE OF SPATIAL CLUSTERING
(work in progress)
• When spatial distributions of premises are unavailable,
assumptions need to be made.
• Sophisticated approach such as FLAPS or simpler approach
such as a uniformly random distribution?
• High local transmission within cluster.
• Less spread between clusters?
• We analyzed the difference between transmission through
local spread using FLAPS or uniform within each county.
14. COUNTY LEVEL CLUSTERING OF CATTLE PREMISES
More RED = More clustered in FLAPS
Ripley’s K – a measure of spatial
clustering at a specific radius, r.
Proportional difference in clustering (Ripley’s K) measured at the county-
level between FLAPS landscapes and randomized ones (KFLAPS / KRAND).
15. SPATIAL CLUSTERING CONT.
• Simulations and R0.
• USDOS-kernel plus two other published kernels for variation.
Kernels from Hayama et al. 2015; Brand et al. 2015.
16. R0 RESULTS
USDOS Hayama
Brand 5
Response variable: county
geometric mean of premises-level
R0
Proportional difference in
response variable between FLAPS
and randomized landscapes.
RED = higher R0 with FLAPS.
BLUE = higher R0 with randomized
landscapes.
Difference in clustering for reference.
17. SIMULATION RESULTS
Response variable: proportion of 100
seeding attempts per county leading to
outbreaks with at least 1000 total infected
premises.
Proportional difference in response
variable between FLAPS and randomized
landscapes.
RED = more big outbreaks with FLAPS.
BLUE = more big outbreaks with
randomized landscapes.
GRAY = no outbreaks reaching 1000
infected premises.
Difference in clustering for reference.
18. CONCLUSIONS – CLUSTERING STUDY
• Using randomized spatial distributions of premises can lead to severe
underprediction of outbreak sizes compared to clustered populations.
• Both measured using R0 and simulations.
• Highlights the importance and usefulness of a method such as FLAPS for countries or
areas where information on spatial distributions is unavailable.