About integrated pest and disease management of various crops of Kerala

1. Integrated pest and disease
management (IPDM) of crops of
Kerala

3. Definition- IPM/IPDM
The term IPM coined by- Barlett in 1956
The use of various control measures like physical, chemical, biological,
legal, cultural, mechanical, and modern plant protection methods in an
integrated manner to reduce the pest population below economic
injury level without much disturbance to ecosystem.

4. What is the significance of IPM?
• Indiscriminate use of pesticides after the second world war
• Pesticide use- 70%- insecticides, 12-15% fungicides, 4-5% weedicides
• In India alone ninety thousand tonnes of pesticides are being used
annually

5. Harmful effects of excessive pesticides use
a. Pesticide residue and bio magnification – the pesticide remains in the
plant and plant products is circulated around the food chain causing
harmful effects
b. Environmental pollution- these pesticides enter atmosphere, water
resources etc and alter the natural ecosystem and cause pollution
c. Loss of biodiversity and natural enemies- pesticides effects non target
organism resulting in loss in biodiversity. The loss in natural enemies
may result in upsurge of minor pest into major pest.
d. Pesticide resistance development- constant use of pesticides results in
development of resistant strains

6. • Economic Threshold Level (ETL): Level of pest population at which
suitable control measures have to be taken to prevent the pest
population from reaching Economic Injury level.
• Economic Injury Level (EIL): Level of pest population at which the
damage caused by pest is no longer economically tolerated

7. Methods in integrated pest management
1. Cultural methods- Adoption of cultural practices which do not allow
favourable conditions for life cycle, growth and breeding of pests
deep ploughing, Weeding, soil solarisation, good planting material, early
planting, crop rotation, mulching, trap cropping, mixed cropping, balanced
application of nutrients according to plant requirement

8. Ecological engineering- Emphasised use of cultural practises to effect
habitat manipulation to enhance biological control
Ex. Growing crops to attract beneficial insects- marigold, sunflower etc
Applying Trichoderma and pseudomonas fluorescens etc
Early planting- mustards- escape aphids
late planting- groundnut- escape grubs
destruction of offtypes
Thinning and topping
water management- excess irrigation- reduces grubs and larvae in soil
optimum irrigation- excess irrigation in gram
dilutes malic acid and thus more pod borer infestation

10. 2. Mechanical methods- controlling pest using mechanical devices like
traps- Light traps, Sticky/ slippery traps, pheromone traps
hand picking, use of nets, spike thrust method- iron hooks in coconut
crown
3. Physical methods- Controlling insects by physical forces ex. Artificial
heating (steam sterilisation) or cooling , male sterilisation using radiant
energy- genetic control of insects (gamma radiations), irradiating with UV
radiation, high frequency radio waves

11. Sticky tape
Pheromone traps

12. 4. Biological method or Bio control- Pest control by living organisms
i. Macrobial control- Parasites and predators- insects, mites, spiders,
birds, reptiles
ii. Microbial control- using pathogen- Entomopathogens- fungi, bacteria,
protozoa
Parasite- which feeds on the host by living on it- Entomopathogenic fungi
ex. Metarhizium anisopliae
Predators- who hunts and kills other organism for food- vadalia beetle
(Australia) to control cottony cushion scale (California)
Parasatoid- when an insect in itself is a parasite it is called parasatoid-
Trichogramma chilonis and Trichogramma japonicum to control tissue
borers of sugarcane.

13. Use of microbial pathogens
d’ Herelle named as father of microbial control
Use of microrganisms like bacteria, virus, protozoa, nematodes and fungi
which has capacity to effect pest.
Ex. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacteria), Metarhizium anisopliae (Fungi),
Paecilomyces lilacinus (nematode)
Viral formulation
HaNPV- Helicoverpa amigera Nucleopolyhedrosis virus
Baculovirus to control rhinoceros beetle

14. Trichocard

16. Fungal infection

17. Bacillus thuringiensis life cycle

18. Metarhizium anisopliae Beauveria bassiana

19. 5. Chemical control
• Control of insects by using chemicals, pesticides are substances used to
control pest and they include insecticides, fungicides, nematicides,
rodenticides, acaricides, weedicides or herbicides, molluscicides etc.
• Most prevalent
• Two main principles of chemical control:
• Use of selected pesticide
• Need based use of pesticides

