Optimization RM
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This document provides an overview of genetic algorithms including: 1. Genetic algorithms are search and optimization techniques inspired by Darwinian evolution. 2. They work by evolving a population of candidate solutions over generations to find an optimal or near-optimal solution. 3. The main genetic operators are selection, crossover, and mutation which mimic natural selection and genetics to manipulate the composition of candidate solutions in the population from one generation to the next.
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what is a natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow would two.pdf
what is a natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow? would two small, geographically
isolated populations in very different environments be likely to evolve in a similar way? explain.
Solution
natural selection is a process, by which organisam get better adaptation to enviroment for
survival and produce more offespring . another defination is process by which the forms of
organism in a population that are the best adapted to environment increase in frequency
relatively to less adapted forms over a number of generations.
this theory was given by Charles Darwin,natural selection is a comosite of all the force that cause
differential survival & diffrential reproduction among the genetic variant.natural selection is
nonrandom process by which biological traits become more or less common in population, there
genetic drift-the random change in allele frequencies caused by sampling error across
generations in final population is called genetic drift, drift can be major driving force for
changing alleles frequencies in small population , however the key element of genetic drift is that
which individuals survive and reproduce is random( unrelated to their phenotype and genotype).
drift cause fixation of alleles in population.
genetic drift is a random, directionaless process, it act to eliminate genetic variation over a
time.drift lead in increase homozygosity for diploid organism and cause increase in inbreeding
coefficient, and resulting in facilitate speciation(creating new species)
Gene flow-gene flow is transfer of allele and genes from one population to another.through
reproduction in same species.gene flow is also non as gene migration,
geographically isolated populations in very different environments be likely to evolve in a
similar way- speciation is a lineage splitting evolutionary process that produce two or more
species,
means creation of new and distinct biological species by branching off form ancestral population.
occure when gene flow is reduce sufficiently between sister population, and this play critical role
in speciation.
mode of speciation are often classified as allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation
allopatric speciation-geographical isolation between population, and increase genetic divergen by
either genetic drift or selection, selection for increase reproduction isolation, and speciation
completed.
sympatric speciation-does not require geographical isoloation, this reproductive isolation depend
on number of factor- like, competition for resources,disruptive selection,sexual selection.
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This document provides information about genetic variation and evolution. It discusses how genetic variation arises from mutations and gene shuffling during sexual reproduction. It also describes how natural selection and genetic drift can change allele frequencies in a population over generations, resulting in evolution. Key factors that can lead to the formation of new species like geographic isolation and reproductive isolation are also summarized. Studies on Darwin's finches provide evidence of natural selection shaping beak traits in response to environmental pressures like food availability.
Week 5 genetic basis of evolution
This document provides an outline for a lecture on the genetic basis of evolution. It begins with introducing key terms like gene, locus, allele, genotype, and phenotype. It then discusses genetic drift and how drift is influenced by population size. Selection is also introduced and defined as a process where individuals with different genotypes have different fitnesses. The document emphasizes that both genetic drift and selection influence evolution, and neither process should be overemphasized. It aims to move people away from only considering selection (pan-selectionism) and highlights the importance of genetic drift.
Ap Chap 23 The Evolution Of Populations
Microevolution refers to changes in allele frequencies in a population over time. Genetic variation arises through mutations and sexual reproduction. Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in populations. The founder effect is a type of genetic drift that can occur when a small group migrates and founds a new population, losing some genetic variation present in the original population. For example, certain genetic disorders are more common in Jewish and Amish communities due to the founder effect occurring in their small ancestral populations. [END SUMMARY]
Factors Affecting Allele Changes in Frequency: Mutation
Mutation, non-random mating, assortative mating, and natural selection can all affect allele changes in frequency in a population.
Mutation is the permanent alteration of DNA sequences that can occur due to errors during DNA replication or damage. It can result in changes to gene function. Non-random mating occurs when individuals select mates non-randomly, altering gene frequencies. Assortative mating is when individuals mate with others of similar phenotypes more than expected by chance, which can increase genetic relatedness. Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on phenotype, driving changes in allele frequencies over generations.
Extra-Pop_Gen.ppt
This document discusses key concepts in population genetics, including how genetic variation is maintained or changed over generations within a population. It explains that traits will only disappear from a population if environmental pressures cause natural selection against that trait. Random genetic drift can also influence trait frequencies in small populations. The conditions under which a population's genetic makeup would remain stable over time are described by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principles.
Evolution
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolutionary theory, including:
- The history of evolutionary thought from ancient Greek and medieval views to modern theories proposed by Darwin and Spencer.
- Mechanisms of evolution like natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow that can lead to changes in allele frequencies within populations.
- Other evolutionary processes such as adaptation, coevolution, speciation and extinction that shape the diversity of life over time.
- The role of heredity, variation and inheritance in passing traits between generations and maintaining genetic variation within populations.
Evolution
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolutionary theory, including heredity, variation, mechanisms of evolution, and outcomes of evolution. It discusses how evolution occurs through genetic changes in populations over generations, brought about by various mechanisms like natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Mutation, sex, and recombination also introduce genetic variation in organisms that can then be acted upon by evolutionary forces. The document outlines processes like adaptation, coevolution, speciation, and extinction that are results of evolutionary change over time.
Hernandez ESEB 2018
Rampant Purifying Selection Drives Singleton Variants To Be Major Source Of Heritability For Human Gene Expression
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Optimization RM
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- 8. Evolution Evolution Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ones Microevolution Microevolution is evolution within a single population; (a population is a group of organisms that share the same gene pool). Often this kind of evolution is looked upon as change in gene frequency within a population Evolution For evolution to occur Heredity Information needs to be passed on from one generation to the next Genetic Variation There has to be differences in the characteristics of individuals in order for change to occur Differential Reproduction Some individuals need to (get to) reproduce more than others thereby increasing the frequency of their genes in the next generation Evolution Heredity Heredity is the transfer of characteristics (or traits) from parent to offspring through genes Evolution Genetic Variation Is about variety in the population and hence presence of genetic variation improves chances of coming up with “something new” The primary mechanisms of achieving genetic variation are: Mutations Gene Flow Sexual Reproduction
- 9. Evolution Mutation It is a random change in DNA It can be beneficial, neutral or harmful to the organism Not all mutations matter to evolution Evolution Gene Flow Migration of genes from one population to another If the migrating genes did not exist previously in the incident population then such a migration adds to the gene pool Evolution Sexual Reproduction This type of producing young can introduce new gene combinations through genetic shuffling
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- 60. Genetic Algorithms (IX) Issues Generation of initial population Evaluation Reproduction operation Crossover and Mutation operations and feasibility issues Representation Genetic Algorithms Benefits to engineers as an optimization tool Problem formulation is easier Allows external procedure based declarations Can work naturally in a discrete environment
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- 72. 1. Create random initial solution γ 2. Eold=cost(γ); 3. for(temp=tempmax; temp=tempmin;temp=next_temp(temp) ) { 4. for(i=0;iimax; i++ ) { 5. succesor_func(γ); //this is a randomized function 6. Enew=cost(γ); 7. delta=Enew-Eold; 8. if(delta0) 9. if(random() = exp(-delta/K*temp); 10. undo_func(γ); //rejected bad move 11. else 12. Eold=Enew //accepted bad move 13. else 14. Eold=Enew; //always accept good moves } }
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