The document defines ontologies as explicit descriptions of a domain that define concepts, properties, attributes, and constraints. It discusses the history of categorization in philosophy and the development of knowledge models like semantic nets and conceptual graphs. The document outlines different methods for building ontologies and different types of ontologies. It also discusses ontology tools like Protege and TopBraid Composer and how ontologies are used on the semantic web through languages like OWL.
study or concern about what kinds of things exist
what entities there are in the universe.
the ontology derives from the Greek onto (being) and logia (written or spoken). It is a branch of metaphysics , the study of first principles or the root of things.
Application of Ontology in Semantic Information Retrieval by Prof Shahrul Azm...Khirulnizam Abd Rahman
Application of Ontology in Semantic Information Retrieval
by Prof Shahrul Azman from FSTM, UKM
Presentation for MyREN Seminar 2014
Berjaya Hotel, Kuala Lumpur
27 November 2014
study or concern about what kinds of things exist
what entities there are in the universe.
the ontology derives from the Greek onto (being) and logia (written or spoken). It is a branch of metaphysics , the study of first principles or the root of things.
Application of Ontology in Semantic Information Retrieval by Prof Shahrul Azm...Khirulnizam Abd Rahman
Application of Ontology in Semantic Information Retrieval
by Prof Shahrul Azman from FSTM, UKM
Presentation for MyREN Seminar 2014
Berjaya Hotel, Kuala Lumpur
27 November 2014
How to model digital objects within the semantic webAngelica Lo Duca
These slides describe the general concept of semantic Web and Linked Data, then they illustrate the concept of digital object. Finally they give a use case.
"Objective fiction: the semantic construction of web reality" talks about current challenges for semantic technologies, and the Semantic Web in particular, focusing on cognitive and social dimensions of human semantics.
Semantic relations: new (terminological) challenges in a world of Linked DataNathalie Aussenac-Gilles
KeyNote talk Given at the DanTermBank workshop on Januaray,9th 2015.
http://dantermbank.cbs.dk/dtb_uk/the_dantermbank_project_launches_a_new_website/dantermbank_workshop_revealing_hidden_knowledge_9_january_2015
From January-March 2016, inaugural EES Cairo Fellow, Melanie Pitkin, is presenting a series of workshops focused on 'Research Skills for Egyptology' primarily at the Greek Campus in Downtown Cairo, but also across other parts of Egypt. This is a copy of Melanie's presentation. To find out more upcoming workshops, or for any questions you might have related to the content, please contact Melanie: melanie.pitkin@ees.ac.uk.
Date: March 3rd, 2016
Venue: Trondheim, Norway. Doctoral Seminar at NTNU
Please cite, link to or credit this presentation when using it or part of it in your work.
Issues and activities in authoring ontologiesrobertstevens65
Departmental seminar at Department of Computer Science, university of Birmingham, 6 November, 2014
abstract: Ontologies are complex knowledge representation artefacts used across biomedical sciences, the media and other domains for defining terminologies and providing metadata. Their use is increasing rapidly, but so far, ontology authoring tools have not benefited from empirical research into the ontology authoring process. Understanding how people build ontologies is key to developing tools that can properly support common authoring activities. In this talk I will first present the outcomes of qualative interviews with ontology authors and the issues it reveals. Second, I will present the results of a study that identifies common activity patterns through analysis of the event logs, screen capture and eye-tracking data collected from the popular authoring tool, Protege. Results from this bottom-up investigation suggest that the class hierarchy is the central focus of activity, playing a role beyond simple class representation. We also find that checking how updates to the ontology is hard and performance is hindered by inadequate support in the user interface. From this investigation we propose design guidelines for bulk editing, efficient reasoning and increased situational awareness in ontology authoring.
A Framework for Improved Access to Museum Databases in the Semantic WebMariana Damova, Ph.D
This paper presents a framework for processing Museum databases according to a set of interlinked ontologies, including CIDOC-CRM, and loading them in a reason-able view of the web of data, providing additional links to datasets from the LOD cloud. The infrastructure allows accessing the data via SPARQL queries and to verbalize the query results in natural language, the GF formalism, which allows access to 18 natural languages.
