This document discusses occupational noise and its effects. It defines noise and sound, describes how the ear works, and identifies common sources of occupational noise like machinery. It explains that prolonged exposure to high noise levels can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. The document provides guidance on engineering controls, administrative controls, hearing protection, and compliance with regulations to prevent noise-induced hearing loss.
The OSHA standard for noise requires at-workers to receive training on how noise affects them along with the controls to protect them from exposure and monitor their hearing. If this the type of training that you require to meet your regulatory obligations, contact us at The Windsor Consulting Group, Inc. We have over 60 occupational health and safety course offering to help your workforce, public, and the environment
The OSHA standard for noise requires at-workers to receive training on how noise affects them along with the controls to protect them from exposure and monitor their hearing. If this the type of training that you require to meet your regulatory obligations, contact us at The Windsor Consulting Group, Inc. We have over 60 occupational health and safety course offering to help your workforce, public, and the environment
About 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise on the job. One in 4 of these workers (or 7.5 million Americans) will develop permanent hearing loss.Noise-induced hearing loss is the most common occupational hazard for American workers.Hearing loss from noise is slow and painless; you can have a disability before you notice it.If you must raise your voice to speak with someone only 3 feet away, you are in high (hazardous) noise. It is 100% preventable
Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Healthjhaymz02
Explain the basic principles and practice of accident and disease prevention in the workplace;
Express commitment in preventing the occurrence and recurrence of accidents and diseases within their organization.
The health and safety in the workplace are designed to create the awareness of key health and safety issues found in the workplace as well as the role you will play in ensuring yours as well as other’s safety. The program offers the skills and knowledge required to start a career in the field of health and safety.
Call Avalon Hearing Aid Center Fair Oaks (916) 365-9081
www. Hearing-Aids-Fair-Oaks-CA.com
8146 Greenback Lane, Suite 100 Fair Oaks, California, 95628
Heavy equipment, noisy machinery and gunfire all take their toll on your precious sense of hearing. So can loud music, lawn mowers, leaf blowers, power tools, hair dryers and other everyday appliances. Our modern world is noisy.
About 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise on the job. One in 4 of these workers (or 7.5 million Americans) will develop permanent hearing loss.Noise-induced hearing loss is the most common occupational hazard for American workers.Hearing loss from noise is slow and painless; you can have a disability before you notice it.If you must raise your voice to speak with someone only 3 feet away, you are in high (hazardous) noise. It is 100% preventable
Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Healthjhaymz02
Explain the basic principles and practice of accident and disease prevention in the workplace;
Express commitment in preventing the occurrence and recurrence of accidents and diseases within their organization.
The health and safety in the workplace are designed to create the awareness of key health and safety issues found in the workplace as well as the role you will play in ensuring yours as well as other’s safety. The program offers the skills and knowledge required to start a career in the field of health and safety.
Call Avalon Hearing Aid Center Fair Oaks (916) 365-9081
www. Hearing-Aids-Fair-Oaks-CA.com
8146 Greenback Lane, Suite 100 Fair Oaks, California, 95628
Heavy equipment, noisy machinery and gunfire all take their toll on your precious sense of hearing. So can loud music, lawn mowers, leaf blowers, power tools, hair dryers and other everyday appliances. Our modern world is noisy.
Animation can explain behaviours better than thousand of words that’s why interaction designer should learn from motion designer.
Technological advances have allowed, in the last few years, a big step forward in the dynamic behaviors and interactions patterns that we used to do with software in the past. Motion is one of the key element of this change but how can we imagine & sketch the way something feels & reacts? Starting from the basic of motion design, we’ll discover a set of “standard” motion patterns and how we can sketch & use them in a design project to increase affordance, to simplify complex interactions and to give a new dynamic brand identity to our products.
Presented @Interaction 14, Amsterdam
http://interaction14.ixda.org/program/saturday/241-design-in-motion-the-new
Talk here:
https://vimeo.com/86763511
NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS !
~ Shri.Dr.Ch.Ramanachary Ji, MS ENT,
Professor and HOD Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences,
Karimnagar, Telangana State, India
This slides tells about what are the consequences of noise;hearing loss and how it affects human being;protective devices for minimizing the risk level.
An overview of noise pollution and control is presented, w.r.t. sources, impacts on human life, and mitigation/ control measures. Mining is a hazardous profession, numerous health impact on the miners. Hearing Impairment is one of the major health problems phased on a day to day basis in both open cast (o/c) and underground (u/g) Mines worldwide. But o/c mine is key as it is highly mechanized these days. Thus, this presentation provides basic information w.r.t. noise pollution and control in mines.
Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a major compensable industrial disease in Australia, which has severe impact – sufferers have trouble communicating, can become socially isolated and experience a substantial reduction in their quality of life. As well as the negative affects directly associated with the individual affected, NIHL also has substantial economic costs. Exposure to excessive noise causes increased employee turnover and absenteeism as well as lowered performance.
Although NIHL is irreversible, it can prevented. In this slide deck, Kerri-Ann Jessep, Client Support Consultant and Occupational Hygienist at Medgate, teaches you how you can better protect your employees from noise induced hearing loss.
BRAMHOPE HEALTH & SAFETY - HEARING PROTECTIONBramhope Group
HEARING PROTECTION
Noise-induced hearing loss is one the most common occupational hazards, and the health risk caused by insufficient ear protection is often recognised too late (ringing, whistling, buzzing in the ears, disturbed sleep).
In addition, permanent noise pollution in the workplace creates
stress and may result in a loss in productivity and ability to
concentrate.
Bramhope Health & Safety’s vast range of products provides solutions that are adapted to your specific workplace noise hazards.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. OCCUPATIONAL NOISE
STACY ARVINNA
GROUP 3
4TH YEAR 1ST SEM
11 JANUARY 2011
HYGIENE SUBJECT
2. SOUND VERSUS NOISE
Sound is a pressure change detectable by the
human ear.
The pitch ranges between 20 to 20,000 Hz.
The volume ranges between 0 to 140 dB.
Noise is a type of sound.
It carries no information.
It is random.
It is generally described as undesirable or unwanted
sound.
3. AN EAR’S ANATOMY
HOW WE HEAR?
Ear
Outer ear - directs
sound waves
Middle ear -
eardrum -
hammer, anvil,
stirrup
Inner ear - organ
of corti, cochlea
4. OCCUPATIONAL NOISE
Noise is defined as unwanted sound.
Transit workers who operate, service, or
maintain vehicles, equipment, or facilities may
be routinely exposed to high levels of noise.
Working in maintenance shops or repairing
buses involves using loud machinery such as
motors, grinders, saws, presses, pneumatic
equipment and hand held tools can also generate
high noise levels.
5.
6. NOISE ON HEARING
Sound - produced vibrations enter
the inner ear as waves.
Frequency - (pitch) number of
vibrations per second; measured in
hertz (Hz)
Intensity - loudness of the sound;
measure in decibels (dB).
7. EFFECT OF OCCUPATIONAL
NOISE
Exposure to excessive noise levels at work can
result in two types of noise induced hearing loss
(NIHL):
Temporary (conductive) hearing loss occurs when
sound vibrations are blocked from reaching the inner ear.
This may be due to wax buildup, an infection of the
middle ear, or explosive sounds that damage the eardrum
or middle ear. This type of hearing loss is reversible. The
ear may recover on its own or it may be surgically
corrected.
Permanent (sensineural) hearing loss occurs when
cells and nerves in the inner ear are damaged.
Individuals don’t realize they are experiencing hearing
loss because it happens gradually. It cannot be corrected
or reversed.
8. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
HEARING LOSS
Ringing / buzzing in the ears
Difficulty with high pitched sounds
Problems with conversing with others
Inability to hear consonants
Raising the volume on the TV / radio
9. TYPES OF HEARING LOSS
Middle ear hearing loss results from lack of
conduction.
