Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
3. 1. INTRODUCTION An equation involving independent and dependent variables and
the derivatives of the dependent variables is called a differential equation. There
are two kinds of differential equations: I. Ordinary Differential Equation : If the
dependent variables depend on one independent variable x, then the differential
equation is said to be ordinary. II. Partial differential equation : If the dependent
variables depend on two or more independent variables, then it is known as partial
differential equation.
4. 1. ORDER AND DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Order Order is the
highest differential appearing in a differential equation. Degree It is determined by
the degree of the highest order derivative present in it after the differential equation is
cleared of radicals and fractions so far as the derivatives are concerned. m n1 m 1 n2
nk d y d y dy f1 ( x, y ) f 2 ( x, y ) ........ f k ( x, y) 0 dx m dx m 1 dx The above
differential equation has the order m and degree n1.
6. 1. FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Differential equation corresponding to a family of
curve will have a) Order exactly same as number of essential arbitrary constants in the equation of
curve. b) no arbitrary constant present in it. The differential equation corresponding to a family of
curve can be obtained by using the following steps: a) Identify the number of essential arbitrary
constants in equation of curve. b) Differentiate the equation of curve till the required order. c)
Eliminate the arbitrary constant from the equation of curve and additional equation obtained in step
(b) above. NOTE : If arbitrary constants appear in addition, subtraction, multiplication or division,
then we can club them to reduce into one new arbitrary constant.
8. SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Finding the dependent variable
from the differential equation is called solving or integrating it. The solution or the
integral of a differential equation is, therefore, a relation between dependent and
independent variables (free from derivatives) such that it satisfies the given
differential equation. NOTE : The solution of the differential equation is alsocalled
its primitive, because the differential equation can be regarded as a relation
derived from it. There can be three types of solution of a differential equation: I.
General solution (or complete integral or complete primitive) II. Particular Solution
III. Singular Solution
9. 1. General solution (or complete integral or complete primitive) A relation in x and y
satisfying a given differential equation and involving exactly same number of
arbitrary constants as order of differential equation. Particular Solution A solution
obtained by assigning values to one or more than one arbitrary constant of
general solution. Singular Solution It is not obtainable from general solution.
Geometrically, General solution acts as an envelope to singular solution.
10. 1. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE A
differential equation of first order and first degree is of the type dy + f(x, y) = 0,
which can also be dx written as : Mdx + Ndy = 0, where M and N are functions ofx
and y.
11. ELEMENTARY TYPES OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS Variables separable : If the differential equation can be put in the
form, f(x) dx = (y) dy we say that variables are separable and solution can be
obtained by integrating each side separately. A general solution of this will be f(x)
= dx + ( y ) dy c, where c is an arbitrary constant. I. Sometimes transformation to
the polar co-ordinates facilitates separation of variables. In this connection it is
convenient to remember the following differentials: If x = r cos ; y = r sin then ,(i)
x dx + y dy = r dr , (ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2d 2 (iii) x dy – y dx = r2d If x = r sec &
y = r tan then (i) x dx – y dy = r dr , (ii) x dy – y dx = r2 sec d .
12. II. Equations Reducible to the Variables Separable form If a differential equation
can be reduced into a variables separable form by a proper substitution, then it is
said to be “Reducible to the variables separable type”. Its general form dy is = f(ax
+ by + c) a, b 0. To solve this, put ax + by + dx c =t.
14. 1. Homogeneous Differential Equations dy f ( x, y ) A differential equation of thefrom
where f dx g ( x, y ) and g are homogeneous function of x and y, and of the same
degree, is called homogeneous differential equation and can be solved easily by
putting y = vx.
15. 1. I. Equations Reducible to the Homogeneous form Equations of the form dy ax by c
.........(1) dx Ax By C can be made homogeneous (in new variables X and Y) by
substituting x = X + h and y = Y + k, where h and k are constants, we get dY aX bY
(ah bk c ) = ..........(2) dX AX BY ( Ah Bk C) Now, h and k are chosen such that ah +
bk + c = 0, and Ah + Bk + C = 0; the differential equation can now be solved by
putting Y = vX.
