Of the People McGerr, Lewis, Oakes, Cullather, Summers, Townsend, Dunak © 2018 Volume II Since 1865 © 2018 Chapter 20 A Global Power 1914—1919 © 2018 French Children in a Red Cross Hospital Chapter 20 American Portrait: Walter Lippmann Caught in Belgium at the outbreak of WWI A progressive and journalist New Republic Inevitability of progress Carnage of WWI © 2018 The Challenge of Revolution © 2018 Mexican Invasion Routes to Veracruz General John Pershing led 10,000 troops together with observation aircraft and a convoy of trucks 419 miles into Mexico on a fruitless hunt for Francisco Villa’s band. Federal forces loyal to Carranza confronted Pershing near Parral, bringing the US advance to a halt. The Mexican Revolution Francisco Madero’s revolt, 1911 Overthrew dictator Porfirio Diaz Coup by General Victoriano Huerta began a civil war Resistance led by Emiliano Zapata, Venustiano Carranza Rebels supported by Wilson administration Pancho Villa invaded the US General Pershing invaded Mexico © 2018 Bringing Order to the Caribbean Wilson opposed imperialism Wanted to bring order to neighboring countries Invaded more Latin American countries than any other president Haiti, 1915; Dominican Republic, 1916 Honduras, Panama, Nicaragua, Cuba © 2018 A One-Sided Neutrality Wilson declared strict neutrality Worried that immigrant communities would take sides Attempts to broker peace US loaned money to the Allies, sold them goods Cut off the Central powers © 2018 The Lusitania’s Last Voyage Germany warned against ship travel in war zones Submarine attacks Lusitania sunk off the coast of Ireland, May 7, 1915 Nearly 1200 dead, 124 Americans Wilson threatened Germany with war © 2018 The Drift to War © 2018 Hog Island Shipyard Building the massive shipyard at Hog Island was a major feat. The railroad network broke down under the strain, leading Wilson to nationalize the railroads. The Election of 1916 Wilson: “He kept us out of war” Republican Charles Evans Hughes attacked Wilson as weak Suffragists campaigned against Wilson Wilson narrowly won © 2018 The Last Attempts at Peace “Peace without victory” Self determination, international organization to enforce peace Defeat of Russia left Germany unwilling to negotiate Zimmermann Telegram US declaration of war © 2018 War Aims “a concert of free peoples” to make the world safe for democracy Edward House, Inquiry League of nations, freedom of the seas, open-door trade, ethnic self-determination © 2018 The Fight in Congress Robert La Follette called for a referendum on war Divisions over paying for war The draft Opposition voices were silenced, branded as traitors © 2018 Mobilizing the Nation and the Economy © 2018 Wake Up, America! After a prolonged effort at neutrality, the United States faced the challenge of preparedness upon entering World War I. Propaganda posters encouraged Americans to support the war effort. Enforcing Patriotism Suspicions of ethnic.

1. Of the People
McGerr, Lewis, Oakes, Cullather, Summers, Townsend, Dunak
© 2018
Volume II
Since 1865
© 2018
Chapter 20
A Global Power 1914—1919
© 2018
French Children in a Red Cross Hospital
Chapter 20
American Portrait: Walter Lippmann
Caught in Belgium at the outbreak of WWI
A progressive and journalist
New Republic
Inevitability of progress
Carnage of WWI
© 2018

2. The Challenge of Revolution
© 2018
Mexican Invasion Routes to Veracruz General John Pershing led
10,000 troops together with observation aircraft and a convoy of
trucks 419 miles into Mexico on a fruitless hunt for Francisco
Villa’s band. Federal forces loyal to Carranza confronted
Pershing near Parral, bringing the US advance to a halt.
The Mexican Revolution
Francisco Madero’s revolt, 1911
Overthrew dictator Porfirio Diaz
Coup by General Victoriano Huerta began a civil war
Resistance led by Emiliano Zapata, Venustiano Carranza
Rebels supported by Wilson administration
Pancho Villa invaded the US
General Pershing invaded Mexico
© 2018
Bringing Order to the Caribbean
Wilson opposed imperialism
Wanted to bring order to neighboring countries
Invaded more Latin American countries than any other president
Haiti, 1915; Dominican Republic, 1916
Honduras, Panama, Nicaragua, Cuba
© 2018

3. A One-Sided Neutrality
Wilson declared strict neutrality
Worried that immigrant communities would take sides
Attempts to broker peace
US loaned money to the Allies, sold them goods
Cut off the Central powers
© 2018
The Lusitania’s Last Voyage
Germany warned against ship travel in war zones
Submarine attacks
Lusitania sunk off the coast of Ireland, May 7, 1915
Nearly 1200 dead, 124 Americans
Wilson threatened Germany with war
© 2018
The Drift to War
© 2018
Hog Island Shipyard Building the massive shipyard at Hog
Island was a major feat. The railroad network broke down under
the strain, leading Wilson to nationalize the railroads.
The Election of 1916
Wilson: “He kept us out of war”
Republican Charles Evans Hughes attacked Wilson as weak
Suffragists campaigned against Wilson
Wilson narrowly won