Impacted wax
Broken ear drum
Inner ear hearing loss results from lack of neural
connections.
Naturally due to aging
Loud noises
Disease
10. OCCUPATIONAL HEARING
LOSS
Noise-Induced
Hearing Loss or Noise-
Induced Permanent Threshold Shift
(NIPTS)
Permanent sensor neural condition
Cannot be treated or corrected medically
Initially effects high frequencies
Industrial trough
Speech recognition
Progresses to lower frequencies
11. EFFECT OF OCCUPATIONAL NOISE
Exposure to excessive noise levels at work
can also result in:
Increased stress levels that may raise blood
pressure and contribute to heart disease. High
noise levels can also cause insomnia, fatigue,
irritability, and decreased job performance.
Increased risk of accidents because high noise
levels make it more difficult to hear other
workers, to hear warnings or approaching
vehicles, or to be heard by other workers.
12. NON-AUDITORY EFFECTS OF NOISE
Effects cardiovascular system
Effects the nervous system
Interferes with speech and concentration
Causes annoyance, stress, and fatigue
Reduces work efficiency
Lowers morale
Masks warning sounds
13. THRESHOLD
SHIFTS
Temporary Threshold Shifts (TTS)
Hearing returns to normal after noise exposure
Permanent Threshold Shifts (PTS)
Repeated noise exposure without a return
to normal
Standard Threshold Shifts (STS)
> 10 dB average loss in 2000, 3000, or 4000 Hz in either
ear
14. NOISE LEVEL AND THE HUMAN
RESPONSE
Pneumatic chipping and riveting 130dB(A)
Automatic punch press 110 dB(A)
Heavy lorries at 6m 90
dB(A)
Construction site - pneumatic drilling 90 dB(A)
15. NOISE MEASURING EQUIPMENT
Sound level meters
Basic instrument to measure
sound pressure variations in
air
Noise dosimeter
Combines sound pressure
and time for
employee
exposure monitoring
16. NOISE MEASURING EQUIPMENT
Octave band analyzer
Diagnostic tool to help find appropriate
engineering controls to reduce noise levels
17. AUDIOMETRIC TESTING
A qualified person performs the hearing test, usually
an audiologist.
The audiometers are calibrated to determine your
threshold of hearing and changes (threshold shifts).
Must meet strict specified criteria
A qualified person interprets the results of the
hearing test.
18. AUDIOMETRIC TESTING
Painless and short test to measure hearing
Establishes a baseline
Detects changes in hearing
Employee’s with exposure in excess of 85dB(A)
over an 8 hour period
19. NOISE REDUCTION RATING
Defined as the maximum number of decibels (dB) that
the hearing protector will reduce the sound level when
worn
NRR must be on the hearing protector package.
NRR example for A-weighted data
Estimated exposure (dBA) = TWA (dBA) - (NRR - 7)
20. HEARING CONSERVATION
Quite Room: 30 dBA
Bulldozer: 85dBA
Normal City Noises: 65 dBA
Normal Conversation: 50 dBA
Artillery/Good Rock Band: 120 dBA
21. HEARING PROTECTION
Three ways to protect your hearing:
Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal Protective Devices
22. ENGINEERING
CONTROLS
Engineering Controls
Engineering controls reduce noise at its source.
Examples include:
enclosing noisy machinery, fans, or motors, or moving
them away from workers
controlling vibration by damping or by tightening,
lubricating, or isolating vibrating parts
replacing loud machines with quiet machines
installing sound barriers or sound- absorbing
materials
Equipment and exhaust
23. ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROLS
Decreasing the exposure time
Limiting the number of personnel
exposed
Arranging a work roster system
24. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 1990
REGULATIONS
Objectives
Protect workers from risks to their hearing caused by noise.
Prevent hearing loss and deafness as a result of exposure to
noise at work.
