The document discusses the formation of the Himalayan mountain range through the process of plate tectonics. Approximately 200 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangea broke apart into separate landmasses. Around 80 million years ago, the Indo-Australian plate began moving northward, pushing India towards Eurasia. By around 40 million years ago, India had collided with Asia, causing the Tethys Sea between them to shrink and uplift. The collision forced the Tibetan plateau upwards, creating the Himalayan mountain range. The Himalayas continue rising even today as the Indo-Australian plate still pushes into Eurasia.

1. MADE BY-Lavanya
Class VII A

2. These views may be grouped under three categories:
(a) geosynclinals evolution
(b) plate tectonics
(c) vertical movements

3. TECTONICS PLATES
Our continents are carried by a series of tectonic plates
located in the earth’s lithosphere. These plates collide
with and separate from each other at different rates
determined by a process known as convection. Directly
below the lithosphere is the inner mantle known as the
aesthenosphere. Convection currents are generated in
the earth’s inner mantle as molten rock forms from the
radioactive decay of elements. As hot gas and liquid is
produced it moves upward, displacing the cooler and
denser gas and liquid. As this convection process
happens, those circulations push the lithosphere’s plates
(and the seven continents that sit on top of them), slowly
shifting the globe’s landscape over time. The direction
and rate of movement is totally dependent on what kinds
of convection currents are at work below.

4. Geosynclinals Evolution
Exponents of this opinion mainly base their deduction on the
sedimentary nature of the Himalayan rocks majority of which
have evidence of marine origin and contain fossils of marine
organisms. Even the enormous thickness of the Himalayan rocks
allows them to associate their deposition under the bed of sea
whose floor underwent sinking with the increasing weight of
the deposits.
The geosynclinals origin of the Himalayas has obtained maximum
approval from the scholars. The theories of Suess, Argand,
Kober etc. all belong to this category. According to geologists
the disintegration of Pangaea led to the formation of a long
Mediterranean sea (called Tethys) between the two land masses
of Angaral and (north) and Gondwanaland (south).

5. Vertical Movements
Those who advocate vertical movements responsible for the
upliftment of the Himalayas take support from the fact that
the gravitational force, the main force among the various
bodies in space, can act only radially inhibiting enormous
horizontal translocation implicit in plate tectonics.

6. Once, all the world’s landmass was
connected, forming one super-continent
known as Pangea.
Approximately 200 million years ago,
tectonic forces broke apart this giant
continent into pieces, eventually
forming the continents we know
today. As convection currents worked
independently on the plates
associated with these new continental
pieces, the plates and their
respective continents began to drift
across the globe to their present-day
geographical locations.

7. Eighty million years ago, India was approximately 6400 km (3968 miles) south of
the Eurasian plate. Separating the two was the Tethys Sea. The Indo-Australian
tectonic plate – containing the continent of Australia, the Indian subcontinent,
and surrounding ocean – was pushed northward by the convection currents
generated in the inner mantle. For millions of years, India made its way across
the sea toward the Eurasian plate. As India approached Asia, around 40 million
years ago, the Tethys Sea began to shrink and its seabed slowly pushed upwards.
The Tethys Sea disappeared completely around 20 million years ago and
sediments rising from its seabed formed a mountain range.

8. When India and Tibet collided, instead of descending with
the plate, the relatively light sedimentary and
metamorphic rock that makes up the subcontinent of
India pushed against Tibet, forcing it upwards, and
created a massive mountain fold. The Himalayas.
This process hadn’t stopped yet. The indo-australian plate is
still moving towards Eurasia ,still pushing Tibet
upwards.The Himalayas still continue to an average of
2cm every year .The highest mountains are only getting
higher.

9. According to Suess the folding of the Himalayas has been
caused by the com- pressional forces which have worked
from the north and led to the folding of the detritus
deposited in the bed of the Tethys. In this process the land
mass of Angara land lying north of the Tethys acted as
backland whereas Gondwanaland along the southern
margin of the Tethys behaved as foreland and remained
stationary. Due to the southward movement of
Angaraland the Tethyan sediment was compressed against
the Peninsular mass yielding place to three successive are
like ranges from west to east owing to two extended horns
of the Peninsula (the Aravalis and Delhi ridge in the west
and Meghalaya plateau in the east).

10. PARTS OF
HIMALAYAS
THE PARTS OF HIMALAYAS
ARE:
HIMADRI
HIMACHAL
SHIWALIK

11. HIMADRI
Great Himalayas, also called Higher Himalayas or Great Himalaya
Range, highest and northernmost section of the Himalayan
mountain ranges. It extends southeastward across northern Pakistan,
northern India, and Nepal before trending eastward across Sikkim
state (India) and Bhutan and finally turning northeastward across
northern Arunachal Pradesh state (India); throughout nearly all of its
length it adjoins to the north the southern Tibet Autonomous Region
of China. The range’s total length is some 1,400 miles (2,300 km),
and it has an average elevation of more than 20,000 feet (6,100
meters). The Great Himalayas contain many of the world’s tallest
peaks, including (from west to east) Nanga Parbat, Annapurna,
Mount Everest, and Kanchenjunga.

12. HIMACHAL
The state of Himachal Pradesh is spread over an
area 55,673 km² and is bordered by Jammu
and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the
southwest, Haryana on the south, Uttarakhand
on the southeast and Tibet on the east.
Himachal is a mountainous region, rich in its
natural resources.
Elevation ranges from 450 meters to 6,500
meters above sea level. The region extends
from the Shivalik range of mountains (barely
mountainous region). There is a noticeable
increase in elevation from west to east and
from south to north.

13. SHIWALIKS
The Shiwalik hills is a mountain range of the outer Himalayas
also known as Manak Parbat in ancient times. Shivalik
literally means 'tresses of Shiva’. This range is about
2,400 km (1,500 mi) long enclosing an area that starts
almost from the Indus and ends close to the Brahmaputra,
with a gap of about 90 kilometers (56 mi) between the
Teesta and Raidak rivers in Assam. The width of the
Shivalik hills varies from 10 to 50 km (6.2 to 31.1mi), their
average elevation is 1,500 to 2,000m (4,900 to 6,600 ft).

14. RIVERS OF HIMALAYAS
The five main rivers of the Himalayas are the Jhelum,
Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. The Himalayas is the
birthplace of many important rivers. The rivers of the
Himalayas give a new dimension to the beautiful scenic
beauty of the Himalayan region. The rivers are the main
source of life in those areas. It helps in the formation of
the forest belt and irrigation process in these regions.

15. TOURIST SPOT (HIMALAYAS)
The panoramic view of the mountain ranges attracts traveler across the
world. The early Aryans use to consider Himalayas as the adobe of Gods
and Goddess. In 1852 the highest mountain in the world was named
after Sir George Everest as Mount Everest. Some facts about the
Himalayas expeditions are: As Nepal opened its frontiers in 1949 to the
outside world people explored ten of the fourteen 8000m peaks. Some of
the major among them are
Annapurna (8091m) was the first peak to be climbed in 1950, and then
in 1953 it was Mount Everest (8848m) and Nanga Parbat (8125m). From
that time onwards many expeditions have been made and by 1964 all
the Himalayan peaks had been climbed.

16. Thank You!