How to model digital objects within the semantic webAngelica Lo Duca
These slides describe the general concept of semantic Web and Linked Data, then they illustrate the concept of digital object. Finally they give a use case.
"Objective fiction: the semantic construction of web reality" talks about current challenges for semantic technologies, and the Semantic Web in particular, focusing on cognitive and social dimensions of human semantics.
Semantic relations: new (terminological) challenges in a world of Linked DataNathalie Aussenac-Gilles
KeyNote talk Given at the DanTermBank workshop on Januaray,9th 2015.
http://dantermbank.cbs.dk/dtb_uk/the_dantermbank_project_launches_a_new_website/dantermbank_workshop_revealing_hidden_knowledge_9_january_2015
From January-March 2016, inaugural EES Cairo Fellow, Melanie Pitkin, is presenting a series of workshops focused on 'Research Skills for Egyptology' primarily at the Greek Campus in Downtown Cairo, but also across other parts of Egypt. This is a copy of Melanie's presentation. To find out more upcoming workshops, or for any questions you might have related to the content, please contact Melanie: melanie.pitkin@ees.ac.uk.
Date: March 3rd, 2016
Venue: Trondheim, Norway. Doctoral Seminar at NTNU
Please cite, link to or credit this presentation when using it or part of it in your work.
Issues and activities in authoring ontologiesrobertstevens65
Departmental seminar at Department of Computer Science, university of Birmingham, 6 November, 2014
abstract: Ontologies are complex knowledge representation artefacts used across biomedical sciences, the media and other domains for defining terminologies and providing metadata. Their use is increasing rapidly, but so far, ontology authoring tools have not benefited from empirical research into the ontology authoring process. Understanding how people build ontologies is key to developing tools that can properly support common authoring activities. In this talk I will first present the outcomes of qualative interviews with ontology authors and the issues it reveals. Second, I will present the results of a study that identifies common activity patterns through analysis of the event logs, screen capture and eye-tracking data collected from the popular authoring tool, Protege. Results from this bottom-up investigation suggest that the class hierarchy is the central focus of activity, playing a role beyond simple class representation. We also find that checking how updates to the ontology is hard and performance is hindered by inadequate support in the user interface. From this investigation we propose design guidelines for bulk editing, efficient reasoning and increased situational awareness in ontology authoring.
A Framework for Improved Access to Museum Databases in the Semantic WebMariana Damova, Ph.D
This paper presents a framework for processing Museum databases according to a set of interlinked ontologies, including CIDOC-CRM, and loading them in a reason-able view of the web of data, providing additional links to datasets from the LOD cloud. The infrastructure allows accessing the data via SPARQL queries and to verbalize the query results in natural language, the GF formalism, which allows access to 18 natural languages.
This presentation describes the public data service - FactForge. It is a reason-able view of a segement of LOD cloud, and the biggest body of general knowledge on which inference is performed, supplied with a reference layer for a quick access.
Ontology and Ontology Libraries: a Critical StudyDebashisnaskar
The concept of digital library revolutionized its popularity with the development of networking technology. Digital library stores various kind of documents in digitized format that enables user smooth access to these documents at subsidized costs. In the recent past, a similar concept i.e., ontology library has gained popularity among the communities like semantic web, artificial intelligence, information science, philosophy, linguistics, and so forth.
= Finding a Good Ontology: The Open Ontology Repository Initiative =
Can you find a good ontology to use or extend for your application?
Building on previous registry and repository efforts, the Open Ontology Repository Initiative is a community effort developing open source software for finding, using, and maintaining open source and other ontologies.
The initial implementation of OOR is based on BioPortal (http://bioportal.bioontology.org), which is used to access and share ontologies that are actively used in biomedical communities and currently supports OWL, OBO, and Protege ontologies, LexGrid and RRF vocabularies, and ontology mapping. BioPortal has been developed by the National Center for Biomedical Ontology with support from the NIH Roadmap, but its infrastructure is domain-independent and being extended in various directions.
