Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the design and development of a dual axis solar tracker system. A dual axis solar tracker is able to track the sun's movement across both axes (east-west and north-south) to maximize solar panel exposure and increase energy generation by 35-45% compared to a fixed panel. The system is controlled using an Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to position the solar panel towards the strongest sunlight.
Dual Axis Solar Tracker Using MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracker system that uses a microcontroller to rotate solar panels throughout the day to maximize solar energy collection. The system tracks the sun's movement across the sky by using a real-time clock and microcontroller to calculate the sun's position and send signals to a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It aims to increase solar panel efficiency by more than 40% compared to fixed panels. The system was tested outdoors where it successfully tracked the sun and measurements found it increased hourly solar energy production.
This document provides details about a dual axis solar tracker project submitted for a diploma in electrical engineering. It includes an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and abstract summarizing the goal of developing a prototype solar tracking system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. The working involves using light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to control servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maximize exposure to sunlight based on sensor inputs, with the aim of increasing overall power output.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
This document describes the benefits of a dual axis solar tracker. It begins by providing background on solar energy production in India and the technologies of photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. It then discusses how single and dual axis solar trackers work, with dual axis trackers able to follow the sun's movement across the sky more precisely for about 40% greater energy production. The document outlines the circuit diagram and components used in the dual axis solar tracker, including Arduino, servo motors, light dependent resistors and charge controller. It concludes by discussing the financial benefits and future improvements possible with solar tracking technologies.
IRJET- Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual-axis solar tracking system developed using Arduino that aims to maximize solar energy collection. It discusses how solar trackers can improve power gain by rotating panels to always face the sun's position. A dual-axis tracker is able to rotate in both horizontal and vertical directions, unlike single-axis trackers. The proposed system uses Arduino, light dependent resistors, motors, and a display to control panel rotation based on sun position. Experimental results show the dual-axis system improves efficiency by 30-45% compared to fixed and single-axis mounting.
Microcontroller based automatic solar power tracking systemIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a research paper on a microcontroller-based automatic solar power tracking system. The system aims to increase the efficiency of solar panels by keeping them aligned with the sun's position throughout the day. It uses a PIC18F452 microcontroller to control the movement of a stepper motor that adjusts the position of the solar panel from east to west. The system operates automatically based on a program loaded onto the microcontroller. It tracks the sun's movement precisely and provides higher power output compared to stationary solar panels.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the design and development of a dual axis solar tracker system. A dual axis solar tracker is able to track the sun's movement across both axes (east-west and north-south) to maximize solar panel exposure and increase energy generation by 35-45% compared to a fixed panel. The system is controlled using an Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to position the solar panel towards the strongest sunlight.
Dual Axis Solar Tracker Using MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracker system that uses a microcontroller to rotate solar panels throughout the day to maximize solar energy collection. The system tracks the sun's movement across the sky by using a real-time clock and microcontroller to calculate the sun's position and send signals to a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It aims to increase solar panel efficiency by more than 40% compared to fixed panels. The system was tested outdoors where it successfully tracked the sun and measurements found it increased hourly solar energy production.
This document provides details about a dual axis solar tracker project submitted for a diploma in electrical engineering. It includes an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and abstract summarizing the goal of developing a prototype solar tracking system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. The working involves using light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to control servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maximize exposure to sunlight based on sensor inputs, with the aim of increasing overall power output.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
This document describes the benefits of a dual axis solar tracker. It begins by providing background on solar energy production in India and the technologies of photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. It then discusses how single and dual axis solar trackers work, with dual axis trackers able to follow the sun's movement across the sky more precisely for about 40% greater energy production. The document outlines the circuit diagram and components used in the dual axis solar tracker, including Arduino, servo motors, light dependent resistors and charge controller. It concludes by discussing the financial benefits and future improvements possible with solar tracking technologies.
IRJET- Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual-axis solar tracking system developed using Arduino that aims to maximize solar energy collection. It discusses how solar trackers can improve power gain by rotating panels to always face the sun's position. A dual-axis tracker is able to rotate in both horizontal and vertical directions, unlike single-axis trackers. The proposed system uses Arduino, light dependent resistors, motors, and a display to control panel rotation based on sun position. Experimental results show the dual-axis system improves efficiency by 30-45% compared to fixed and single-axis mounting.
Microcontroller based automatic solar power tracking systemIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a research paper on a microcontroller-based automatic solar power tracking system. The system aims to increase the efficiency of solar panels by keeping them aligned with the sun's position throughout the day. It uses a PIC18F452 microcontroller to control the movement of a stepper motor that adjusts the position of the solar panel from east to west. The system operates automatically based on a program loaded onto the microcontroller. It tracks the sun's movement precisely and provides higher power output compared to stationary solar panels.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
This document discusses single axis solar tracking systems. It begins with an introduction that outlines the increasing demand for renewable energy and potential of solar energy. It then describes the concept of a single axis solar tracking system which uses a tilted solar panel mount and motor to move the panel relative to the sun's position. The document goes on to describe different types of single axis trackers and discuss sun-earth angles and how they vary throughout the year. It also includes calculations of incidence angles for different periods in Warangal, India. Finally, it discusses the future of solar tracking and double axis tracking systems.
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
A solar tracking system is proposed to maximize solar energy collection using a panel that tracks the sun from east to west automatically. The system uses an LDR light sensor to detect sunlight intensity and control a stepper motor driver to move the panel. It operates by sensing changes in light levels to keep the panel oriented towards the strongest sunlight throughout the day. A microcontroller is used to process sensor feedback and power the motor drive accordingly. The tracking system aims to continually point the panel towards the sun to obtain the highest solar intensity from morning to afternoon.
