Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
Unit I Chapter 2
Different official waters used in pharmaceuticals
Potable water
Purified water
Water for injection
Sterile water for injection
Bacteriostatic water for injection
Different parameters for waters
The limit test for iron involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample containing iron with thioglycollic acid in an alkaline solution to the color produced by a standard iron solution. Citric acid is added to the sample and standard, followed by thioglycollic acid and ammonia. A purple color will develop if iron is present. The intensity of the color in the sample is compared to the standard, and if the sample's color is less than or equal to the standard, it passes the limit test for iron.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
The document provides information on the preparation, properties, assays, and uses of several inorganic compounds including sodium chloride, calcium gluconate, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, chlorinated lime, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, and sodium thiosulphate. For each compound, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, assay methods (often titration based), and common uses are described. The compounds discussed are commonly used in pharmaceutical, medical, industrial, and laboratory applications.
The document discusses radiopharmaceuticals and radioactive substances. It begins by defining radiopharmaceuticals as medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes used safely in humans for diagnosis or therapy. It then provides details on various topics related to radioactivity including the different types of radioactive emissions, units of radioactivity, radioactive decay law, isotopes, radioisotopes, and examples like sodium iodide I131. It also discusses the measurement of radioactivity, properties of emissions, half-life, handling and storage of radioactive materials, and applications of radioisotopes in scientific research, analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic uses.
This document discusses electrolyte replenishers and their uses. It defines electrolytes as minerals in the body that have an electric charge and are present in blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids. Electrolytes help balance the amount of water in the body. Replacement therapy aims to restore normal volume and composition of body fluids. Various electrolytes used in replacement therapy are discussed, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and bicarbonates. Combination electrolyte therapies and oral rehydration salts are also summarized.
Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutionsnehla313
1. Oxalic acid is used as a primary standard to standardize solutions of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide by titration.
2. Sodium hydroxide is standardized by titrating against potassium acid phthalate, which is a primary standard. The reaction between NaOH and KHP is used to calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution.
3. Hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulfate, sulfuric acid, ceric ammonium sulfate, and potassium permanganate are all standardized against primary standards using titration reactions. Their concentrations are calculated based on the titration results.
This document discusses electrolyte replacement therapy and lists three common electrolyte compounds used: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium gluconate. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride are described in detail, including their molecular formulas, properties, preparation methods, assays, and uses. Calcium gluconate is also described briefly, noting its use as an electrolyte replenisher and to treat conditions caused by low calcium levels such as osteoporosis and rickets. The main purpose of electrolyte replacement therapy is to restore electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.
This document discusses electrolyte therapy, including normal electrolyte requirements, solutions for initial and subsequent electrolyte replacement, and the ingredients and amounts in oral rehydration salts. It lists the normal requirements in meq/L or meq/liter for electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorous. It also provides the formulation for oral rehydration salts, including the active ingredients dextrose monohydrate, potassium chloride, sodium citrate, and the amounts needed to make up 1000ml of solution.
The limit test for iron involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample containing iron with thioglycollic acid in an alkaline solution to the color produced by a standard iron solution. Citric acid is added to the sample and standard, followed by thioglycollic acid and ammonia. A purple color will develop if iron is present. The intensity of the color in the sample is compared to the standard, and if the sample's color is less than or equal to the standard, it passes the limit test for iron.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
The document provides information on the preparation, properties, assays, and uses of several inorganic compounds including sodium chloride, calcium gluconate, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, chlorinated lime, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, and sodium thiosulphate. For each compound, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, assay methods (often titration based), and common uses are described. The compounds discussed are commonly used in pharmaceutical, medical, industrial, and laboratory applications.
The document discusses radiopharmaceuticals and radioactive substances. It begins by defining radiopharmaceuticals as medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes used safely in humans for diagnosis or therapy. It then provides details on various topics related to radioactivity including the different types of radioactive emissions, units of radioactivity, radioactive decay law, isotopes, radioisotopes, and examples like sodium iodide I131. It also discusses the measurement of radioactivity, properties of emissions, half-life, handling and storage of radioactive materials, and applications of radioisotopes in scientific research, analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic uses.
This document discusses electrolyte replenishers and their uses. It defines electrolytes as minerals in the body that have an electric charge and are present in blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids. Electrolytes help balance the amount of water in the body. Replacement therapy aims to restore normal volume and composition of body fluids. Various electrolytes used in replacement therapy are discussed, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and bicarbonates. Combination electrolyte therapies and oral rehydration salts are also summarized.
Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutionsnehla313
1. Oxalic acid is used as a primary standard to standardize solutions of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide by titration.
2. Sodium hydroxide is standardized by titrating against potassium acid phthalate, which is a primary standard. The reaction between NaOH and KHP is used to calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution.
3. Hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulfate, sulfuric acid, ceric ammonium sulfate, and potassium permanganate are all standardized against primary standards using titration reactions. Their concentrations are calculated based on the titration results.
