I am sharing this ppt on topic Narcotic Analgesia and it's antagonist. In that we include the Narcotic Receptors, Narcotic Analgesic introduction and mechanism of Action also i was explained about Narcotic Antagonist.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
I am sharing this ppt on topic Narcotic Analgesia and it's antagonist. In that we include the Narcotic Receptors, Narcotic Analgesic introduction and mechanism of Action also i was explained about Narcotic Antagonist.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Serotonin is major neurotransmitter and affects the physiology of our body. Serotonin antagonists are used in various pathological conditions of body. This is a small presentation showing feature of serotonin.
This set of 17 slides introduces students to the some of the basic physiological processes that are the targets of many analgesic drug classes. It is suitable for beginner/intermediate level learners.
seminar is about the mechanism of action of the central and periphary acting analgesics. the pathway of pain and various analgesic and their properties
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Tripoli University
Faculty of Pharmacy
Drug Treatment of Pain
2011-2012
BY
PROF. ABDALLA SALEM ELHWUEGI (Ph.D.)
2. Main Goals
• To know mechanisms and pain pathways.
• To know Classification of analgesics.
• To know about narcotic analgesics (M.O.A.,
PA, S.E., C.I., T.U., Tolerance and
Dependence to opioids).
• To know about non-narcotic analgesics
(M.O.A., PA, S.E., C.I., T.U.)
3. Peripheral and central Pain pathways
• When a pain-producing
stimulus activates the
primary afferent nociceptor,
it generates electrochemical
impulses that propagate
through the peripheral nerves
to activate spinal cord nerve
cells. These nerve cells in turn
give rise to the pathways that
conduct the pain message to
higher centers in the
thalamus and cerebral cortex
that are required for the
conscious perception of pain.
4. Role of the Brain in Nociception
The brain is vital for 3 aspects of pain:
1. Perception of pain and its characteristics
(sensory-discrimination).
2. Reaction to pain (emotional aspects of
pain-affective-motivational).
3. Modulation of pain (especially by
descending control).
5. Types of Pain
Acute Pain Chronic Pain
1. An unpleasant sensory 1. Pain in the absence of or
or emotional experience following the removal of a
2. Caused by tissue injury. noxious stimulus. This is
also known as
It is also known as "pathological pain".
"physiological" or 2. The presence of chronic
"nociceptive" pain. pain implies a lesion or
3. Has a a role in malfunction in the "pain
protecting the organism pathway".
from injurious stimuli 3. Chronic pain has no
(noxious). protective role and is a
disease process.
6. Mechanisms of Pain Relief
1. Membrane lipid/protein disruption - general
anesthetics.
2. Ion channel blockade - local anesthetics.
3. GABA receptor modulation - general
anesthetics, IV anesthetics.
4. “Opioid” receptor activation - Narcotic
analgesics
5. Enzyme inhibition – Aspirin Like drugs
(NSAIDs).
7. Treatment of Pain
Drugs Known as analgesics
Types of Analgesics
• Opioid Analgesics • Non-opioid Analgesics
• Morphine like • Aspirin like
• Non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory
(NSAIDS)
8. I) Narcotic Analgesics &
Narcotic Antagonists
• Narcotic analgesics are those agents that are
distinguished from agents such as aspirin in that
they are used clinically for severe visceral pain
and possess an dependence (addiction) liability.
9. Classification Of Opioids
1. Classification based on Source
• Naturally occurring from the exudate of the seed
pod of the opium poppy. Contains over 20
alkaloids including morphine and codeine
(opiates).
• Commercial synthesis of compounds with
varying therapeutic properties.
• Endogenous Opiate Peptides - Endorphines
(Enkephalins, Beta-endorphin and Dynorphins).
10. 2. Classification based on action at opioid
receptors
Compound Mu Delta Kappa
(μ) (δ) (κ)
Morphine Ag Ag Ag
Fentanyl Ag Ag Ag
Methadone Ag
Pentazocine HCl pAg Ag
Butorphanol pAg Ag
tartrate
Nalbuphine HCl pAg Ag
Buprenorphine HCl pAg
Naloxone HCl Ant Ant Ant
Ag (Agonist) Ant (Antagonist) pAg (Partial agonist)
11. Examples
• Opioid drugs that are full agonists at mu
receptors: “morphine met me finally”:
(Morphine, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl)
• Opioid drugs that are partial agonists at mu
receptors: “partially b-blocks narcotics”:
(pentazocine, butorphanol, buprenorphine,
nalbuphine).
12. The “Opioid” Receptors
A. Characteristics
• High concentrations of these receptors are located in areas
of the CNS known to involve pain signal transmission
i. The dorsal horn of the spinal cord
ii. Periaqueductal gray
iii.Rostral ventral medulla, and several thalamic nuclei
• Selective binding sites for the opioids.
• Binding of Opioids to these receptors mediate diverse
pharmacological effects.
13. B. Properties
• Structural specificity - small modifications of the drug molecule cause
large changes in drug binding (and in drug effect in vivo).
• Stereospecificity - only the l (-) isomeric form of the agent binds with
high affinity (and is active as an analgesic).
• Competition between agonists and antagonists - drugs of partially similar
structure can bind to the receptor and block binding of agonists such as
morphine.
• Reversibility - bound drug can be displaced from the receptors by an
excess of other molecules that possess binding affinity.
• Binding affinity vs. potency - a good correlation exists between the
affinity for binding to the receptors and potency of agonist or antagonist
in vivo.
• All three major receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled family
of receptors.