This project deals with the CAD design and construction of an automatic Solar Tracking system for Sun Tracking and Sun Following based upon the sun vector and the sun's position at any given time and the position of the sun for any GPS location on the earth. It drives hybrid solar Stirling technology for thermal and electricity generation and finds application in smart microgrid development for power and energy distribution an dispatch in off-grid and grid-tied applications. Automatic sun tracker positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic dish solar reflector and mechatronic solar tracking control system project describes the development and CAD design in a dual-axis sun tracker application for a stand-alone off-grid 3 kW solar electrical self-tracking concentrating solar power system. This autonomous power stand-alone solar tracking application and parabolic collector harness sunlight in a dish Stirling system or concentrated photovoltaic system by implementing a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for an autonomous concentrating solar power for CSP and CPV. The same sun tracker can also be used in solar PV photovoltaic where the solar panels follow the sun throughout the day.
single axis solar tracker with out micro controllerNarendhar Kumar
This document is a project report for a solar tracker system developed by six students. It includes:
1) An introduction describing solar energy potential in India and motivation for the project.
2) Details of the solar tracker system components including a light sensor, motor driver, comparator, battery, and DC motor.
3) A circuit diagram and description of how the solar tracker functions to keep the solar panel oriented towards the sun using feedback from the light sensor.
4) Acknowledgements and future work sections noting the guidance received and potential to improve the system with a real-time clock.
In summary, the document presents a student project to develop a single-axis solar tracker using various electrical components
Dual axis solar tracking using arduino with lab view (1)LOCHANBHATT1
This document describes the development of a dual axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. A dual axis solar tracker moves solar panels along two axes (horizontal and vertical) to keep the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays and maximize energy absorption. It requires solar cells, a voltage regulator, an Arduino Nano microcontroller, light dependent resistors to sense sunlight, an L298N motor driver, and DC motors to adjust the panel positioning. The system uses LDR sensors and an Arduino to read sunlight levels and control the motors to continually adjust the panel orientation towards the sun throughout the day.
Solar Powered Sensor Base Irrigation System IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed solar-powered sensor-based irrigation system. The system uses a solar panel with a solar tracking system to maximize energy collection. A microcontroller monitors soil moisture sensors and activates a water pump from stored battery power when the soil is dry. Farmers receive text messages on pump status via GSM. The system aims to optimize water use for agriculture by automating irrigation based on real-time soil conditions rather than fixed schedules. This helps ensure proper soil moisture levels while reducing over-watering and waste. Using solar power addresses rising energy demand in a sustainable way.
report on automatic tracking solar power system Yuvraj Singh
This document is a report on an automatic tracking solar power system submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a solar tracking system using a microcontroller to control servo motors that position solar panels to maintain their perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays throughout the day. This is done to maximize energy generation as the sun moves across the sky. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors to detect sunlight and trigger repositioning of the panels. Experimental results showed the tracking system increased energy output by 25-30% compared to fixed solar panels.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
This document describes a single axis smart solar tracking system using an Arduino. The system uses two LDR sensors and a servo motor connected to an Arduino to track the sun and maximize energy collection from a photovoltaic panel. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send readings to the Arduino, which controls the servo motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly. Testing showed the system successfully orients the panel toward a light source to improve efficiency over a stationary panel. In conclusion, the project demonstrated that LDR sensors and an Arduino can effectively track the sun's position with a simple, low-cost design.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
The document describes a student project to create a solar tracker for a solar panel. The goals are to maximize solar energy collection by moving the panel automatically to track the sun's movement and to design and build an electronic circuit to control a DC motor for panel movement based on light sensor input. Key components discussed include an MSP430 microcontroller, light sensors, a motor driver chip, DC motor, and supporting electronics. Block diagrams and prototype photos are provided. Advantages of solar energy discussed include its abundance, pollution-free use, and suitability for remote applications.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
This document provides information on solar tracking systems and photovoltaic panels. It discusses how solar tracking systems can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by keeping them oriented towards the sun throughout the day. By maintaining an angle of incidence close to 0 degrees, solar tracking maximizes the amount of sunlight absorbed. This can boost the output of PV panels by 30-50% compared to fixed panels. The document also provides details on the components and functioning of solar tracking systems, including sensors, microcontrollers and motors. It examines how improvements in solar cell technology and solar tracking have increased the viability of solar power as a renewable energy source.
This document provides an overview of an Automatic Sun Tracking System (ASTS). The system uses sensors and a microcontroller to monitor sunlight and automatically rotate solar panels toward the sun. It can track the sun throughout the day and continues rotating panels at night in the direction opposite of the Earth's rotation to be aligned with the sun again at dawn. The system has automatic and manual control modes. It is designed to maximize solar panel efficiency in remote areas by constantly adjusting the panel orientation to receive optimal sunlight.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pan...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino micro-controller with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
Optimal artificial neural network configurations for hourly solar irradiation...IJECEIAES
Solar energy is widely used in order to generate clean electric energy. However, due to its intermittent nature, this resource is only inserted in a limited way within the electrical networks. To increase the share of solar energy in the energy balance and allow better management of its production, it is necessary to know precisely the available solar potential at a fine time step to take into account all these stochastic variations. In this paper, a comparison between different artificial neural network (ANN) configurations is elaborated to estimate the hourly solar irradiation. An investigation of the optimal neurons and layers is investigated. To this end, feedforward neural network, cascade forward neural network and fitting neural network have been applied for this purpose. In this context, we have used different meteorological parameters to estimate the hourly global solar irirradiation in the region of Laghouat, Algeria. The validation process shows that choosing the cascade forward neural network two inputs gives an R2 value equal to 97.24% and an normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) equals to 0.1678 compared to the results of three inputs, which gives an R2 value equaled to 95.54% and an NRMSE equals to 0.2252. The comparison between different existing methods in literature show the goodness of the proposed models.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
This document discusses single axis solar tracking systems. It begins with an introduction that outlines the increasing demand for renewable energy and potential of solar energy. It then describes the concept of a single axis solar tracking system which uses a tilted solar panel mount and motor to move the panel relative to the sun's position. The document goes on to describe different types of single axis trackers and discuss sun-earth angles and how they vary throughout the year. It also includes calculations of incidence angles for different periods in Warangal, India. Finally, it discusses the future of solar tracking and double axis tracking systems.