This document discusses electrolyte replacement therapy and lists three common electrolyte compounds used: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium gluconate. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride are described in detail, including their molecular formulas, properties, preparation methods, assays, and uses. Calcium gluconate is also described briefly, noting its use as an electrolyte replenisher and to treat conditions caused by low calcium levels such as osteoporosis and rickets. The main purpose of electrolyte replacement therapy is to restore electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.
This document discusses electrolyte therapy, including normal electrolyte requirements, solutions for initial and subsequent electrolyte replacement, and the ingredients and amounts in oral rehydration salts. It lists the normal requirements in meq/L or meq/liter for electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorous. It also provides the formulation for oral rehydration salts, including the active ingredients dextrose monohydrate, potassium chloride, sodium citrate, and the amounts needed to make up 1000ml of solution.
This document discusses electrolytes, which are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved and can carry an electrical current. It focuses on the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes in the body, including potassium, magnesium, phosphate intracellularly and sodium, chloride, bicarbonate extracellularly. The document also discusses electrolyte imbalance, the fluid compartments electrolytes are present in, and electrolyte replacement therapies using substances like sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
This document discusses conductometric titration, which is an electrochemical analytical method that measures the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution. It describes the principles and instrumentation of conductometry, including how conductivity is measured using a conductivity meter or by performing a titration. Some key applications of conductometric titration are determining the end point of acid-base and precipitation titrations, and it has various uses in fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and quality control.
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
This document discusses various types of cathartics/laxatives including bulk forming, stimulant, stool softeners, and osmotic laxatives. It provides examples of specific cathartics that fall into each category such as magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, kaolin, and bentonite. Details are given on the properties, identification tests, uses and methods of preparation/assay for some of these cathartic agents. Constipation and the role of laxatives in treating it are also briefly covered.
This document discusses redox titrations. It begins by defining oxidation and reduction reactions. It then discusses different types of redox titrations including cerimetry, iodimetry, iodometry, bromatometry, dichrometry, and titration with potassium iodate. For each type of titration, the document describes the basic principles and provides some examples of applications. The document is presented by Miss Harshada R. Bafna and contains information on concepts, types, and specific techniques for various redox titration methods.
This document discusses acidifying reagents, including dilute hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride. It provides details on their preparation, properties, tests for identification and purity, assays, storage, and uses. Dilute hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless liquid prepared by diluting concentrated hydrochloric acid with water. Ammonium chloride is a white, crystalline powder prepared by neutralizing ammonia with hydrochloric acid. Both are used as acidifiers in pharmaceutical preparations and to treat conditions like metabolic alkalosis.
The document discusses physiological acid-base balance. It notes that normal pH is 7.35-7.45, with acidosis occurring below this range and alkalosis above. The body maintains acid-base balance through three main buffer systems, including the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system, and by eliminating ions through the kidneys and respiratory system. The kidneys are a particularly effective regulator as they can eliminate excess hydrogen ions in acidic urine while reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting ammonium ions. Respiratory adjustments also help balance pH levels.
The document describes procedures for limit tests to detect arsenic and lead impurities. For arsenic, the test uses Gutzeit apparatus to convert any arsenic present into arsine gas, which is detected by the formation of a yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper. For lead, the test uses dithizone to form a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex if lead is present, and the color is compared to a standard. Both tests involve extraction and color comparison to determine if the level of impurity exceeds the specified limit.
Major intra and extra cellular electrolytes pharmaceutical inorganic chemist...AZCPh
This document discusses the history and development of the city of Springfield over several decades. It outlines the growth of the population from the early 1900s through the 1930s as the city expanded and attracted new residents and businesses. Several new residential and commercial areas were constructed during this period as Springfield became a larger urban center.
This document discusses non-aqueous titration including reasons for using non-aqueous solvents, common solvent types, and examples of acidimetry and alkalimetry titrations. Protogenic, protophilic, and aprotic solvents are described. Acidimetry involves titrating weak bases like ephedrine HCl with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid. Alkalimetry involves titrating weak acids like sodium benzoate with sodium methoxide in DMF. The document provides procedures for standardizing a perchloric acid solution and estimating the percentage of ephedrine HCl and sodium benzoate in samples.
Non-aqueous titrations involve using a non-aqueous solvent instead of water. They are used when the reactant is insoluble in water, reactive with water, or too weak an acid or base. The document discusses different types of non-aqueous solvents and their properties, as well as considerations for non-aqueous titration procedures and methods. Common solvents, titrants, and indicators used are outlined. Examples of titrating weak bases with perchloric acid in acetic acid and weak acids with sodium methoxide are provided.
It is a type of quantitative analysis that involves weighing of the constituent under determination.
Or
It is the process of isolating and weighing an element or compound in a pure form.
Or
Gravimetric methods of analysis are based on the measurement of mass.
Electrogravimetry, we deposit the analyte as a solid film an electrode in an electrochemical cell.
Ex: The deposition as PbO2 at a Pt anode and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu at a Pt cathode is of electrogravimetry.