4. © 2018
The Last Attempts at Peace
“Peace without victory”
Self determination, international organization to enforce peace
Defeat of Russia left Germany unwilling to negotiate
Zimmermann Telegram
US declaration of war
© 2018
War Aims
“a concert of free peoples” to make the world safe for
democracy
Edward House, Inquiry
League of nations, freedom of the seas, open-door trade, ethnic
self-determination
© 2018
The Fight in Congress
Robert La Follette called for a referendum on war
Divisions over paying for war
The draft
Opposition voices were silenced, branded as traitors
© 2018
Mobilizing the Nation and the Economy

5. © 2018
Wake Up, America! After a prolonged effort at neutrality, the
United States faced the challenge of preparedness upon entering
World War I. Propaganda posters encouraged Americans to
support the war effort.
Enforcing Patriotism
Suspicions of ethnic Germans, public skepticism
Espionage Act and Sedition Act
IWW leaders, Eugene Debs were imprisoned
Laws criminalizing unpatriotic activity
Committee on Public Information made propaganda
© 2018
Struggles for Democracy
Eugene Debs Speaks Out Against the War
Socialist Party opposed the war, the draft
Debs critiqued the gov’t for limiting freedoms
Blamed power of the business elite, war profits
Charged with violating the Espionage Act
Fears of the Bolshevik Revolution
© 2018
© 2018
Regimenting the Economy
Total war
Hog Island shipyard led to nationalization of railroads
War Industries Board
Bernard Baruch, regulation by businessmen

6. Cost-plus contract ensured profits
Corporate consolidation plus federal regulation
© 2018
The Great Migration
Factories began recruiting workers in the rural South
Primarily African American sharecroppers
Jobs at the bottom of the pay scale, limited housing, poor
conditions
Few went back South
Neighborhood segregation in northern cities
© 2018
Reforms Become “War Measures”
Attempts to outlaw lynching
Suffragists lobbied Congress for a constitutional amendment
Alice Paul, National Woman’s Party
Women entered the war workforce
National War Labor Board recognized unions
Temperance as a patriotic crusade
Ratification of 18th and 19th amendments
Army remained segregated
© 2018
The Western Front
© 2018

7. Citizens into Soldiers
Conscription
American Expeditionary Force led by John J. Pershing
Fall of Russia and Italy made American participation vital
© 2018
The Fourteen Points
War aims developed by the Inquiry
National self-determination
Freedom of the seas
League of nations
Open diplomacy
Wilson’s hopes to end both empire and socialism
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
© 2018
The Final Offensive
Launched in March 1918
German economy could not sustain another year of war
Pershing refused to unify American troops with British and
French
Favored massive frontal assault
Battle of Belleau Wood, 4600 American casualties
Battle of Meuse-Argonne, 26,000 casualties
Armistice on November 11, 1918
© 2018
Western Front

8. © 2018
Western Front, 1918 On the western front, the opposing armies
fought from trenches fortified with earthworks and barbed wire.
The parallel trench lines stretched thousands of miles from the
North Sea to Switzerland.
Revolutionary Anxieties
© 2018
Wilson in Paris Woodrow Wilson received a hero’s welcome on
the Rue Royale when he arrived in France to join the other
Allied Powers in crafting the postwar world. His triumph was
short-lived, however, as many of his Fourteen Points fell to the
wayside during treaty talks at the Palace of Versailles.
Wilson in Paris
Wilson refused to include Republicans in delegation
Britain and France refused to accept limitations on their power
Carved up Germany’s colonies
War guilt clause, reparations
Wilson focused on League of nations
© 2018
The Senate Rejects the League
Americans saw the compromises as betrayal
League of Nations seemed to guarantee US involvement in
European wars

9. Republicans wanted to avoid alliances
Wilson refused to compromise
Nationwide tour in support of the treaty
© 2018
Red Scare
Fears of Bolshevism were tied to fears of anarchists
Military forced used to break strikes
Palmer raids
Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti
© 2018
America and the World
The Red Cross and Wartime Civilian Aid
Assistance to wartime nations
Immediate aid
Long term health and welfare programs
Education and preventative public health
Based on American middle class values
© 2018
© 2018
French Children in a Red Cross Hospital The ARC assisted
civilian populations affected by the tumult of World War I.
Wall Street Bombing

10. © 2018
Wall Street Bombing On September 16, 1920, Mario Buda
detonated a horse-drawn wagon filled with dynamite and scrap
metal in front of the J. P. Morgan offices on Wall Street. It was
the first use of a new technology of terror, the car bomb.
Sending shock waves through an America already anxious about
revolutionaries, the blast intensified the hunt for radicals and
“reds.”