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
A solar tracking system is proposed to maximize solar energy collection using a panel that tracks the sun from east to west automatically. The system uses an LDR light sensor to detect sunlight intensity and control a stepper motor driver to move the panel. It operates by sensing changes in light levels to keep the panel oriented towards the strongest sunlight throughout the day. A microcontroller is used to process sensor feedback and power the motor drive accordingly. The tracking system aims to continually point the panel towards the sun to obtain the highest solar intensity from morning to afternoon.
This project deals with the CAD design and construction of an automatic Solar Tracking system for Sun Tracking and Sun Following based upon the sun vector and the sun's position at any given time and the position of the sun for any GPS location on the earth. It drives hybrid solar Stirling technology for thermal and electricity generation and finds application in smart microgrid development for power and energy distribution an dispatch in off-grid and grid-tied applications. Automatic sun tracker positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic dish solar reflector and mechatronic solar tracking control system project describes the development and CAD design in a dual-axis sun tracker application for a stand-alone off-grid 3 kW solar electrical self-tracking concentrating solar power system. This autonomous power stand-alone solar tracking application and parabolic collector harness sunlight in a dish Stirling system or concentrated photovoltaic system by implementing a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for an autonomous concentrating solar power for CSP and CPV. The same sun tracker can also be used in solar PV photovoltaic where the solar panels follow the sun throughout the day.
single axis solar tracker with out micro controllerNarendhar Kumar
This document is a project report for a solar tracker system developed by six students. It includes:
1) An introduction describing solar energy potential in India and motivation for the project.
2) Details of the solar tracker system components including a light sensor, motor driver, comparator, battery, and DC motor.
3) A circuit diagram and description of how the solar tracker functions to keep the solar panel oriented towards the sun using feedback from the light sensor.
4) Acknowledgements and future work sections noting the guidance received and potential to improve the system with a real-time clock.
In summary, the document presents a student project to develop a single-axis solar tracker using various electrical components
Dual axis solar tracking using arduino with lab view (1)LOCHANBHATT1
This document describes the development of a dual axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. A dual axis solar tracker moves solar panels along two axes (horizontal and vertical) to keep the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays and maximize energy absorption. It requires solar cells, a voltage regulator, an Arduino Nano microcontroller, light dependent resistors to sense sunlight, an L298N motor driver, and DC motors to adjust the panel positioning. The system uses LDR sensors and an Arduino to read sunlight levels and control the motors to continually adjust the panel orientation towards the sun throughout the day.
Solar Powered Sensor Base Irrigation System IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed solar-powered sensor-based irrigation system. The system uses a solar panel with a solar tracking system to maximize energy collection. A microcontroller monitors soil moisture sensors and activates a water pump from stored battery power when the soil is dry. Farmers receive text messages on pump status via GSM. The system aims to optimize water use for agriculture by automating irrigation based on real-time soil conditions rather than fixed schedules. This helps ensure proper soil moisture levels while reducing over-watering and waste. Using solar power addresses rising energy demand in a sustainable way.
report on automatic tracking solar power system Yuvraj Singh
This document is a report on an automatic tracking solar power system submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a solar tracking system using a microcontroller to control servo motors that position solar panels to maintain their perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays throughout the day. This is done to maximize energy generation as the sun moves across the sky. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors to detect sunlight and trigger repositioning of the panels. Experimental results showed the tracking system increased energy output by 25-30% compared to fixed solar panels.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
This document describes a single axis smart solar tracking system using an Arduino. The system uses two LDR sensors and a servo motor connected to an Arduino to track the sun and maximize energy collection from a photovoltaic panel. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send readings to the Arduino, which controls the servo motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly. Testing showed the system successfully orients the panel toward a light source to improve efficiency over a stationary panel. In conclusion, the project demonstrated that LDR sensors and an Arduino can effectively track the sun's position with a simple, low-cost design.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
The document describes a student project to create a solar tracker for a solar panel. The goals are to maximize solar energy collection by moving the panel automatically to track the sun's movement and to design and build an electronic circuit to control a DC motor for panel movement based on light sensor input. Key components discussed include an MSP430 microcontroller, light sensors, a motor driver chip, DC motor, and supporting electronics. Block diagrams and prototype photos are provided. Advantages of solar energy discussed include its abundance, pollution-free use, and suitability for remote applications.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
This document provides information on solar tracking systems and photovoltaic panels. It discusses how solar tracking systems can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by keeping them oriented towards the sun throughout the day. By maintaining an angle of incidence close to 0 degrees, solar tracking maximizes the amount of sunlight absorbed. This can boost the output of PV panels by 30-50% compared to fixed panels. The document also provides details on the components and functioning of solar tracking systems, including sensors, microcontrollers and motors. It examines how improvements in solar cell technology and solar tracking have increased the viability of solar power as a renewable energy source.
This document provides an overview of an Automatic Sun Tracking System (ASTS). The system uses sensors and a microcontroller to monitor sunlight and automatically rotate solar panels toward the sun. It can track the sun throughout the day and continues rotating panels at night in the direction opposite of the Earth's rotation to be aligned with the sun again at dawn. The system has automatic and manual control modes. It is designed to maximize solar panel efficiency in remote areas by constantly adjusting the panel orientation to receive optimal sunlight.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pan...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino micro-controller with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
Optimal artificial neural network configurations for hourly solar irradiation...IJECEIAES
Solar energy is widely used in order to generate clean electric energy. However, due to its intermittent nature, this resource is only inserted in a limited way within the electrical networks. To increase the share of solar energy in the energy balance and allow better management of its production, it is necessary to know precisely the available solar potential at a fine time step to take into account all these stochastic variations. In this paper, a comparison between different artificial neural network (ANN) configurations is elaborated to estimate the hourly solar irradiation. An investigation of the optimal neurons and layers is investigated. To this end, feedforward neural network, cascade forward neural network and fitting neural network have been applied for this purpose. In this context, we have used different meteorological parameters to estimate the hourly global solar irirradiation in the region of Laghouat, Algeria. The validation process shows that choosing the cascade forward neural network two inputs gives an R2 value equal to 97.24% and an normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) equals to 0.1678 compared to the results of three inputs, which gives an R2 value equaled to 95.54% and an NRMSE equals to 0.2252. The comparison between different existing methods in literature show the goodness of the proposed models.