When thermal or chemical energy is used to remove a volatile species, such method called as Volatilization gravimetry.
Ex: In determining the moisture content of bread, for example, we use thermal energy to vaporize the water in the sample.
Particulate gravimetry we determine the analyte by separating it from the sample’s matrix using a filtration or an extraction. The determination of total suspended solids is one example of particulate gravimetry.
A gravimetric precipitating agent should react specifically, and selectively with the analyte. The ideal precipitating reagent would react with the analyte to give a product that is
Readily filtered and washed free of contaminants
Low solubility so that no significant loss of the solid occurs during filtration and washing
Un-reactive with constituents of the atmosphere
Should not alter the composition after it is dried or, if necessary, ignited.
The document discusses electrolyte balance and acid-base balance in the body. It provides details on various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium salts and their role in maintaining balance. It also discusses the buffer systems and mechanisms involved in regulating pH of blood and treatment of acid-base imbalances. Specifically, it summarizes commonly used pharmaceutical compounds for correcting acid-base imbalances like sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and their properties, methods of preparation, uses and official preparations.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
This document describes the procedure for performing a limit test for sulphate according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. A barium sulphate reagent is prepared containing barium chloride, potassium sulphate, alcohol and water. Standard sulphate solutions are also prepared. The test involves adding nitric acid and the reagent to samples and standards, observing any turbidity formed, and comparing the sample to the standard. If the sample turbidity is less than the standard, it passes the limit test, and if greater, it fails the test.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal agents including their classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It begins with an introduction to the gastrointestinal tract and its functions. It then discusses diseases of the GIT and classifies agents as acidifiers, antacids, cathartics, protectives, adsorbents, and antimicrobials. For each class, it provides subclasses and examples of agents. It also discusses the mechanisms of action, characteristics, and monographs for specific agents like hydrochloric acid and iodine. In summary, the document covers the classification, functions, and key agents used to treat gastrointestinal diseases and conditions.
This document discusses astringents and their properties. It provides information on zinc sulfate and potash alum, including their formulas, preparation methods, properties, assay methods, and common uses. Zinc sulfate and potash alum are both used as astringents to constrict tissues and stop bleeding from minor wounds. They are also used as nutritional supplements or in water treatment processes.
This document describes 4 methods for performing a limit test for heavy metals according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Method A uses hydrogen sulfide to form metal sulfides from heavy metals in an acidic solution. Method B also uses hydrogen sulfide but first chars and digests the sample. Method C uses sodium sulfide to form metal sulfides in an alkaline solution. Method D uses thioacetamide to react with heavy metals in an acidic buffer solution. For each method, the color produced by the test solution is compared to a standard solution and must not be more intense to pass the limit test.
1) The document discusses various analytical methods for estimating components in herbal drugs and formulations using titrimetric analysis.
2) Titrimetric methods described include acid-base titrations, complexometric titrations, redox titrations, and non-aqueous titrations.
3) Specific examples provided include estimating tannins in amla juice powder, total alkaloids in belladonna leaf tincture, calcium in Garcinia extract, papain in papaya extract, esters and other components in peppermint oil, and acid value of shellac.
The document describes procedures for determining several water quality parameters through laboratory experiments. It discusses determining pH, hardness, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbon dioxide, and alkalinity. For each parameter, it provides an overview, procedure, required apparatus and reagents, and technical discussion of the results and their significance for water quality.
This document discusses electrolytes, which are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved and can carry an electrical current. It focuses on the major intracellular and extracellular electrolytes in the body, including potassium, magnesium, phosphate intracellularly and sodium, chloride, bicarbonate extracellularly. The document also discusses electrolyte imbalance, the fluid compartments electrolytes are present in, and electrolyte replacement therapies using substances like sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
This document discusses conductometric titration, which is an electrochemical analytical method that measures the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution. It describes the principles and instrumentation of conductometry, including how conductivity is measured using a conductivity meter or by performing a titration. Some key applications of conductometric titration are determining the end point of acid-base and precipitation titrations, and it has various uses in fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and quality control.
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
This document discusses various types of cathartics/laxatives including bulk forming, stimulant, stool softeners, and osmotic laxatives. It provides examples of specific cathartics that fall into each category such as magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, kaolin, and bentonite. Details are given on the properties, identification tests, uses and methods of preparation/assay for some of these cathartic agents. Constipation and the role of laxatives in treating it are also briefly covered.
This document discusses redox titrations. It begins by defining oxidation and reduction reactions. It then discusses different types of redox titrations including cerimetry, iodimetry, iodometry, bromatometry, dichrometry, and titration with potassium iodate. For each type of titration, the document describes the basic principles and provides some examples of applications. The document is presented by Miss Harshada R. Bafna and contains information on concepts, types, and specific techniques for various redox titration methods.
This document discusses acidifying reagents, including dilute hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride. It provides details on their preparation, properties, tests for identification and purity, assays, storage, and uses. Dilute hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless liquid prepared by diluting concentrated hydrochloric acid with water. Ammonium chloride is a white, crystalline powder prepared by neutralizing ammonia with hydrochloric acid. Both are used as acidifiers in pharmaceutical preparations and to treat conditions like metabolic alkalosis.