17. Exact Differential Equation dy The differential equation M + N = 0 ...........(1)dx
Where M and N are functions of x and y is said to be exact if it can be derived by
direct differentiation (without any subsequent multiplication, elimination etc.) of an
equation of the form f(x, y) = c e.g. y2 dy + x dx + = 0 is an exact differential
equation. NOTE (i) The necessary condition for (1) to be exact is . M N yx
18. (ii) For finding the solution of Exact differential equation, following exact
differentials must be remembered : xdy ydx y I. xdy + y dx = d(xy) II. 2 d x x III. 2(x
dx + y dy) = d (x2 + y2) IV. xdy ydx y d ln xy x xdy ydx y xdy ydx V. d tan 1 VI. d ln
xy x2 y2 x xy VII. xdy ydx 1 d x2 y 2 xy
19. EXAMPLES Solve : xdy + ydx + xy ey dy = 0 Ans. ln(xy) + ey = c Solve :ye–
x/y dx – (xe–x/y + y3) dy = 0 Ans. 2e–x/y + y2 = c
20. Linear Differential Equation When the dependent variable and its derivative
occur in the first degree only and are not multiplied together, the differential
equation is called linear. The mth order linear differential equation is of theform.
dmy d m 1y dy P0 ( x) m P ( x) m 1 ........Pm 1 ( x) 1 Pm ( x) ( x) wheredx0(x),
P1(x) .................. Pm(x) are dx P dx called the coefficients of the differential
equation. Note : + y2 sin x = lnx is not a Linear differential dy equation. dx
21. Linear differential equations of first order dy The differential equation + Py = Q , is
linear in y. dx where P and Q are functions of x. Integrating Factor (I.F.) : It is an
expression which when multiplied to a differential equation converts it into an exact
form. I.F for linear differential equation = e Pdx (constant of integration will not be
considered) after multiplying above equation by I.F it becomes; dy Pdx Pdx Pdx .e
Py.e Q.e dx d Pdx Pdx Pdx Pdx y.e Q.e y.e Q.e C dx
23. Equations reducible to linear form By change of variable Bernoulli’s equation :
dy Equations of the form n dx+ P y = Q . y , n 0 and n 1 where P and Q are
functions of x, is called Bernoulli’s equation and can be made linear in v by dividing
by yn and putting y –n+1 = v. Now its solution can be obtained as in (v).
25. CLAIRAUT’S EQUATION The differential equation y = px + f(p), ..............(1), dy
where p = is known as Clairaut’s Equation. dx To solve (1), differentiate it w.r.t. x,
which gives dp either dx =0 p=c ...........(2) or x + f (p) = 0 ............(3) NOTE : 1. If p
is eliminated between (1) and (2), the solution obtained is a general solution of (1)
2. If p is eliminated between (1) and (3), then solution obtained does not contain
any arbitrary constant and is not particular solution of (1). This solution is called
singular solution of (1).
27. ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY An orthogonal trajectory of a given system of
curves is defined to be a curve which cuts every member of a given family of curve
at right angle. Steps to find orthogonal trajectory : (i) Let f (x, y, c) = 0 be the
equation of the given family of curves, where 'c' is an arbitrary constant. (ii)
Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. x and then eliminate c. (iii) Replace dy by –
dx in the equation obtained in (ii). dx dy (iv) Solve the differential equation obtained
in (iii). Hence solution obtained in (iv) is the required orthogonal trajectory.
28. EXAMPLES Find the orthogonal trajectory of family of circles concentric at (a,
0) Ans. y = c (x – a) where c is an arbitrary constant. Find the orthogonal
trajectory of family of circles touching x – axis at the origin. Ans. x2 + y2 = cx
where c is an arbitrary constant. Find the orthogonal trajectory of the family of
rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 Ans. x2 – y2 = k where k is an arbitrary constant.