Legal requirements placed on employers
Identify noise problems and if noise levels are above 85dB(A),
measurements must be taken and assessed by a competent
person. Such measurements should be repeated at
appropriate intervals.
25. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 1990
REGULATIONS
General duty to reduce the level of noise exposure by
engineering or administrative means.
If noise level is above 85dB(A):
Inform employees of the noise levels present and
measures taken to reduce exposure.
Make ear protection available and provide training in its
use
Hearing checks must be made available to employees
exposed to noise levels in excess of 85dB(A) over an 8
hour period
26. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 1990
REGULATIONS
If noise level is above 90dB(A) the noise requirements
for 85dB(A) apply plus:
Identify reasons for excess noise and put a plan in place to
reduce.
Identify and clearly designate hearing conservation zones.
Ear protection must be worn and its use supervised.
Employees must be trained in the hazards of noise and the
correct use of hearing protection.
27. NOISE LIMIT
No employee shall be exposed above the
permissible exposure level (PEL).
PEL = 90 dBA for a 8-hour time-weighted average
(TWA)
Feasible administrative or engineering controls are
required.
Hearing protection is required to protect the
employee to the PEL.
28. NOISE ACTION
LIMIT
Action Level (AL) = 85 dBA for a 8-hour TWA
Determined without regard to hearing protector
attenuation
Hearing Conservation Program (HCP) required
Hearing protection devices must be available
29. MONITORING
Strategy to identify all employees who could be
exposed above AL (85 dBA)
Conduct representative sampling
Each job classification
All shifts
Repeat monitoring when:
Additional employees are exposed
Hearing protectors are inadequate
30. TRAINING
Must be annual
Must include:
Effects of noise on hearing
Purpose of hearing protectors
Instruction in protector hearing protector selection, fitting,
use and care
Purpose of audiometric test and explanation of the
procedures and results
31. POSTING THE STANDARD
The employer shall make available to affected
employees or their representatives copies of the
standard.
The employer shall also post a copy of the standard in
the workplace.
32. RECORDKEEPING
Provide employee and DOL access and transfer records
to successor employer
Noise measurements: > 2 years
Audiometric tests > employment duration:
Name, job classification and dBA-TWA
Date, examiner’s name and calibration date
Background measurements of audiometric test
room
33. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
DEVICES
Hearing protective devices (HPDs) may be used
as a last resort, if engineering or
administrative controls are ineffective or not
feasible. Examples include earmuffs and
earplugs. HPDs are required to be labeled with
a noise reduction ratio (NRR). The NRR is the
34. HEARING PROTECTORS
Shall be available to “action level” employees
Shall be required for those employees:
Exposed at or above 90 dBA
Exposed at or above 85 dBA (without an audiometric
baseline)
35. HEARING
PROTECTORS
Provided at no cost to the
employee
Selected from a variety of
types and brands
Properly fitted
Replaced as necessary
36. “EAR PLUGS”
HEARING PROTECTORS
“EAR PLUGS”
These devices fit into the ear canal between the outer and
middle ear and block the sound from reaching the sensitive
inner ear.
(i) Made of foam material that is rolled and inserted, expands
to fit snugly and can be custom made.
(ii) Wash hands, roll and compress into a cylinder. Reach one
hand around the back of the head and pull ear up and out.
Insert into the ear canal. Hold in place until it begins to
expand and excludes noise.
(iii) Inspect before insertion and discard if damaged or dirty.
(iv) Small, inexpensive, portable, comfortable in warn
weather, disposable, can hear others speaking.
(v) Requires a good fit, cannot be inserted with dirty hands,
cannot be worn with ear infections, might become loose over
time.
37. “EAR MUFFS”
HEARING PROTECTORS
“EAR MUFFS”
This style protector consists of cups which fit over the entire
outer ear to help seal out noise. May be connected to the hard
hat or held together by a head band.
(i) Cushioned caps connected by a spring loaded headband.