The document discusses physiological acid-base balance. It notes that normal pH is 7.35-7.45, with acidosis occurring below this range and alkalosis above. The body maintains acid-base balance through three main buffer systems, including the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system, and by eliminating ions through the kidneys and respiratory system. The kidneys are a particularly effective regulator as they can eliminate excess hydrogen ions in acidic urine while reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting ammonium ions. Respiratory adjustments also help balance pH levels.
The document describes procedures for limit tests to detect arsenic and lead impurities. For arsenic, the test uses Gutzeit apparatus to convert any arsenic present into arsine gas, which is detected by the formation of a yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper. For lead, the test uses dithizone to form a violet-colored lead dithizonate complex if lead is present, and the color is compared to a standard. Both tests involve extraction and color comparison to determine if the level of impurity exceeds the specified limit.
Major intra and extra cellular electrolytes pharmaceutical inorganic chemist...AZCPh
This document discusses the history and development of the city of Springfield over several decades. It outlines the growth of the population from the early 1900s through the 1930s as the city expanded and attracted new residents and businesses. Several new residential and commercial areas were constructed during this period as Springfield became a larger urban center.
This document discusses non-aqueous titration including reasons for using non-aqueous solvents, common solvent types, and examples of acidimetry and alkalimetry titrations. Protogenic, protophilic, and aprotic solvents are described. Acidimetry involves titrating weak bases like ephedrine HCl with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid. Alkalimetry involves titrating weak acids like sodium benzoate with sodium methoxide in DMF. The document provides procedures for standardizing a perchloric acid solution and estimating the percentage of ephedrine HCl and sodium benzoate in samples.
Non-aqueous titrations involve using a non-aqueous solvent instead of water. They are used when the reactant is insoluble in water, reactive with water, or too weak an acid or base. The document discusses different types of non-aqueous solvents and their properties, as well as considerations for non-aqueous titration procedures and methods. Common solvents, titrants, and indicators used are outlined. Examples of titrating weak bases with perchloric acid in acetic acid and weak acids with sodium methoxide are provided.
It is a type of quantitative analysis that involves weighing of the constituent under determination.
Or
It is the process of isolating and weighing an element or compound in a pure form.
Or
Gravimetric methods of analysis are based on the measurement of mass.
Electrogravimetry, we deposit the analyte as a solid film an electrode in an electrochemical cell.
Ex: The deposition as PbO2 at a Pt anode and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu at a Pt cathode is of electrogravimetry.
When thermal or chemical energy is used to remove a volatile species, such method called as Volatilization gravimetry.
Ex: In determining the moisture content of bread, for example, we use thermal energy to vaporize the water in the sample.
Particulate gravimetry we determine the analyte by separating it from the sample’s matrix using a filtration or an extraction. The determination of total suspended solids is one example of particulate gravimetry.
A gravimetric precipitating agent should react specifically, and selectively with the analyte. The ideal precipitating reagent would react with the analyte to give a product that is
Readily filtered and washed free of contaminants
Low solubility so that no significant loss of the solid occurs during filtration and washing
Un-reactive with constituents of the atmosphere
Should not alter the composition after it is dried or, if necessary, ignited.
The document discusses electrolyte balance and acid-base balance in the body. It provides details on various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium salts and their role in maintaining balance. It also discusses the buffer systems and mechanisms involved in regulating pH of blood and treatment of acid-base imbalances. Specifically, it summarizes commonly used pharmaceutical compounds for correcting acid-base imbalances like sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and their properties, methods of preparation, uses and official preparations.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
This document describes the procedure for performing a limit test for sulphate according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. A barium sulphate reagent is prepared containing barium chloride, potassium sulphate, alcohol and water. Standard sulphate solutions are also prepared. The test involves adding nitric acid and the reagent to samples and standards, observing any turbidity formed, and comparing the sample to the standard. If the sample turbidity is less than the standard, it passes the limit test, and if greater, it fails the test.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal agents including their classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It begins with an introduction to the gastrointestinal tract and its functions. It then discusses diseases of the GIT and classifies agents as acidifiers, antacids, cathartics, protectives, adsorbents, and antimicrobials. For each class, it provides subclasses and examples of agents. It also discusses the mechanisms of action, characteristics, and monographs for specific agents like hydrochloric acid and iodine. In summary, the document covers the classification, functions, and key agents used to treat gastrointestinal diseases and conditions.
This document discusses astringents and their properties. It provides information on zinc sulfate and potash alum, including their formulas, preparation methods, properties, assay methods, and common uses. Zinc sulfate and potash alum are both used as astringents to constrict tissues and stop bleeding from minor wounds. They are also used as nutritional supplements or in water treatment processes.
