The document discusses the history of the Americas in the 19th century. It covers several topics: Westward expansion and conflicts with indigenous peoples in North America; the American Civil War sparked by slavery and states' secession; Canada achieving autonomy without war; the Little Ice Age causing severe cold and famine in the late Middle Ages; the Louisiana Purchase doubling the size of the US; and early depictions of Native Americans created by Prince Maximilian zu Wied and Karl Bodmer.

1. A Difficult Past: How the Americas Changed By: David Fry

2. The America’s in the 19th century was when many migrants fled their country to America for a chance to live a better life. In 1803 the United States purchased the Louisiana Purchase from France. Between 1804 and 1806 Lewis and Clark led an expedition to discover and map the land to the west. By the 1840’s westward expansion was well underway. Westward expansion brought settlers and government forces in conflict with the indigenous peoples of North America. Eventually the Unites States pushed the indigenous people to certain areas, far away from where they were from. The Americas In the 19th Century

3. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 ignited a war between the states. Eleven states withdrew from the Union because slavery was an important factor for southern states and their crops. This started the Civil War which lasted until 1864, which the north had won. Canada did not fight a war for independence not did it experience bloody conflict. Canadians and the British government agreed on general principles of autonomy. Less than 5 percent of the male population was active in Latin American politics in the nineteenth century. The 19th Century

4. The little ice age froze men to death in the middle of September. This Little Ice Age lasted from the 14th century to the 19th century. The New York Harbor was frozen for five weeks and there was two feet of snow in New York in July. Scientists believe these little ice ages are reoccurring. Believing it happens after a certain period of time. 1.5 million people died from starvation. Also caused the Black Plague which killed 25 million people. Came to an end in 1850. The Little Ice Age

5. The Louisiana Purchase covered 828 sq. miles. The French thought the land was useless and gave it to Spain. Then after tension with Napoleon, Spain gave back the territory to France. Then because of lost of control on Haiti Napoleon was forced to sell the territory. The United States bought the territory for $15 million dollars, and actually financed through a bank in England. Frontiers of the Americas

6. American Indians did not write down their history, they only passed down their history through word of mouth and stories. Prince Maximilian zu Wied and Karl Bodmer traveled to America interested in finding Indians. He provided images of the native Indians in North America for the two years he spent there. In the South there were many cases of murder, an act of civil war. There were also cases of murders in public in order to defend themselves against public insult. The Americas

7. The South’s principal foreign-policy goals were European intervention to break the blockade and diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy as a nation. Southerners fervently believed in the power of King Cotton to compel British and French intervention. The purpose was to persuade the British to break the blockade in order to get cotton, thus provoking conflict and a possible war with the United States, which would ensure Confederate success. Crossroads of Freedom

8. Crossroads of Freedom The principal Confederate diplomatic effort shifted in 1862 to the quest for official recognition. The South’s model was French recognition of the fledgling United States in 1778. Recognition would have conferred international legitimacy on the Confederacy and produced great pressure for the United States to do the same. It would have boosted Southern morale and encouraged foreign investment in Confederate bonds. Recognition would also have enabled the Confederacy to negotiate military and commercial treaties with foreign powers.

9. Many of the gentry and aristocracy in Britain tended to sympathize with the Confederacy, while the working class identified with the Union as the champion of free-labor democracy. The conviction grew in Britain and France that the only way to revive cotton imports and reopen factories was to end the war. Crossroads of Freedom

10. Lincoln signed legislation to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia and in the territories. Then Lincoln went ahead and made the Proclamation of Emancipation, grounded in his war powers as commander in chief to seize enemy property which was slaves. He had concluded that emancipation was a military necessity, and absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union. The sides finally met at Sharpsburg, where many soldiers were killed on both sides. The Army of Northern Virginia was not destroyed at Antietam, as Lincoln had hoped. But it was badly hurt. Crossroads of Freedom