The document discusses the definition and functions of operating systems (OS), highlighting their role in managing computer resources and providing user interfaces. It outlines different types of OS, such as single-user, multi-tasking; multi-user, multi-tasking; real-time OS; and provides historical context, mentioning early operating systems like EXEC and the prominence of Unix. The document also covers the future of OS, emphasizing efficiency and the adaptability of new systems like RISC OS.

1. Operating System
Harshit Srivastava

2. Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What is operating system
How it helps
Types of operating system
The very first OS and the progressive ones
Why it was developed (Need of OS)
How needs increased
Working Of OS (basic)
Applications and Uses
Future OS
Conclusion

3. What is Operating System
• An operating system manages computer resources, such as memory
and input/output devices, and provides an interface through which
a human can interact with the computer
• An operating system allows an application program to interact with
these other system resources

4. Operating System
An operating system
interacts with many
aspects of a computer
system.

5. OPERATING SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
The Layers Of A
System
Humans
Program Interface
User Programs
O.S. Interface
O.S.
Hardware Interface/
Privileged Instructions
Disk/Tape/Memory
1: Operating Systems Overview
5

6. Why Was Operating System Developed

7. How it Helps
• The various roles of an operating system generally revolve around the
idea of “sharing nicely”
• An operating system manages resources, and these resources are
often shared in one way or another among programs that want to
use them
• Like
o Multiprogramming which deals in keeping multiple programsin main
memory at the same time these programs compete access to the CPU
so that they can execute.
o Memory Management which keeps track of what program are in memory
and where in memory they reside.

8. How it Helps
• Hiding the complexities of hardware from the user
• Managing between the hardware's resources which include the
processors, memory, data storage and I/O devices
• Handling "interrupts" generated by the I/O controllers
• Sharing of I/O between many programs using the CPU
• And in some cases providing user interface to work easily.

9. Is There More Than One Type Of OS?
• Generally, there are four types, based on the type of computer they
control and the sort of applications they support.
1.Single-user, single
task
This type manages the
computer so that one user can
effectively do one thing at a
time.

10. Types Of Operating System
2. Multi-user, multi-task
•
Allows two or more users to run programs at the same
time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even
thousands of concurrent users.
MAINFRAME

11. Types Of Operating System
3. Real Time Operating Systems
RTOS are used to control machinery,
scientific instruments, and industrial
systems.
There is typically very little userinterface capability.
Resources are managed so that a
particular operation executes
precisely the same every time.

12. Types Of Operating System
4. Single-user, Multi-tasking
This is the type of operating system most
desktops and laptops use today.
Microsoft’s Windows and Apple’s MacOS are both
examples of operating systems that will
let a single user have several same time Programs in
operation at the same time.
Microsoft"
Windows
Mac
OS

13. Operating System
• There are few more enduring manifestations of user interface
technology than that of the Graphical User Interface Desktop.
Pioneered by engineers at Xerox PARC, refined by Steve Jobs and
Apple and brought to masses and ingrained into our daily lives by
Microsoft Windows

14. Graphical User interface OS launched
• Apple company was the first
company which introduced the
graphical user interfaced
operating system as macintosh
• Microsoft which started a major
breakthrough by developing a
graphical user interfaced OS
known as Windows while
competing with apple
macintosh

15. Windows 1
Major OS’s
PC
Windows ce/ne
Windows vista
Windows xp
Windows 7
Windows 6 and 6.5
Windows 8
Microsoft
Mobile/PDA
Windows mango
7.5
Windows 8 Mobile
Cheetah
licensed
Rhapsody
MAC OS X Cheetah
Puma
PC/Laptop
MAC OS X Hera
MAC OS X Jaguar
MAC OS X Panther
MAC OS X Kodiak
MAC OS
Leopard
Lion
Mountain Lion
Tiger
Mobile Phone
iOS
IPAD
Snow Leopard
MAC OS X Mini
Operating system
BSD
UNIX
RHEl
Chrome
Open Solaris
Susi
Linux
Fedora
PC/Laptop
MS DOS
Cupcake
Android
Donut (1.6)
Froyo
Éclair(2-2.1)
Gingerbread
ICS
HoneyComb
Jelly Bean
Open Source
Ubuntu
Kit Kat (near future)
Mobile Phone
Symbion
Bada
Mavericks

