6. INDICATIONS FOR OVD
No indication is
absolute
• Prolonged 2nd
stage of labor
• Fetal
compromise
• Maternal benefit
to shortened 2nd
stage
Contraindications
• Gestation of
less than 35
week
• Breech
presentation
17. Complication of forceps
delivery
• Maternal
• Lacerations to the
vagina , cervix,
perineum, and uterus.
• Fetal-neonatal:
• Soft tissue
compression or
cranial injury.
Complication of
vacuum extractor:
• Maternal:
• Vaginal lacerations
• Neonatal:
• Cephalohematoma
• Scalp laceration
• Intra cranial
hemorrhages
18. CESAREAN DELIVERY
 Birth of a fetus through incisions in
the abdominal wall (laparotomy) and
the uterine wall (hysterectomy).
19. THE FIVE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF
CESAREAN SECTION
CS on Request
Routine repeat cesareans .
Dystocia (non-progressive labor) .
Abnormal fetal presentation eg breech ,
transeverse , cord presentation .
Fetal distress .
20. CESAREAN DELIVERY
Criteria for timing of repeat cesarean:
1. FHT have been documented for 20 weeks by
fetoscope or 30 weeks by doppler.
2. 36 wks. Since a +serum or urine HcG
3. US with CRL at 6-11 wks compatible with 39 wks.
4. US at 12-20 wks compatible with 39 weeks
determined by clinical Hx & PE
21. Elective caesarian section
(Planned operation)
Advantages are:-
Patient with empty stomach and surgeon
usually with full breakfast
Best anesthetist available at that time
Best assistant and nursing staff.
Disadvantages are :-
If wrong judgment, premature child may be
born.
Cervix may not be dilated and hence poor
drainage of lochia
Lower segment is not formed and hence
uterine incision in lower part of upper
segment.
Emergency caesarian
section (Unplanned)
Working under adverse circumstances:-
Patient may be with full stomach and
surgeon may be with empty belly
Odd working hours either of day or
night
Anesthetist, assistant and nursing staff
may not be of your choice
Advantage is :-
Mature child as patient is in labor
Cervix is open, better drainage of
lochia.
Lower segment is well formed
22. CESAREAN DELIVERY
Abdominal Incisions
1. Vertical Incision
quickest to make
greater chance of dehiscence
2. Pfannenstiel Incision
cosmetically better, stronger
less chance of dehiscence
exposure not as good
23. CESAREAN DELIVERY
Types of uterine incisions
1. Classical
vertical incision into the body of uterus
Indications:
a. Lower segment cannot be exposed
b. transverse lie
c. placenta previa, anteriorly located
d. Lower segment not formed
24. ABDOMINAL OPERATIONS: CESAREAN
DELIVERY
2. Low Segment Transverse
 easier to repair
 located at a site least likely to rupture in a
subsequent pregnancy
 Does not promote adherence of bowel or omentum
to the incisional line
28. PURPOSE OF EPISIOTOMY:
“A surgical incision of the perineum
usually performed to enlarge the vaginal
opening and assist in childbirth.”
EPISIOTOMY:
The purpose is to increase the diameter of the soft
tissue pelvic outlet, thereby preventing perineal
lacerations, facilitating delivery, and reducing the time
for expulsion of the infant.
29.
30. POSSIBLE INDICATION FOR EPISIOTOMY:
Shoulder dystocia
Vaginal breech delivery
Non-assuring monitoring tracing
Forceps or vacuum extractor vaginal delivery
Narrow birth canal.
33. PREVENTION
 Avoid assisted delivery
ď‚— Vacuum if needed
 Restrictive use of episiotomy
 Support perineum during delivery
 Allow time for perineal thinning