20. 6. Legal methods
1. Legislative measures taken to prevent introduction of new pest,
disease etc. and prevent spread already established pest and disease
from part to another.
2. Pest surveillance: fundamental tool in IPM for taking management
decisions. Forecasting pest attack essential for adoption of effective
management practices
3.Quarantine - Exclusion of pest, enforced through certain legal
measures is commonly known as quarantine. Both foreign and domestic
quarantine laws
1. Quarantine stations-
1. Airports- Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta, New Delhi and Amritsar
2. Seaports- Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta, Kochi, and Vishakapatanam
Phytosanitary certificate- from department of exporting country

21. Varietal resistance against the insect pests is
grouped into four categories
• Tolerance: pest attack do not affect the biomass or production of
yield. Capacity to recover from pest attack
• Resistance: Ability to withstand disease due number of internal and
external factors. Development of disease is very less
• Immunity: Inability of parasite to infect the host even under most
favourable conditions
• Avoidance: escaping of susceptible host varieties purely due to
environmental factors

22. Plant disease management: two approaches
• Aim- To control or prevent or reduce disease occurrence
1. Prophylactic method- methods to prevent disease occurrence
Ex. Spraying of Bordeaux mix before monsoon to prevent incidence
of quick wilt in pepper
2. Curative methods- methods to cure plant disease
Ex. Application of tridemorph for management of stem bleeding in
coconut

23. Integrated disease management (IDM)
• Use of compatible techniques and methods in an integrated manner
to maintain pathogen below those causing economic injury.
• Includes all practices like physical, cultural, legal, biological and
chemical methods

24. Cultural methods
1. Selection of geographical area- Based on favourable temperature and
humidity.
2. Selection of field- soil borne diseases are controlled by proper
selection of the field. Can avoid sowing particular crop in a field for
several years
3. Choice of time of sowing- susceptible stage of plant growth and
favourable environment for pathogen should not match
4. Selection of seed- avoid seed borne diseases
5. Cultural practices improvement- Distance between plants, time
frequency of irrigation, mixed cropping.

25. Physical methods
• Hot water treatment- introduced by Jensen. Seeds kept in warm water of 40
degree Celsius for varying length of time. control loose smut of wheat, late blight of
potato
• Solar energy treatment- introduced by Luthra. Seeds soaked in water for 4-5 hours
before drying them in scorching sun. loose smut in wheat
• Hot air treatment- to control virus in propagating parts of peach. Introduced by
kunkal
• Soil treatment- fumigation of soil with volatile chemicals

26. Biological method
• Decomposition of organic matter leads to intense microbial activity.
• Certain microorganisms have the potential to kill pathogens
• Root knot nematodes control
• Adding of soil amendments- adding soil amendments like lime and
gypsum etc. controlling many soil borne disease

27. Chemical method
• Chemical treatment: chemical spray, dusting and seed treatment
• Chemical control of insect vectors- Viral diseases transmitted by
insect vectors

28. Weed management
An approach where whole land use planning is done in advance to
minimise the invasion of weeds in aggressive forms and give crop an
competitive advantage over weeds.
1. Prevention: prevention and introduction of weeds
2. Eradication: complete removal of weeds, it’s seed and vegetative
part by killing so that it does not reappear unless reintroduced.

29. Mechanical weed control
1. Tillage- Weaken plants through injury of roots and stem pruning,
reducing their competitiveness
2. Hand weeding- physical removal of plants using implements like khurpi
3. Digging- Remove perennial weeds (Underground propagating parts)
4. Sickling and mowing- sickling using hands,
5. Burning- Flame throwing or flame cultivation
6. Flooding- flooding is successful against weed species sensitive to longer
periods of submergence

31. Mechanical weeders
• Dry land weeders, power rotary weeder, tractor drawn weeding cum
earthing up equipment, tractor operated, multirow rotary weeder, cono
weeder.

32. Chemical control
Herbicides: chemicals capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of
plants
2,4 D-
MCPA-
Alachlor-
Glyphosate-

33. Biological control
• Use of living organism like insect, pathogens, herbivorous fish, snails
or competitive plants
• No eradication of weeds just reduction of weed population
• Lantana bug Crocidodesma lantana - Lantana camara
• Tilapia controls algae

34. • Salvinia - aquatic weed of rice, paddy - controlled by Cyrtobagus salviniae -
Weevil

35. Bio herbicides/Mycoherbicides
• Bio herbicides are plant pathogens used to kill the targeted weeds.
Fungal pathogens are commonly used, viral and bacterial pathogens
need natural openings or vectors to initiate disease in plants
No Product content
1 Devine A liquid suspension of fungal spores of phytophthora palmivora causes root rot
2 Collego Wettable powder containing fungal spores of Colletotrichum gleosporoides
causes stem blight and leaf blight
3 Bipolaris A suspension of fungal spores of Bipolaris sorghicola
4 Biolophos A microbial