16. The very 1st Operating Sytem
The earliest computers were mainframes that lacked any form of operating system
EXEC was the very first operating system developed by UNIVAC who was
the first commercial computer manufacturer in 1970’s which was based on
Real Time basic to support large scale time sharing.
TOPS-10 and TOPS-20 was next few OS developed by Digital Equipment
Corporation which were time sharing systems for the 36-bit PDP-10 class
systems. Prior to the widespread use of UNIX, TOPS-10 was a particularly
popular system in universities, and in the early ARPANET community.
MS-DOS and UNIX were the major breakthrough in development of OS
which is said as written of Microsoft Corporation(Precisely) under IBM PC,
Intel 8088 CPU and Motorola 6899 CPU family.

17. Most famous Operating System
• UNIX is the most famous Operating System which is the current base
of the most working operating system now days.
• Basically UNIX was written in assembly language by Ken Thompson in
AT&T Bell laboratories and Unix rewritten in C, developed into a
large, complex family of inter-related operating systems which have
been influential in every modern operating system
• UNIX based OS are basically Servers, Workstation and Linux and BSD
based operating system.

18. Working of Operating System

19. The Process States of Operating System
• The Process States
•

20. Basic functions of the operating system
Device configuration
Controls peripheral devices connected to the computer
File management
Operating
System
Transfers files between main memory and secondary
storage, manages file folders, allocates the secondary
storage space, and provides file protection and
recovery
Memory management
Allocates the use of random access memory (RAM) to
requesting processes
Interface platform
Allows the computer to run other applications

21. Operating System Design and
Implementation
• Design and Implementation of OS not “solvable”, but some
approaches have proven successful
• Internal structure of different Operating Systems can vary widely
• Start by defining goals and specifications
• Affected by choice of hardware, type of system
• User goals and System goals
• User goals – operating system should be convenient to use, easy to learn,
reliable, safe, and fast
• System goals – operating system should be easy to design, implement,
and maintain, as well as flexible, reliable, error-free, and efficient
•

22. Simple Structure
• MS-DOS – written to provide the most functionality in the least space
• Not divided into modules
• Although MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels of
functionality are not well separated
•

23. Application And Uses
• Applications
• Providing a proper base to run programs of different kind like
•
•
•
•
•
•
Military use
Government use
Business purpose
Commercial Purpose
Education purpose
To develop new program with easy user interface.
• Uses
• The main use of an operating system is to ensure that a computer can be
used and do exactly what the user wants it to do.
•

24. Source- Netmarketshare.com

25. Future Operating Systems
• The operating system - the baseline operating system: a typical desktop Linux can be
quite resource hungry. However, properly specified Linux also has a proven track
record of offering services within a restricted resource environment such as on
mobile phones or media players.
• An opportunity for RISC OS?
• RISC OS has in it's favour:
• It can work in a low memory, slow CPU environment. Current versions of RISCOS can boot to a
desktop with less than 512k of RAM. Even this could be improved upon with customisation.
• It's designed to be ROM loadable with only a few disk based resources. RISC OS doesn't need to be
tied to a hard disk as it doesn't need a swap file or masses of disk based configuration. If the OS
is installed it ROM, it can even boot without a hard disk.
• Fast start up and shutdown. On most RO workstations, there is a 'shutdown procedure' but this is
mainly to flush any disc buffers. It's not a protracted sequence.
• It's modular: it's designed to have features added to its core and to be tailored to a specific task.
•

26. Conclusion
• For person with a desktop machine, the OS gives interface to
the machine that fills some gaps in his digital life. As such a
user can connect the hardware and can control to his existing
network through OS interface easily, it could occupy a
conceptual space similar to that of Apple's new iTV device but
somewhat more computer than dedicated media.
•

27. References
• www.ted.com
• technology.blurtit.com
• Application of Operating System Concepts to Coordination in Pervasive Sensing and Computing
Systems by Jesse M. Davis, Joseph B. Evans Benjamin J. Ewy, Larry M. Sanders, 2006
• Netmarketshare.com
• Howstuffworks.com
• Wikipedia.com

28. Thank You