This document discusses various techniques for constructing ontologies, including:
1. Representing subclass relations and multiple inheritance in ontologies. Generalization properties like completeness and disjointness are also covered.
2. Representing n-ary relations and value sets in ontologies using different construction patterns, such as dependent values, relations as classes, and value partitions.
3. Issues around specifying hierarchical categories and value sets in ontologies, and how classification works differently in description logics compared to psychological theories of categorization.
On Beyond OWL: challenges for ontologies on the WebJames Hendler
The need for ontologies in the real world is manifest and increasing. On the Web, ontologies are everywhere — but OWL isn’t. In this talk, I look at some of the things that are not in OWL, but which are needed for the use of OWL in many Web domains. This talk explores some of the needs for ontologies on the Web in data integration, emerging technologies, and linked data applications – and asks where the features needed for these are in OWL. The talk ends with some challenges to the OWL, and greater ontology, community needed to see more eventual use of standard ontologies on the Web.
Object-Oriented Thinking- A way of viewing world – Agents and Communities, messages and methods, Responsibilities, Classes and Instances, Class Hierarchies- Inheritance, Method binding, Overriding and Exceptions, Summary of Object-Oriented concepts. Java buzzwords, An Overview of Java, Data types, Variables and Arrays, operators, expressions, control statements, Introducing classes, Methods and Classes, String handling.
Inheritance– Inheritance concept, Inheritance basics, Member access, Constructors, Creating Multilevel hierarchy, super uses, using final with inheritance, Polymorphism-ad hoc polymorphism, pure polymorphism, method overriding, abstract classes, Object class, forms of inheritance specialization, specification, construction, extension, limitation, combination, benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance
Our starting point in this paper is that the traditional approach used for the teaching of Chinese measure words is misleading and has failed to achieve the goals of teaching, since the mastering of Chinese measure words is felt to be a difficult aspect of Chinese grammar for both teachers and students. This sense of difficulty is due to a variety of factors.
First, members within a given category of a Chinese measure word seem to have little or no connection among them, since for most categories there are almost no explanations for their semantic motivation. Second, we too often forget that this Chinese system of linguistic classification is a flexible one, and poses many questions to the traditional view, which promotes the idea of one-to-one concordance, i.e. each noun has its own classifier. And last, but not least, when carrying out a contrastive study, we often conclude that measure words cannot be translated, but it does not matter, since “they bear no meaning”.
Following the work of Tai & Wang (1990) on a study of the classifier tiao, an increasing number of papers concerning the subject of Chinese measure words and human categorization have been published. This recent research is based on the principles of cognitive linguistics and concludes that Chinese measure words are not an arbitrary linguistic device, but represent an interesting type of human categorization which needs further study. We believe that the new approach provided by cognitive linguistics is optimal for solving most problems and difficulties concerning the teaching and learning of Chinese measure words., i.e. consistency of categories, concordance, classification, translation, their discursive and pragmatic role, etc.
On Beyond OWL: challenges for ontologies on the WebJames Hendler
The need for ontologies in the real world is manifest and increasing. On the Web, ontologies are everywhere — but OWL isn’t. In this talk, I look at some of the things that are not in OWL, but which are needed for the use of OWL in many Web domains. This talk explores some of the needs for ontologies on the Web in data integration, emerging technologies, and linked data applications – and asks where the features needed for these are in OWL. The talk ends with some challenges to the OWL, and greater ontology, community needed to see more eventual use of standard ontologies on the Web.
Object-Oriented Thinking- A way of viewing world – Agents and Communities, messages and methods, Responsibilities, Classes and Instances, Class Hierarchies- Inheritance, Method binding, Overriding and Exceptions, Summary of Object-Oriented concepts. Java buzzwords, An Overview of Java, Data types, Variables and Arrays, operators, expressions, control statements, Introducing classes, Methods and Classes, String handling.
Inheritance– Inheritance concept, Inheritance basics, Member access, Constructors, Creating Multilevel hierarchy, super uses, using final with inheritance, Polymorphism-ad hoc polymorphism, pure polymorphism, method overriding, abstract classes, Object class, forms of inheritance specialization, specification, construction, extension, limitation, combination, benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance
Our starting point in this paper is that the traditional approach used for the teaching of Chinese measure words is misleading and has failed to achieve the goals of teaching, since the mastering of Chinese measure words is felt to be a difficult aspect of Chinese grammar for both teachers and students. This sense of difficulty is due to a variety of factors.
First, members within a given category of a Chinese measure word seem to have little or no connection among them, since for most categories there are almost no explanations for their semantic motivation. Second, we too often forget that this Chinese system of linguistic classification is a flexible one, and poses many questions to the traditional view, which promotes the idea of one-to-one concordance, i.e. each noun has its own classifier. And last, but not least, when carrying out a contrastive study, we often conclude that measure words cannot be translated, but it does not matter, since “they bear no meaning”.