(ii) Adjust the headband to ensure that the seals are in
complete contact with the head. Ensure the ear cup fits over the
entire outer ear. Wear eyeglass frames with temple cushions
that will not break the seal of the muffs.
(iii) Wipe cushions when they become soiled. Replace if stiff,
worn, cut or torn.
(iv) Can be worn with ear plugs for extreme noise exposure.
Reduction of approximately 50 dBA. Easy to put on and remove.
Can be worn despite ear infections.
(v) Bulky and can be uncomfortable in warm weather.
38. PROTECTOR ATTENUATION
Hearing protectors shall:
For overexposed employees
Attenuate < 90 dBA 8-hr TWA
For employees with an STS
Attenuate < 85 dBA 8-hr TWA
Whenever noise exposures increase
Be reevaluated to determine adequacy
39. WHAT IS NOISE
Noise is an unpleasant / unwanted sound
Hearing and how noise effects it
Types of noise
continuous
impulse
Side effects of noise
loss of hearing
stress
accidents
behavioral effects
negative impact on health
40. SUMMARY
Know the source of harmful noise
Use engineering and administrative
controls to avoid exposure to noise
Obey posted high noise area signs
Wear hearing protection properly
Editor's Notes
(Illustration: OSHA.gov)
Illustration: The Ear Foundation accessed from WWW.OSHA.gov
Sound travels at a speed of about 340 meters per second. An example of low vs. high frequency: 1) The exhaust from a slowly revolving tugboat engine produces a soft, thudding low-frequency noise. 2) An outboard motor, on the other hand, has a higher frequency sound because of the rapidly repeated pressure shocks it produces. The higher the frequency, the greater effect on the ear. Intensity is measured by how much pressure a sound exerts on a surface. Noises that are loud and high-pitched have the worst effect on hearing. The next two foils give examples of sounds and their intensity.
Illustration: Microsoft Clip Art
Illustration: Microsoft Clip Art
Illustration: Microsoft Clip Art
Sound is measured in decibels. Permanent hearing loss can be caused by continuous exposure to noise greater than 85 dBA. Short exposure to very loud noise greater than 140 dBA this causes the pain response. If you double the intensity of the sound you increase it by 3 dB. This is the 3 dB rule (e.g. 90 dBA + 90 dBA = 93 dBA).
Photo: OSHA
Photo: OSHA
Audiometry testing is totally painless and only takes a few minutes. A baseline of hearing is established to: - detect any hearing loss prior to commencing in a high noise area. - safeguard the hearing of the employee. The employee must spend 14 hours without exposure to workplace noise before being tested.
Engineering Controls Sound barriers should be placed between the noise source and employees. Administrative Controls Limiting the amount of time a worker spends in a high noise area or relocating work areas away from noise. Hearing Protection Personal hearing protection devices come in many forms and they decrease the exposure to noise. One of the above must be in place in an area of 85 dBA.
The amount of time the employee is exposed to high noise levels without regard for hearing protection should be decreased to less than 8 hours. The number of employees working in the noisy area should be limited to the absolute minimum. A roster system could be arranged where employees are not working in the same areas every day.
The regulations are aimed at protecting workers from the risks to their hearing caused by noise and at preventing hearing loss and deafness. They apply to all work places and all workers. Regulation requirements: (i) Identify the noise problem (ii) Assessing noise levels (iii) Keeping a record (iv) Action taken to reduce the risk from noise (a) general (b) when levels are too high. Penalties for a breach of regulations. Any person who contravenes any of the regulations is guilty of an offence and on conviction is liable to a fine not exceeding £1,000. Both company and individual may be prosecuted.
MS Clip Art
(Photo courtesy of OSHA.gov)
Illustrations: OSHA
These devices fit into the ear canal between the outer and middle ear and block the sound from reaching the sensitive inner ear. (i) Made of foam material that is rolled and inserted, expands to fit snugly and can be custom made. (ii) