1) Organizing is the process by which managers establish relationships among employees to achieve organizational goals. It involves determining activities, classifying and grouping activities, assigning work and resources, and evaluating results. 2) Organizations have a distinct purpose, are composed of people, and have a deliberate structure. Formal organizations have a classical hierarchical structure where roles, responsibilities, and lines of command are clearly defined. Informal organizations arise spontaneously through personal relationships. 3) The span of control refers to the number of employees a manager can effectively supervise, which is affected by factors like the manager and employee's skills, work characteristics, task complexity, and physical proximity.

1. ORGANIZING
Organizing: The process by which managers establish
working relationships among employees to achieve goals.
According To Chester Bernard
Organization: “An Organization is a system of
consciously coordinated activities or efforts of two or
more persons.”
 A deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some
specific purpose
Common Characteristics of Organizations
– Have a distinct purpose (goal)
– Composed of people
– Have a deliberate structure

2. IMPORTANCE OF ORANISING
 Organizing is the process of selecting and structuring the
means by which those objective are to be achieved .
 Organizing process deals with how the work is to be
divided and how coordination of different aspects is to be
achieved.
 All works should be organized efficiently in order to use
the resources available to us in the most efficient manner
 Organizing establish lines of authority. This create order
within the organization.
 Organizing is important to improve communication
among the members.

3. THE ORGANIZATION PROCESS
Reviewing Plans
&Objectives
Determining
Activities
Classifying &Grouping
Activities
Assigning work
&resources
Evaluating
Results

4. FORMAL ORGANIZATION
 A Formal Organization Means" The intentional
structure of roles in a formally organized enterprise .”
 A formal organization typically consists of a classical
mechanistic hierarchical structure .
 In such a type of structure ,the position ,responsibility,
authority ,accountability &the lines of command are
clearly defined &established .
 It is a system of well-defined jobs with a prescribed
pattern of communication ,coordination &delegation of
authority

5. INFORMAL ORGANISATION
 A INFORMAL ORGANIZATION MEANS “A network of personal
and social relations not established or required by the formal
organization but arising spontaneously as people associate with one
another.”
 The informal organization is a powerful instrument in all
organizations and sometimes it can mean the difference between
success and failure of the organization.
 The informal group also serves as an additional channel of
communication to the management about conditions at work ,which
may not be available through official channels.

6. SPAN OF MANAGEMENT/SPAN OF
CONTROL
 Span of Control
– The number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently
supervised by a manager.
– Width of span affected by:
 Skills and abilities of the manager
 Employee characteristics
 Characteristics of the work being done
 Similarity of tasks
 Complexity of tasks
 Physical proximity of subordinates
 Standardization of tasks