Following the work of Tai & Wang (1990) on a study of the classifier tiao, an increasing number of papers concerning the subject of Chinese measure words and human categorization have been published. This recent research is based on the principles of cognitive linguistics and concludes that Chinese measure words are not an arbitrary linguistic device, but represent an interesting type of human categorization which needs further study. We believe that the new approach provided by cognitive linguistics is optimal for solving most problems and difficulties concerning the teaching and learning of Chinese measure words., i.e. consistency of categories, concordance, classification, translation, their discursive and pragmatic role, etc.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Overview
• Subclass relations
• Reflections on category representations
– Levels in hierarchies
– Sets versus prototypes
• Construction patters
– N-ary relations
– Value sets versus value partitions
2
5. Generalization properties
• Completeness
{complete} = each object participates in AT
LEAST one subclass
{incomplete} = subclass participation is optional
(use, e.g. with single subclasses)
• Disjointedness
{disjoint} = object participates in AT MOST one
subclass
{overlapping} = object may belong to multiple
subclasses
5
“multiple specialization”
8. Limitations of Hierarchies
• What’s in a link?
– Hierarchical links often have different semantics
• “Dimensions” of distinction making provide
rationale for hierarchical levels
– (Multiple) classification along different dimensions
within single hierarchy creates confusion and makes
applications unnecessarily complex
• Hierarchy enforces a single fixed sequence of
dimensions
– fixed ordering not always possible or desirable
8
9. Categorization
• OWL (Description logic) takes an
extensional view of classes
– A set is completely defined by its members
• This puts the emphasis on specifying
class boundaries
• Work of Rosch et al. takes a different view
9
10. Categories (Rosch)
• Help us to organize the world
• Tools for perception
• Basic-level categories
– Are the prime categories used by people
– Have the highest number of common and
distinctive attributes
– What those basic-level categories are may
depend on context
10
12. Vertical organization of
hierarchies
• Basic-level classes often occur as a
middle layer in hierarchies
• Higher levels: abstract classes that
organize the hierarchy
• Lower levels: domain/context specific
classes
– may require particular expertise to understand
12
13. Class room exercise
• Study the hierarchy of “chairs” in the Art &
Architecture Thesaurus
http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies
• Check whether this hierarchy follows the
pattern described by Rosch
13
14. Horizontal organization of
categories
• Categories at the same level of
abstraction
• People use prototypes to characterize
these
– Some chairs are more typically “chair” than
others
• Emphasis is more on what is common for
a category than on differences with other
categories 14
16. Re-representing properties as
classes
• To say something about a property it must be re-
represented as a class
– property: hasDanger Class: Danger
• plus properties of Danger:
hasReason
hasRisk
hasAvoidanceMeasure
– Sometimes called “reification”
• But “reification” is used differently in different communities
17. Pattern 1: dependent values
• Relation between two concepts
• One of the concepts can have multiple
features that depend on the relation
• Example: diagnosis of a disease with a
certain confidence level
21. Pattern 1: class constraints
in RDF
:Diagnosis_Relation
a owl:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf
[ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:someValuesFrom :Disease ;
owl:onProperty :diagnosis_value
] ;
rdfs:subClassOf
[ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:allValuesFrom :Probability_values ;
owl:onProperty :diagnosis_probability
] .
:Person
a owl:Class ;
rdfs:subClassOf
[ a owl:Restriction ;
owl:allValuesFrom :Diagnosis_Relation ;
owl:onProperty :has_diagnosis
] .
22. Pattern 2: relation as class
• The relation itself is a concept
• All arguments are equally important
• Examples:
– Enrollment
– Transaction
– Purchase
– Clue (the butler with the rope in the kitchen)
• See also the notion of UML association
class
30. Specifying value sets
Modifiers
Domestication • Identify modifiers that are
Domestic
Wild mutually exclusive
Feral
Risk – Domestication
Dangerous
– Risk
Risky
Sex
Safe
– Sex
Male
Female
– Age
Age • Make meaning precise
Child
Infant – Age Age_group
Toddler
Adult
Elderly
30
31. Options for representing
value sets
• Symbolic values
– Individuals that enumerate all states of a Quality
• The enumeration of the values equals the quality class
• Value partitions
– Classes that partition a Quality
• The disjunction of the partition classes equals the
quality class
31
32. Value sets for specifying
values
• A quality – SexValue
• Individuals for each value
– male, female
• Values all different (NOT assumed by OWL)
• Value type is enumeration of values
SexValue = {male, female}
• A functional property hasSex
MaleAnimal =
Animal and hasSex is male
32
33.
34. Value Partitions:
example Age Group
• How to represent the values for Age Group?
• Option:
– specify Child, Toddler, etc. as subclasses of
AgeGroup
– Specify age-group values as instances of the relevant
age-group class
ex:MyAgeGroup rdf:type ex:Adult .
• Main advantage: flexibility
34
35.
36.
37. Issues in specifying values
• Value Partitions
– Can be subdivided and specialised
– Fit with philosophical notion of a quality space
(cf. e.g. DOLCE)
– Require interpretation to go in databases as values
• in theory but rarely considered in practice
– Work better with existing classifiers in OWL-DL
• Value Sets
– Cannot be subdivided
– Fit with intuitions
– More similar to databases – no interpretation
– Work less well with existing classifiers 37
38. Class room exercise
• Assume the following use case: for the collection of a
museum we need to describe the color of clothes. These
clothes can have subtle color variations, so we need an
extensive color vocabulary. The museum uses the Art
and Architecture Thesaurus for describing the items in
their collections. This thesaurus contains extensive
information about colors.
• Your task is to specify the values that a property
"hasColor" can take for the class "Cloth". AAT contains
more than 200 colors, but you can limit yourself to a
representative subset of purple colors (at least 2 layers
of ancestors below <purple color>).The subset should
allow you to specify the relevant distinctions you want to
make.
38