An IntelligentMPPT Method For PV Systems Operating Under Real Environmental C...theijes
The sun irradiance (G) and temperature (T) are the two main factors that affect the output power gained from the photovoltaic (PV) DC–DC converter. Therefore, to enhance the performance of the overall system; a mechanism to track the maximum power point (MPP) is required. Conventional maximum power point tracking approaches, such as observation and perturbation technique, experience difficulty in identifying the true MPP. Therefore, intelligent systems including fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) are introduced for the maximum power point tracking system (MPPT). The selection of the membership functions (MFs) and the fuzzy sets (FSs) numbers are crucial in the performance of the FLC based MPPT. Accordingly, this work presents numerous adaptive neuro-fuzzy systems to automatically adjustthe fuzzy logic controller membership functions as an alternative to the trial and error approach, which waste time and effort in MPPT design. For this purpose an adaptive neuro-fuzzy system is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to determine suitable MFs and the FSs for the fuzzy logic controller. The effects of different types of MFs and the FSs are deeply investigated using real data collected from the rooftop PV system. The investigations show that the fuzzy logic controller with a triangular membership function and seven fuzzy setsprovides the best results
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pane...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino microcontroller
with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
This document compares the performance of PID and fuzzy logic controllers for sun trackers based on a tetrahedron geometry sensor. Two identical sun trackers were built, each using a different control algorithm (PID or fuzzy logic). Both tracked the sun's movement and recorded the solar cell load. The study found that the sun tracker using fuzzy logic control performed better, receiving more solar cell load, indicating it tracked the sun's movement more optimally than the PID controller.
Automated Solar Tracking System for Efficient Energy Utilizationvivatechijri
This paper proposes a project that involves an automated solar tracking system which will make use
of LDR’s to track the position of sun. The output of LDR’s will be compared and analyzed to provide correct
alignment of the solar panel. Also another tracking technique is being implemented along, which uses the relation
of sun earth position at a given location. This telemetric data is given to microcontroller which will drive the
motors to align the solar panel. This is useful during cloudy weather and rainy days when it is difficult to check
the position of sun. Solar panels give output efficiency of around 15% to 20% based on the type of panel. The use
of solar tracking system increases it to a range of about 30% to 35%. This project further involves use of reflective
sheets on the sides of solar panel which will concentrate the reflected rays on the panel. Due to this the efficiency
is further increased around 40%. This project is a cost effective solution for stationary solar systems to increase
efficiency.
Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC and SCADAijtsrd
This document discusses the development of an intelligent sun-tracking system to optimize solar energy production from photovoltaic cells. The system uses a programmable logic controller and supervisory control and data acquisition to automatically adjust the position of solar cells based on the sun's changing position. An experimental prototype was built with a solar cell mounted on a structure with two motorized axes controlled by stepper motors. Testing showed the system effectively tracks the sun to maximize energy production compared to fixed solar cells. The system aims to increase the efficiency of solar energy harvesting and generation.
The accurate prediction of solar irradiation has been
a leading problem for better energy scheduling approach.
Hence in this paper, an Artificial neural network based solar
irradiance is proposed for five days duration the data is
obtained from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA
and the simulation were performed using MATLAB 2013. It
was found that the neural model was able to predict the solar
irradiance with a mean square error of 0.0355.
Development of Automatic PV Power Pack Servo Based Single Axis Solar Tracking...IOSR Journals
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical structure, LDR sensors, microcontroller, servo motor, and battery. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical design, active control components like the LDRs, microcontroller and servo motor, and a power system. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT OF THE SOLAR PANELS WITH...IAEME Publication
Nowadays solar energy is getting much attention in all the available renewable
sources. Most of the solar devices consist of a solar receptor arranged to face the sun to
get the maximum amount of sunlight on a photovoltaic panel using mirrors and auto
tracking technology. However the main defect occurs with the day and seasonal
variations. The amount of electricity produced from PV panel depends on the amount of
radiation that is focused on the PV panel. More the radiation on panel results in more
amount of electricity. In this present work an attempt is made to increase the amount of
radiation by introducing the mirror and auto tracking arrangement to allow more rays to
be concentrated on a small area of photovoltaic panel. A new platform made in shape in
parabolic which is adjusted to follow the sun. Mirrors and PV panels are attached on a
Flat shaped frame at an angle of 120° between them. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed
to estimate the exact time for sun tracking. The closet location while getting the sunlight
is considered as input taken from the database. This method minimizes the number of
motors for initial start and helps for the less quantity of energy loss in partial or full cloud
conditions. The comparison has studied for fixed PV panel and this new PV panel with
mirror and results are tabulate. The results show an increase of 33% in average of
efficiency by using mirror and tracking system
This document presents the seminar details for a project on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a photovoltaic system. The project aims to compare the Buck-boost, Cuk, Sepic and Zeta DC-DC converters for use in an MPPT system using an incremental conduction MPPT algorithm. The methodology will involve simulating the four converters in MATLAB, observing their output characteristics, and selecting the best converter. A literature review covers previous work on MPPT algorithms and converter selection. The project schedule outlines tasks over 10 months including simulation implementation, comparisons of results, and final submission.
Optimization of photovoltaic energy by a microcontroller saad motahhir
One of the major challenges of all nations today is to find new energy sources to meet the needs for continued growth in Energy Term. The conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cells is becoming a necessity in particular through the observation of a global evolution in clean energy that respects the environment. The main challenge is to optimize as much as possible the cost / energy ($/watt) ratio thus boosting both energy performance and at the same time take full advantage of the sun's rays throughout the day.In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement.
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
Arduino based Dual Axis Smart Solar TrackerIJAEMSJORNAL
Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. It is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. Trackers direct solar panels or modules toward the sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun’s path to maximize energy capture. The use of solar trackers can increase electricity production by around a third, and some claim by as much as 40% in some regions, compared with modules at a fixed angle. In any solar application, the conversion efficiency is improved when the modules are continually adjusted to the optimum angle as the sun traverses the sky. This paper presents the designing of a solar tracking system which is based on Arduino UNO and which provides movement of solar panel in the direction of maximum sun light incident. As a result of which we get more efficient system which is compact, low cost as well as easy to use.
A Seminar Project Report ARDUINO BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMVicki Cristol
This document provides an introduction, overall description, and requirements for an Arduino-based solar tracking system project. The project uses Arduino, light dependent resistors, and servo motors to automatically rotate a solar panel to track the sun's movement and maximize energy absorption. The system is designed to constantly monitor sunlight intensity with sensors and rotate the panel in two axes (east-west and north-south) towards the direction with strongest light. The document outlines the hardware, software, and algorithms used to achieve this dual-axis solar tracking functionality.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Dual Axis Automated Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of a dual axis automated solar tracking system. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and the benefits of increasing solar panel efficiency. It then describes the design and testing of a prototype dual axis solar tracker, which uses light dependent resistors and servo motors to orient solar panels perpendicular to the sun throughout the day. Experimental results show that the dual axis tracker increased average solar panel voltage by 8.61% compared to a stationary system. Therefore, solar tracking systems can significantly boost solar energy harvesting efficiency.
Energy efficient routing algorithm in wireless sensor networksAlexander Decker
This document presents a new routing algorithm called SMA (solar aware routing with mobile agent concept) for wireless sensor networks that aims to improve energy efficiency. The SMA algorithm has two phases: a set-up phase where the sink node calculates the shortest paths from sensor nodes to solar-powered auxiliary sink nodes; and a steady state phase where mobile agents circulate along the determined paths to gather data from sensor nodes and send it to the sink node via the solar nodes. The document evaluates SMA through simulations and finds it outperforms existing client-server and mobile agent approaches in terms of energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and overall cost.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Solar Tracking For Maximum Utilization Of Solar EnergyIRJET Journal
This document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar energy utilization by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a DC motor controlled by a microcontroller to enable one-axis of horizontal tracking automatically and another axis of vertical tracking manually. By more accurately positioning the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day, the system can increase energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels. It discusses the hardware components, control logic, and concludes that such a low-cost tracking system has potential to increase renewable energy access in rural areas.
Similar to Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems (20)
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Nov 2018 Table of contents; current issue -International Journal on Soft Comp...IJSCAI Journal
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graph database.
Estimation Of The Parameters Of Solar Cells From Current-Voltage Characterist...IJSCAI Journal
This paper presents a method for calculating the light generated current, the series resistance, shun
resistance and the two components of the reverse saturation current usually encountered in the double
diode representation of
the solar cell from the experimental values of the current
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voltage characteristics
of the cell using genetic algorithm. The theory is able to regenerate the above mentioned parameters to
very good accuracy when applied to cell data that was generated from
pre
-
defined parameters. The
method is applied to various types of space quality solar cells and sub cells. All parameters except the
light generated current are seen to be nearly the same in the case of a cell whose characteristics under
illumination and i
n dark were analyzed. The light generated current is nearly equal to the short
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circuit
current in all cases. The parameters obtained by this method and another method are nearly equal
wherever applicable. The parameters are also shown to represent the cur
rent
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voltage characteristics
well
Implementation of Folksonomy Based Tag Cloud Model for Information Retrieval ...IJSCAI Journal
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ticipated resource, especially
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from docume
nt repository is to attach tags to documents. Numerous online social bookmarking services
permit users to attach tags with resources which are eventually meta
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data, frequently stated as folksonomy.
In current paper, authors implemented this model for infor
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retrieving by using delicious API and synthesize tag cloud in an Indian University to search and retrieve
information from document repository
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Internet is the boon in modern era as every organization uses it for dissemination of information and ecommerce
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delay problem. Prediction model analysing history of internet user from server raw log files and determine
future sequence of web objects and placed all web objects to nearer to the user so access latency could be
reduced to some extent and problem of delay is to be solved. To determine sequence of future web objects,
it is necessary to determine proximity of one web object with other by identifying proper distance metric
technique related to web caching and prefetching. This paper studies different distance metric techniques
and concludes that bio informatics based distance metric techniques are ideal in context to Web Caching
and Web Prefetching
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researchers come up with new ideas for improving the classification rate of various diseases. Breast cancer
is one such disease killing large number of people around the world. Diagnosing the disease at its earliest
instance makes a huge impact on its treatment. The authors propose a Binary Bat Algorithm (BBA) based
Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) hybrid model, where the advantages of BBA and efficiency of FNN is
exploited for the classification of three benchmark breast cancer datasets into malignant and benign cases.