This document describes 4 methods for performing a limit test for heavy metals according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Method A uses hydrogen sulfide to form metal sulfides from heavy metals in an acidic solution. Method B also uses hydrogen sulfide but first chars and digests the sample. Method C uses sodium sulfide to form metal sulfides in an alkaline solution. Method D uses thioacetamide to react with heavy metals in an acidic buffer solution. For each method, the color produced by the test solution is compared to a standard solution and must not be more intense to pass the limit test.
1) The document discusses various analytical methods for estimating components in herbal drugs and formulations using titrimetric analysis.
2) Titrimetric methods described include acid-base titrations, complexometric titrations, redox titrations, and non-aqueous titrations.
3) Specific examples provided include estimating tannins in amla juice powder, total alkaloids in belladonna leaf tincture, calcium in Garcinia extract, papain in papaya extract, esters and other components in peppermint oil, and acid value of shellac.
The document describes procedures for determining several water quality parameters through laboratory experiments. It discusses determining pH, hardness, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), carbon dioxide, and alkalinity. For each parameter, it provides an overview, procedure, required apparatus and reagents, and technical discussion of the results and their significance for water quality.
The document discusses water quality assessment and surveillance. It outlines various physical, chemical and biological parameters used to evaluate drinking water quality according to WHO guidelines. These include turbidity, total dissolved solids, colour, odor, taste, temperature, pH and presence of inorganic constituents like chloride, calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium. Methods for testing parameters like turbidity, chloride, hardness, iron and fluoride are described. The document also covers bacteriological indicators of water quality including coliforms, E. coli and presence of pathogens. It provides methods for testing coliform bacteria using membrane filtration and multiple tube techniques.
This document discusses the formulation of sterile solutions, including small volume and large volume parenteral solutions. It covers various types of vehicles that can be used, including aqueous vehicles like water for injection and non-aqueous vehicles like oils. It also discusses additives that can be included, like solubilizing agents, buffers, antioxidants, tonicity adjusting agents, and antimicrobial agents. The document provides details on the preparation of water for injection, considerations for the route of administration, selection of vehicles, and supporting studies required for formulation of sterile solutions.
This document provides procedures for conducting a 3-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD3-27) test at 27°C. It describes the necessary apparatus, which includes BOD bottles and an incubator maintained at 27±1°C. Reagents include phosphate buffer solution, magnesium sulfate solution, calcium chloride solution, ferric chloride solution, acid and alkali solutions for pH adjustment, and a fresh glucose-glutamic acid solution used as a carbon source for microorganisms. The procedure involves filling BOD bottles with diluted sample and incubating for 3 days, then measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration to determine the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms.
What is Alkalinity of glasses? And its effects on different products....Umair hanif
Alkalinity is a measure of a solution's ability to neutralize acids and is usually caused by carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides in the solution. The alkalinity of glass is caused when sodium and potassium oxides in the glass absorb moisture from the air, react with carbon dioxide, and leach out, damaging the glass. High alkalinity can negatively impact vaccines, parenteral products, and solutions packaged in glass by reducing stability over time. Glass alkalinity is tested by heating containers of water in an autoclave and then titrating the water to determine acid needed for neutralization.
This document discusses food preservatives, including natural preservatives like salt and sugar and chemical preservatives. It provides examples of common chemical preservatives like sodium benzoate and potassium metabisulfite. The document also outlines criteria that effective preservatives should meet and lists advantages and disadvantages of various preservatives. Qualitative and quantitative methods for analyzing preservatives in food are described, including titration. Common antioxidants used to prevent food from oxidizing are also identified.
This document describes procedures for extracting important phytochemicals from various plants. It includes extraction methods for isolating starch from potatoes, calcium citrate from lemons, piperine from black pepper, caffeine from tea, curcumin from turmeric, capsaicin from red chili powder, and standardization of the extracts using TLC. The conclusion states that phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of the claimed secondary metabolites in the various plant extracts. Extraction yields ranging from 0.76% to 7.2% were obtained.
The document discusses the Ziehl-Neelsen stain used to detect acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It describes the history and principle of acid fastness, the reagents used including carbol fuchsin and sulfuric acid, the staining procedure, and the structures that stain acid-fast like M. tuberculosis. The importance of the ZN stain for diagnosing and monitoring treatment of tuberculosis is highlighted. Variations to the method are also outlined to identify different acid-fast organisms.
This document provides information about elixirs, including their definition, main ingredients, types, formulation, manufacturing considerations, and advantages/disadvantages. Elixirs are sweetened hydro-alcoholic liquids used orally that typically contain alcohol, water, glycerin, preservatives, flavorings, and colorings. There are two main types - medicated elixirs which contain active compounds, and non-medicated elixirs which are used as diluting agents. The document outlines the ingredients, equipment, personnel, compounding procedures, and quality controls needed for elixir manufacturing.
Access Natural Water is a subsidiary of Access Group established in 2001 to provide quality drinking water sourced from Sri Lankan springs. Its mission is to provide sustainable natural solutions for healthier living while adhering to standards. The company extracts water from natural springs in Labugamkanda Mountain and purifies it through aeration, sand filtration, micron filters, and UV sterilization before filling into polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate bottles. The production process is certified to various quality standards including SLS, ISO, and FDA to ensure the water is clean and safe for drinking.