This presentation will include the following:
* A demonstration of the current public OOR instance
* OOR requirements and challenges
* On-going and planned development efforts (Common Logic support, federation, gatekeeping, provenance, governance, etc.)
* Details on how you can become involved
Ontology is an important aspect of artificial intelligence. This slide presentation presents and overview of how ontology is defined while developing artificial intelligence systems
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Presentation held at a meeting in Bulgaria (Varna Regional Library) coorganized by Europeana, Bulgariana, Varna Regional library and BBIA about Europeana.
This presentation is an overview of the Bulgarian participation in the virtual museum Europeana, and the path of establishing a National Aggregator to Europeana.
2. Outline
• Definition of ontologies
• History of the science of categorization
• Knowledge models
• Knowledge organization
• Use and Building of ontologies
• Ontology tools
• Ontologies on the Web
3. Ontologies
What Is An Ontology
• An ontology is an explicit description of a
domain:
– concepts
– properties and attributes of concepts
– constraints on properties and attributes
– Individuals (often, but not always)
• An ontology defines
– a common vocabulary
– a shared understanding
4. Outline
• Definition of ontologies
• History of the science of categorization
• Knowledge models
• Knowledge organization
• Use and Building of ontologies
• Ontology tools
• Ontologies on the Web
5. Philosophy
• What exists?
• What is?
• What am I?
• What is describing this to me?
6. Philosophy
Greek etymology
Parmenides of Elea, ancient Greek
philosopher (early 5th century BCE)
For never shall this prevail,
that things that are not are
Parmenides made the ontological argument
against nothingness, essentially denying
the possible existence of a void.
7. Philosophy
• Jacob Lorhard, German
philosopher (1561 - 1609)
• 1607 - First occurrence of the word
Ontology (lat. Ontologia) and the
first published ontology
8. Lorhard‘s Ontology
• Translation from: Peter Øhrstøm, Sara L. Uckelman; Henrik
Schärfe –
• Historical and conceptual foundations of diagrammatical ontology
9. Ontologies and CS
• Tom Gruber, 1992
• An ontology is a specification of a
conceptualization.
• An ontology defines
• Concepts
• Relationships
• Any other distinctions that are relevant
for modeling a domain
10. Ontologies and CS
• To share common understanding of the
structure of information among people
or software agents
• To enable reuse of domain knowledge
• To make domain assumptions explicit
• To separate domain knowledge from
the operational knowledge
• To analyze domain knowledge
11. Outline
• Definition of ontologies
• History of the science of categorization
• Knowledge models
• Knowledge organization
• Use and Building of ontologies
• Ontology tools
• Ontologies on the Web
12. Knowledge Models
Structured representations of knowledge using symbols to
represent pieces of knowledge and relationships between
them.
Different types of KM have different degrees of formality and
levels of expressivity.
A KM can include:
Symbolic character-based languages, such as logic
Diagrammatic representations, such as networks and ladders
Tabular representations, such as matrices
Structured text, such as hypertext
14. Knowledge Models - Types
• Ladders: hierarchical (tree-like)
diagrams
• Tables and Grids: tabular
representations
• Network Diagrams: shows nodes
connected by arrows
The most complex type of KM
Examples include semantic nets
and conceptual graphs
17. Network Diagrams – Semantic Nets
• Nodes in the graph represent concepts
• Arcs represent binary relationships between concepts
• Any characteristic that links two concepts: isA, hasColour, hasAge,
LivesIn, etc.
Note the difference between this structure and the ladders.
18. Network Diagrams – Conceptual Graphs
• Combination between the existential graphs and Semantic nets
• A conceptual graph consists of:
• Concept nodes – represented as rectangular boxes
• Relations nodes – represented as ovals
• One way connections between the nodes – represented as arrows
• Less intuitive then the Semantic Nets
Nemo the fish lives in water
19. Outline
• Definition of ontologies
• History of the science of categorization
• Knowledge models
• Knowledge organization
• Use and Building of ontologies
• Ontology tools
• Ontologies on the Web
21. Thesaurus
• Similar with dictionaries
• Provides synonyms and antonyms
for words, and not definitions
E.g., WordNet
22. Taxonomies
• Hierarchical structures
• Subtype-supertype relationships, also
called parent-child relationships
• Example: Whale is Mammal; Mammal is
an Animal (not all Animals are Mammal,
not all mammals are Whales)
23. Taxonomy Examples
• Taxonomies on the Web
– Yahoo! Categories
• Catalogs for on-line shopping
– Amazon.com product catalog
• Domain-specific standard terminology
– Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)
– UNSPSC - terminology for products and
services
26. Ontology
• More complex
A formal definition of ontologies is provided in [Brewster and
Wilks, 2009]
O = (C,T,R,A,I,V,≤c, ≤t, σR, σA, IC, IT, IR, IA)
• Whereby:
C – Concepts V – Values
T – Types ≤ – Partial Order on C and T
R – Relations σ – Functions
A – Attributes I – Partial Instantiation Functions
I – Instances
28. Outline
• Definition of ontologies
• History of the science of categorization
• Knowledge models
• Knowledge organization
• Use and Building of ontologies
• Ontology tools
• Ontologies on the Web
29. How Ontologies can be used
Declare
Databases
structure
Ontologies
Knowledge
bases
Provide
domain
description
Domain-
Software independent
Problem-
agents applications
solving
methods
30. Types of Ontologies
• Upper Ontology – model of the common
objects that are applicable across a wide
range of domain ontologies
• Domain Ontology – an ontology developed
for a specific domain; conforms to an upper
ontology
• Application Ontology – an ontology created
for a specific application; may conform to a
domain ontology
42. Outline
• Definition of ontologies
• History of the science of categorization
• Knowledge models
• Knowledge organization
• Use and Building of ontologies
• Ontology tools
• Ontologies on the Web
50. Outline
• Definition of ontologies
• History of the science of categorization
• Knowledge models
• Knowledge organization
• Use and Building of ontologies
• Ontology tools
• Ontologies on the Web
51. OWL: Summary
The Web Ontology Language (OWL) was developed to provide
for more expressive ontologies based on a decidable formal
logic.
Three flavours of OWL have been specified: OWL Full for full
expressiveness without guarantees of decidability, OWL DL
for a compromise expressiveness within the decidable
fragment of Description Logic and OWL Lite as a subset of
DL.
OWL provides for additional constructs not present in RDFS to
define classes and properties. As a result, OWL is well
suited to consistency checking and classification tasks.
52. OWL Lite
The complete language OWL Full has two sublanguages:
• OWL DL (Description Language)
• supports reasoning applications
• has restrictions on OWL Full constructs
• restrictions make reasoning systems decidable
• OWL Lite
• supports only a subset of OWL Full constructs
• provides a minimal set of features allowing the
development of ontologies without the encoding
of complex semantic relationships
53. OWL Lite - Classes
OWL classes define basic concepts.
A Simple Named Class is defined as follows:
– <owl:Class rdf:ID=„classname“/>
Ex. <owl:Class rdf:ID=„Restaurant“/>
Predefined OWL Classes (Extreme classes)
– Thing class (owl:Thing)
the most general class
every individual is member of this class
– Nothing class (owl:Nothing)
empty class with no member individuals
54. OWL Lite - Properties
There are four disjoint type of properties in OWL.
• Datatype properties (owl:DatatypeProperty)
• Object properties (owl:ObjectProperty)
• Annotationproperties (owl:AnnotationProperty)
• Ontology properties (owl:OntologyProperty)
57. LDSR – reason-able view to LOD
http://ldsr.ontotext.com
http://linkedlifedata.com
58. Summary
• Definition of ontologies
• History of the science of categorization
• Knowledge models
• Knowledge organization
• Use and Building of ontologies
• Ontology tools
• Ontologies on the Web