Here BBA is used to generate a V-shaped hyperbolic tangent function for training the network and a fitness
function is used for error minimization. FNNBBA based classification produces 92.61% accuracy for
training data and 89.95% for testing data.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
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Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
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JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems
1. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
DOI :10.5121/ijscai.2016.5302 23
DESIGN OF DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER SYSTEM
BASED ON FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS
Hamzah Hijawi and Labib Arafeh
Department of Computer Science, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
ABSTRACT
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical systems; the basic concept of the
fuzzy set theory was first introduced by Zadeh in 1965 [1]. It provides an effective framework to
deal with the problem of knowledge representation in an environment of uncertainty and
imprecision. The concept of fuzzy logic is based on the degree of truth rather than the usual crisp
Boolean values [2], it includes 0 and 1 as extreme cases of truth in addition to the various states
between them. The importance of fuzzy logic was basically derived from the fact of human
reasoning which are approximate values in nature. One of the main characteristics of the fuzzy
models is the development of rules which relates the fuzzy input and the required output
according to predefined membership functions [3]. A number of membership functions MF have
been proposed in the past few years, namely the triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian and bell shape
functions. MF is defined as a graph that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to a
value between 0 and 1. The inputs are often referred as a universe of discourse which contains all
the possible elements of concern [4].
2. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
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The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), developed in the early 90s by Jang in
1993 [5], that combines the concepts of fuzzy logic and neural networks to form a hybrid
intelligent system to enhance the ability to automatically learn and adapt. Hybrid systems have
been used by researchers for modeling and predictions in various engineering systems. The basic
idea behind these neuro-adaptive learning techniques is to provide a method for the fuzzy
modeling procedure to learn information [6].
In this paper, we present different types of fuzzy models for the dual-axis solar tracking system.
The system is used to move photovoltaic panel according to the sun position in order to maximize
the power produced. The system is modeled with different combinations of Mamdani fuzzy logic
and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system ANFIS modeling, the testing data is compared with
forecasted results using several metrics including: their Correlation Coefficients, The Mean
Absolute Percent Error, MAPE, and the Mean Percentage Error, MPE errors.
The organization of the paper is as follow: we present different related works by other researchers
in section two. Systems’s deisgn is covered in section three. While several types of fuzzy models
for the dual-axis solar tracking system are shown in sections four and five, section six discusses
the results and section seven concludes the paper.
2. RELATED WORK
Fuzzy logic modeling has been widely used in many applications [4, 5]; fuzzy control is an
example. However, fuzzy logic can be used to increase the output power of photovoltaic panels,
sun tracking can increase the output power production by keeping the panel parallel to the sun,
which makes the sun radiation perpendicular with the panel. Such system requires dual-axis
tracking system. However, it was found that over 25 years’ period PV dual-axis tracker will
produce about 10 years’ worth of additional solar energy [6, 7]. In spite of the development of
power electronics resources, the direct current machine became more and more useful. For
example, the speed of DC motor can be adjusted to a great extent as to provide controllability
easy and high performance [11]. Controllers can be in different types: PID Controller, Fuzzy
Logic Controller; or the combination between them: Fuzzy-Neural Networks, Fuzzy-Genetic
Algorithm. In [12], a MATLAB Simulink model for speed control of DC model using Mamdani
fuzzy logic is provided, the simulation shows that the proposed fuzzy logic controller gives a
smooth speed control with less overshoot and without oscillation. In [10], an application of
ANFIS control for DC motor speed is presented. First, the system is modeled according to fuzzy
rules, then an adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy controller of the DC motor speed is design and simulated.
ANIFS has the advantage of the expert knowledge of the fuzzy inference system and the learning
capability of the neural network. Results show that ANFIS models give better performance and
high robustness than fuzzy rules alone.
In [13], a comparison is made for tuning methods of PID controllers to improve the performance
of control system of DC motor. The system is first tuned using the conventional Zeigler method
then the supervisory feature of fuzzy logic was used. The performance of the two approaches was
compared, results show that the fuzzy logic approach has minimum overshoot, minimum
transient, and steady-state parameters. [13] Provided a fuzzy logic control model in order to
maximize the power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic, the power variation and output
voltage variation are used as inputs to the model. In order to improve the performance of the
proposed method, the asymmetric membership function is used. Results show that FLC method
can simultaneously shorten the tracking time and increase the tracking accuracy.
3. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
25
3. SYSTEM DESIGN
The proposed system consists of a PV panel, four light sensors, two stepper motors. Sensors are
placed in positions to read the sun illumination from the four directions; East, West, South, and
North. One stepper motor is used to rotate the panel horizontally according to East and West light
sensors readings, the other one is used to rotate the panel vertically according to South and North
sensors readings as shown in figure 1.
Figure1. PV dual axis panel
4. FUZZY LOGIC MODELING
The proposed model is based on the four light sensors readings inputs. Preprocessing phase takes
the sensor readings as resistance values in ohm and converts them to a luminance scale between 0
to 1000 lux. Mamdani model is used to design the system. It is based on fuzzy inference system
which employs the fuzzy if-then rules and can model the human knowledge and reasoning
process without employing precise quantitative analysis [8]. A two-stage system is proposed as
shown in figure 2, and the system model is described in figure 3.
Figure 2. Proposed system block diagram
4. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
26
Figure 3. System model
East and West luminance values control the rotation speed and direction of the first motor in the
horizontal axis while South and North values control the rotation speed and direction of the
second motor in the vertical axis. The goal is to rotate the PV panel to a place which makes the
sun radiation perpendicular to the PV panel, which in terms increases the total produced power.
Trapezoidal member functions are used to describe the inputs and the outputs. Figure 4 shows the
universe of discourse for each input, it has four membership functions; dim, dark, overcast and
bright.
Figure 4. Inputs Membership functions
The output represents the rotation speed and direction of horizontal and vertical motors. Figure 5
shows the universe of discourse for each output, it has six trapezoidal membership functions in
the range of -180 to 180; clockwise slow, clockwise mid, clockwise fast, counter clockwise slow,
counter-clockwise mid and counter clockwise fast.
5. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
27
Figure 5. Output membership functions
Table 1 shows the fuzzy rules used to map east and west luminance values to a horizontal motor
rotation speed and direction.