This document discusses the use of hypochlorite (hypo) or bleach as a disinfectant for water and other purposes. It provides guidelines for using hypo to sanitize food contact surfaces, disinfect wells, clean homes, and process food. The document includes tables with recommended amounts of hypo (typically 5.25% household bleach) per volume of water to achieve different chlorine concentrations for various applications. It also provides information on other forms of hypo like HTH calcium hypochlorite granules.
This document describes methods for estimating various vitamins and acetic acid from samples. It discusses estimating vitamins A, B, and C using different techniques like HPLC, colorimetric, and spectrophotometric methods. For vitamin A, it provides details on the Carr-Price colorimetric method. It also outlines procedures for determining vitamins B using fluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Finally, it summarizes a titration process for estimating the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar using sodium hydroxide and a phenolphthalein indicator.
The document provides monograph information for several herbal drugs and extracts from the USP (United States Pharmacopoeia). It describes the botanical source, identification tests, specifications, packaging and storage requirements for Acacia, Ashwagandha root, Fennel oil, and Powdered Turmeric extract. The identification tests include thin layer chromatography, histology, solubility reactions, specific tests for curcuminoids or withanolides, and other chemical and physical requirements.
This document describes a phytochemical investigation of Leptadenia reticulata. It includes the objectives, materials and methods, results of phytochemical screening tests, and determination of physicochemical parameters. The objectives were to identify various phytoconstituents and evaluate physicochemical parameters in L. reticulata. Various extraction and chemical tests were performed to detect the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and other constituents. Parameters like moisture content, ash values, and solvent extractive values were also determined. The investigation revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents in L. reticulata.
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
The document provides instructions for making red cabbage indicator solution and using it to test the pH of household substances. It explains that red cabbage contains pigments that change color based on pH, making it a natural pH indicator. The instructions describe chopping and boiling red cabbage to make a colored liquid, then using this liquid to test the acidity or basicity of substances such as lemon juice, vinegar, baking soda solution and more. Chemical explanations are provided for how pH indicators work and how red cabbage pigments specifically indicate pH.
The document provides instructions for making red cabbage indicator solution and using it to test the pH of household substances. It explains that red cabbage contains natural pH indicators that change color based on whether a solution is acidic or basic. A procedure is given for boiling and straining red cabbage to produce the indicator solution. The document then discusses pH scales and uses of pH indicators before listing the pH values of various common acids and bases.
The document provides instructions for making red cabbage indicator solution and using it to test the pH of household substances. It explains that red cabbage contains natural pH indicators that change color based on whether a solution is acidic or basic. A procedure is given for chopping and boiling red cabbage to produce a liquid that can be used to determine if a substance has a pH below or above 7, indicating acidity or alkalinity. Common household items are listed along with their typical pH values.
The document discusses pharmacopoeias, which are compendiums published under government authority that provide drug standards. It notes the origins of the term from Greek and provides examples like the Indian, British, and United States Pharmacopoeias. The Indian Pharmacopoeia is discussed in detail, including its history from early publications to the current 8th edition. Key aspects of pharmacopoeias like their role in quality control and international harmonization of standards are mentioned. The format and typical sections of pharmacopoeial monographs are outlined.
Acids bases and buffers
Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
Unit 2, Chapter 1
Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis Concepts of Acids and bases,
Concept of pH, pOH, pKa, pKb
Concept of buffers, buffer solutions, buffer action, and buffer capacity,
Buffer equation
Buffers in pharmaceuticals
Buffered isotonic solutions
Measurement and adjustment of tonicity
the power point presentation describes how Information technology and especially chem-informatics has revolutionised and simplified the process of drug design and discovery
Ion pair chromatography for pharmacy studentsabhishek rai
Ion-PairChromatography
A GENERALISED OVERVIEW
Chromatography
HPLC
Reverse Phase Chromatography
Ion Pair Chromatography
Ion Pair Reagent
Mechanism of Ion Pair Chromatography
Ion Pair Wash Procedure
P. niruri has been used in traditional medicine systems for over 2000 years to treat various conditions. It contains many phytochemicals including lignans, terpenes, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Lignans like phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are responsible for its hepatoprotective and anti-viral effects against conditions like hepatitis. Terpenes exhibit anti-cancer and antimicrobial activity, while flavonoids have antioxidant effects. P. niruri has a long history of safe use and further research on its various phytochemicals can lead to new drug discoveries.
Prodrugs are inactive derivatives of active drug molecules that undergo biotransformation in the body to release the active drug. They are designed to improve drug solubility, stability, absorption, distribution, and reduce toxicity and side effects. Prodrugs can be classified as carrier-linked or bioprecursor types. The carrier-linked type attaches the active drug to an inert carrier molecule through a metabolically labile bond. Bioprecursor prodrugs rely on metabolic activation like oxidation or phosphorylation to release the active drug. Key steps in prodrug design involve identifying delivery problems and selecting a carrier to impart the desired properties while releasing the active drug in the target area. Common applications of prodrugs include targeting the brain
Bioenergetics is the study of energy relationships and conversions in living systems. All biological transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics. A system exchanges either matter or energy or both with its surroundings and includes reactants, products, and the immediate environment. Closed systems exchange energy but not matter, while open systems exchange both. Spontaneous reactions are exergonic with a negative change in free energy, while non-spontaneous reactions are endergonic with a positive change in free energy. Cellular functions depend on endergonic reactions being coupled to exergonic reactions to make the overall process exergonic. Drug-receptor binding affinity is determined by the free energy change and can be calculated from contributions
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
2. Water
“Water flows from high in the mountains
Water runs deep in the earth
Miraculously, water comes to us
And sustains all life”
-Thich Nhat Hanh
Most common liquid in surroundings. 70% of the earth is covered by water.
Water makes 60% of human body weights
Water is most widely and abundantly utilized substance in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
For different purposes different grades of water are used.
Based on source, method of preparation and applications water can be classified into several types
viz, potable water, Purified water IP, water for Injections IP, Sterile water for injections IP,
Bacteriostatic water for Injection USP.
3. Water
Natural Water:
Water that occurs in nature in rivers, lakes & wells containing dissolved minerals native to the
region. It may contain clay, sand, microbes and fragments of plants and animals.
Potable Water:
Natural water treated to make fit for drinking.
It is obtained by treating natural water to remove various insoluble matter through coagulation,
settling and filtering process, destruction of pathogenic microbes by chlorination, removal of
obnoxious substances by aeration and filtration through charcoal etc.
As per IP, total aerobic microbial count allowed for potable water is 500 CFU per ml.
Potable water can be used for the synthesis of drugs and additives but should not be used in the
production of dosage forms as well as in analysis.
4. Purified Water I.P.
Purified Water I.P.:
Purified water I.P is prepared by distillation or ion exchange or by any other appropriate means
from suitable Potable water that complies with all the relevant statutory regulations.
Throughout the process of production and during the storage such measures are taken to ensure the
quality in terms of controlling and monitoring microbes. Total viable count should be less than 100
microorganisms per ml determined by membrane filtration.
Purified water IP is used as pharmaceutical functioning as solvent in many preparations as well as
analytical solutions.
6. Water for Injection I.P.
Water of Injections is water intended for use in preparations for parenteral administration
when water is used as vehicle (Water for injections in bulk) and for dissolving or diluting substances
or preparations for injectable preparations (Sterile water for Injections).
➢Water for injection in Bulk
➢Sterile water for injection
7. Water for Injection in bulk
Water for injection in bulk is obtained by distilling potable water/purified water in a neutral
glass/quartz/suitable metal still fitted with an effective device for preventing the entrainment of
droplets.
The still must be maintained such to ensure production of apyrogenic water.
First portion of the distillate is discarded and the remainder is collected and stored in conditions
designed to prevent the growth of microorganisms and to avoid any contamination.
Description: A clear, colorless and odorless liquid
Conductivity: Meets the requirements of the test
Total organic carbon: Not more than 0.5 mg/lit
Storage: In containers designed to prevent the growth of micro-organisms.
Labelling: The label on the container in which the bulk has been distributed states that the contents
have not been sterilized.
8. Water for Injection in bulk
Quality control:
✓Test for acidity or alkalinity
✓Ammonium
✓Calcium and magnesium
✓Heavy metals
✓Chlorides
✓Nitrates
✓Sulphates
✓Aluminum
✓Bacterial endotoxins
9. Sterile Water for Injection
Its water for injections that has been distributed in suitable containers of glass or any other material,
sealed and sterilized by heat under conditions that ensure that the water complies with the test for
bacterial endotoxins.
Its free form any added substances.
Each container contains sufficient quantity of water for injections to permit the withdrawal of
nominal volume.
Storage: Stored in single dose containers of not larger than one liter size.
10. Sterile Water for Injection
Quality control:
Appearance: When examined in suitable conditions of visibility, its clear, colorless and practically
free form suspended particles.
Acidity or alkalinity
Ammonium
Calcium and magnesium
Heavy metals
Chlorides, Nitrates & Sulphates
Oxidisable substances
Residues on evaporation
Particulate contamination
Bacterial endotoxins & Sterility
11. Water Ammonia Free
It is prepared by adding 0.1 ml Sulphuric acid to 100 ml purified water and distilling it. First 10 ml
are discarded and following 50 ml are collected.
Water, ammonia free should comply with following test:
To 50 ml water ammonia free, add 2 ml alkaline potassium mercuri iodide; no color is produced
12. Water Carbondioxide Free
Prepared by boiling purified water vigorously for a few minutes. It is stored such as to prevent from
the atmosphere.
13. Water Nitrate Free
Prepared by adding 5mg each of potassium permanganate and barium hydroxide and distilling. First
10 ml is discarded and following 50 ml is collected.
14. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP
Water for injection containing one or more suitable antimicrobial agents.
It is stored in single dose/multiple dose containers of not larger than 30 ml size.
It is used for compounding small volumes of extemporaneous parenteral preparations for
Intramuscular injections.
Bacteriostatic water for injection can not be used intravenously as it contains bacteriostatic agents.
Labelling: Its label should contain all the parameters of water for injection and additionally it should
also contains names and concentrations of bacteriostatic agents used.
15. Official Control tests for Purified Water I.P.
Acidity/alkalinity:
To 10ml, freshly boiled and cooled in a borosilicate glass flask, add 0.05ml methyl red solution, the
resulting solution is not red.
To 10ml, freshly boiled and cooled in a borosilicate glass flask, add 0.1ml bromothymol blue
solution, the resulting solution is not blue.
Ammonium:
To 20ml, add 1 ml alkaline potassium mercuri iodide solution and allow to stand for 5 minutes. When
viewed vertically the solution is not more intensely colored than a solution prepared at the same
time by adding 1 ml of alkaline potassium mercuri iodide solution to a mixture of 4 ml of ammonium
standard solution (1 ppm Ammonium) and 16 ml of ammonia free water (0.2 ppm)
Calcium and magnesium:
To 100 ml, add 2ml of ammonia buffer pH 10.0, 50 mg of mordant black II mixture and 0.5
ml 0.01M disodium edetate; a pure purple color is produced
16. Official Control tests for Purified Water I.P.
Heavy metals:
Evaporate 150 ml to 15 ml on a water bath; 12 ml of the solution complies with the limit test for
heavy metals (Method D). Use lead standard solution (1 ppm Pb) to prepare standard.
Chlorides:
To 10ml, add 1 ml 2M Nitric acid and 0.1M silver nitrate; the appearance of the solution does not
change at least for 15 minutes.
Nitrates:
To 5 ml in a test tube immersed in ice add 0.4 ml of a 10% w/v solution of potassium chloride, 0.1 ml
of diphenylamine solution and dropwise with shaking 5 ml of sulphuric acid. Transfer the tube to a
water bath at 500C and allow to stand for 15 mins. Any blue color in the solution is not more intense
than that in a solution prepared at the same time and in same manner using a mixture of 4.5 ml of
nitrate free water and 0.5 ml of nitrate standard solution (2 ppm NO3) (0.2 ppm).
Sulphates:
To 10 ml add 0.1 ml of 2 M HCl and 0.1 ml of barium chloride solution. The appearance of the
solution does not change for at least 1 hour.
17. Official Control tests for Purified Water I.P.
Oxidizable substances:
To 100 ml add 10 ml of 1M H2SO4 and 0.1 ml of 0.02M KMnO4 and boil for 5 mins; the solution
remains faintly pink.
Residues on evaporation:
Evaporate 100 ml to dryness on a water bath and dry to constant weight at 1050C. The residues
weighs not more than 1 mg (0.001%).
18. Official Control tests for Purified Water I.P.
Purified water intended for use in the manufacture of dialysis solutions and also without a
further procedure for removal of the removal of bacterial endotoxins complies with the following
additional requirements
Aluminum: Not more than 10 ppb,
Test Solution: To 400 ml of water under examination, add 10 ml of acetate buffer solution pH
6.0 and 100 ml of distilled water
Reference solution: Mix 2 ml of aluminum standard solution (2ppm Al), 10 ml acetate buffer
solution pH 6.0 and 98 ml of distilled water.
Blank solution: Mix 10 ml of acetate buffer solution pH 6.0 and 100 ml distilled water.
Bacterial endotoxins:
Not more than 0.25 endotoxin unit per ml.
19. Official Control tests for Water for Injection I.P.
Bacterial endotoxins:
Not more than 0.25 endotoxin unit per ml.
Total organic carbon:
Not more than 0.5 mg per liter.
Sterile Water for Injection:
Chloride test for sterile water for injection for containers with volume less than 100 ml
15 ml complies with the limit test for chlorides using a standard solution prepared by mixing 1.5 ml
of chloride standard solution (5 ppm) and 13.5 ml of water.
Oxidizable substances:
Boil 100 ml with 10ml 1M Sulphuric acid, add 0.4ml 0.02M Potassium permanganate (For sterile
water for injection with fill volume less than 50 ml) or 0.2ml 0.02M potassium permanganate (For
sterile water for injection with fill volume 50ml or more) and boil for 5 min. If a precipitate
forms, cool in a ice bath to room temperature and filter through a sintered glass filter (porosity No.
3). The pink color of the solution does not disappear completely.
20. Official Control tests for Water for Injection I.P.
Sterile Water for Injection:
Residues on evaporation:
Evaporate 100ml to dryness on a water bath and dry the residue to constant weight at 1050C.
For containers with a nominal volume of 10 ml or less, the residue weighs not more than
4ml(0.004%).
For containers with nominal volume greater than 10 ml, the residue weighs not more than
3mg(0.003%).