Table 1. Horizontal rotation rules
West Luminance
EastLuminance
Dim Dark Overcast Bright
Dim - Clockwise slow Clockwise mid
Clockwise
fast
Dark
Counter clockwise
slow
- Clockwise slow
Clockwise
mid
Overcast
Counter clockwise
mid
Counter clockwise
slow
-
Clockwise
slow
Bright
Counter clockwise
fast
Counter clockwise
mid
Counter clockwise
slow
-
Rules in table 1 can be explained as follow:
1. If East luminance is dim and west luminance is dim then don’t rotate.
2. If East luminance is dim and west luminance is dark then rotate clockwise with slow speed.
3. If East luminance is dim and west luminance is overcast then rotate clockwise with mid
speed.
4. If East luminance is dim and west luminance is bright then rotate clockwise with fast speed.
5. If East luminance is dark and west luminance is dim then rotate counter clockwise with slow
speed.
6. If East luminance is dark and west luminance is dark then don’t rotate
7. If East luminance is dark and west luminance is overcast then rotate clockwise with slow
speed.
6. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
28
8. If East luminance is dark and west luminance is bright then rotate clockwise with mid speed.
9. If East luminance is overcast and west luminance is dim then rotate counter clockwise with
mid speed.
10. If East luminance is overcast and west luminance is dark then rotate counter clockwise with
slow speed.
11. If East luminance is overcast and west luminance is overcast then don’t rotate.
12. If East luminance is overcast and west luminance is bright then rotate clockwise with slow
speed.
13. If East luminance is bright and west luminance is dim then rotate counter clockwise with
slow fast.
14. If East luminance is bright and west luminance is dark then rotate counter clockwise with
mid speed.
15. If East luminance is bright and west luminance is overcast then rotate counter clockwise with
slow speed.
16. If East luminance is bright and west luminance is bright then don’t rotate.
The second motor which is responsible for vertical rotation is controlled by the other two inputs,
south and north sensors. The rotation speed and direction of the motor is based on rules described
in table 2.
Table 2. Vertical rotation rules
South Luminance
NorthLuminance
Dim Dark Overcast Bright
Dim -
Counter clockwise
slow
Counter clockwise
mid
Counter
clockwise fast
Dark Clockwise slow -
Counter clockwise
slow
Counter
clockwise mid
Overcast Clockwise mid Clockwise slow -
Counter
clockwise slow
Bright Clockwise fast Clockwise mid Clockwise slow -
Rules in table 2 can be explained as follow:
1. If north luminance is dim and south luminance is dim then don’t rotate.
2. If north luminance is dim and south luminance is dark then rotate counter clockwise with
slow speed.
3. If north luminance is dim and south luminance is overcast then rotate counter clockwise with
mid speed.
4. If north luminance is dim and south luminance is bright then rotate counter clockwise with
fast speed.
5. If north luminance is dark and south luminance is dim then rotate clockwise slow.
6. If north luminance is dark and south luminance is dark then don’t rotate.
7. If north luminance is dark and south luminance is overcast then rotate counter clockwise
with slow speed.
8. If north luminance is dark and south luminance is bright then rotate counter clockwise with
mid speed.
7. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
29
9. If north luminance is overcast and south luminance is dim then rotate clockwise mid.
10. If north luminance is overcast and south luminance is dark then rotate clockwise slow.
11. If north luminance is overcast and south luminance is overcast then don’t rotate.
12. If north luminance is overcast and south luminance is bright then rotate counter clockwise
with slow speed.
13. If north luminance is bright and south luminance is dim then rotate clockwise fast.
14. If north luminance is bright and south luminance is dark then rotate clockwise mid.
15. If north luminance is bright and south luminance is overcast then rotate clockwise slow.
16. If north luminance is bright and south luminance is bright then don’t rotate.
5. ANFIS MODELING TECHNIQUES
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system ANFIS is a kind of artificial neural network that it is
based on Sugeno fuzzy inference system [9]. ANFIS is a multilayer feedforward network which
uses neural network learning algorithms and fuzzy reasoning to map an input space to an output
space. With the ability to combine the verbal power of a fuzzy system with the numeric power of
a neural system adaptive network, ANFIS has been shown to be powerful in modeling numerous
processes.
The proposed system described in section 2 is also modeled with ANFIS modeling techniques.
These are; grid partition without training, grid partition with hybrid training, grid partition with
backpropagation training, subtractive clustering without training, subtractive clustering with
hybrid training and subtractive clustering with backpropagation training. Grid partition divides
the data space into rectangular subspaces using axis-paralleled partition based on a pre-defined
number of membership functions and their types in each dimension [14]. The wider applications
of grid partition in fuzzy logic and fuzzy inference systems are blocked by the curse of
dimensions, which means that the number of fuzzy rules increases exponentially when the
number of input variables increases. The subtractive clustering method clusters data points in an
unsupervised way by measuring the potential of data points in the feature space. When there is
not a clear idea how many clusters there should be used for a given data set, it can be used for
estimating the number of clusters and the cluster centers [18]. Subtractive clustering assumes that
each data point is a potential cluster center and calculates the potential for each data point based
on the density of surrounding data points.
As discussed in section 2, the system has four inputs and two outputs, first and second inputs
affect the results of the first output while the third and fourth inputs affect the results of the
second output. Since ANFIS doesn’t support multiple outputs, the system is divided into two
single output models with two inputs for each one as shown in figure 6.
8. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
30
Figure 6. ANFIS system model
The number and the types of membership functions are the same as what is used in Mamdani
model. For each input, the number of the membership functions is set to four and the type is set
to trapmf. After generating FIS, the models structure will be as shown in figure 7. The figure
shows the number of inputs, the number of membership functions for each input, the number of
rules and the number of output membership functions.
Figure 7. ANFIS model structure
To make the system operational, the models is trained with selected train datasets. Mainly,
there are two optimum methods available for FIS training; hybrid and back propagation. Error
tolerance is related to the error size and is used to decrease the average testing error and
increase the system accuracy. Each model is trained with a dataset of 7k points.
9. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
31
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to compare the accuracy of each model, a cross-validation testing with a dataset of 1.7K
points is used. Three comparison measures are used; correlation coefficient, MAPE, and MPE. A
correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree to which changes to the value of one
variable predict change to the value of another. The Mean Absolute Percent Error MAPE is the
most common measure of forecast error while Mean Percentage Error MPE is the computed
average of percentage errors by which forecasts of a model differ from actual values of the
quantity being forecast. Formulas 1, 2 and 3 show how each of these measures can be calculated.
Results are summarized in table3.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Where,
X: Actual results vector.
Y: Forecast results vector.
: Mean of X.
: Mean of Y.
Table 3. Testing measures comparison
Model Output
Correlation
%
MAPE
%
MPE
%
Mamdani
x_rotation 98.28 6.84 5.21
y_rotation 98.33 8.26 4.37
Grid Partition without training
x_rotation 0 48.74 100
y_rotation 0 50.45 100
Grid Partition with hybrid
training
x_rotation 98.77 1.53 -7.78
y_rotation 98.77 3.49 -9.378
Grid Partition with backpropa
training
x_rotation 98.73 2.03 -7.88
y_rotation 98.72 4.16 -12.81
Clustering without training
x_rotation 98.60 1.0 -4.70
y_rotation 98.45 1.81 -7.66
Clustering with hybrid training
x_rotation 98.60 1.0 -4.70
y_rotation 98.45 1.81 -7.66
Clustering with backpropa
training
x_rotation 98.60 1.67 -2.27
y_rotation 98.67 2.15 -5.80
10. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
32
As shown in table 3, the testing measures for all models are so close. However, the maximum
correlation obtained is for grid partitioning with hybrid training while the minimum MAPE error
is for clustering with and without training and the minimum MPE is for clustering with
backpropagation model. Each model has its training method and this explains the small differ in
values between all models. For the case of grid partitioning without training, the correlation
between actual results and forecasted results is zero and the errors are at the maximum values,
this is because the default training option for the grid modeling is without training. In such case,
the system has not any previous knowledge about the testing data and is unable to recognize
them. This is not the same for the case of cluster modeling, in which the default training option is
hybrid. This explains the exact values obtained in clustering without training and with hybrid
training.
Figures 8 a-g show plots comparison between the actual 1.7k data test points and their
corresponding forecasted results. Plots show how the forecasted results are so close to the actual
results.
11. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
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12. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
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In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed models, we used the second stage of the
proposed system model shown in figure 2 and applied ANFIS grid partitioning modeling with
hybrid training option. The stage has three inputs, two of them are the outputs from the first stage.
These are, horizontal_rotation_speed and vertical_rotation_speed, the third input is the real power
produced by fixed axis PV system. The output of this stage represents the power which will be
produced if the dual-axis solar tracker is used. In order to compare the actual power produced by
a fixed photovoltaic system with the power produced by the dual-axis system proposed in this
paper. The hourly average solar radiation data from the year of 2013 in Al-Najah solar panel
system is used, results are summarized in table 4 and figure 9.
Table 1. Fixed and dual-axis power comparison
Actual power in the fixed panels system W/m2 848595.7
Expected power in the dual-axis system W/m2 1039045.2
Gain 22.44 %
13. International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI), Vol.5, No.2/3, August 2016
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Figure 9. Fixed panels vs. Dual-axis output power % for the year of 2013
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper many fuzzy logic models of dual-axis solar tracking systems were proposed and a
fuzzy logic based DC motor speed control system was designed. First, the system was modeled
using Mamdani fuzzy logic modeling then various cases of ANIFS models were applied. Same
testing dataset is applied to each model and results were compared in terms of actual data
correlation with forecasted data, MAPE and MPE error. In order to show the effectiveness of the
proposed dual-axis solar tracking models, a second stage of fuzzy inference system was used to
forecast the output power. Results from this model showed that the proposed dual-axis solar
tracking system provided 22% more power than the fixed PV system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge that the data that is used in this comparison has been obtained from Al-Najah
solar system in the year of 2013 [15].
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AUTHORS
Hamzah Hijawi received his BS in computer system engineering from Birzeit
University, Ramallah, Palestine, in 2011. He is currently working with Exalt
technologies as a software engineer since 2010, and currently pursuing his Master of
Computer Science from Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine. His researches
interest include Computer Networks, Information Security, Wireless Sensor Networks
and Data Mining.
Labib Arafeh has over Thirty years of professional experience including Information
Technology applications, teaching, training, administration, development and planning,
tied with hands-on exposure monitoring, evaluation & supervisory responsibilities. Dr.
Arafeh has obtained his expertise from working experience at three universities, study
visits and as the director of the National Accreditation & Quality Assurance Commission,
as well leading and participating in developing and implementing several local and global
related projects. He has also been involved in managing, supervising and implementing
several international & local projects such as developing e-Learning and quality assurance
policies for EMUNI university. Dr. Arafeh has been involved in leading and participating in related several
international & local projects including the UNESCO funded IT & Electrical Engineering Benchmarks,
RAND (US)-Al-Quds University funded effective teaching project, EU-supported FINSI, ICT-LEAP and
RUFO Tempus projects. In addition, Dr. Arafeh has participated in evaluating & studying positive and
negative impacts of several World Bank & EU proposed projects. Also, he evaluated the technology 5-10
school curricula and developed the textbook for the 8th grade. Furthermore, Dr. Arafeh’s main research
topics including Applying Neurofuzzy modeling techniques to applications like: Water and Power Load
Demand Predictions, Management Key Knowledge Areas, Entrepreneurship Key Competencies, etc.,
quality eLearning systems, Multimedia, Automatic Essay Grading and Scoring, mobile Text-To-Speech,
and Software Engineering.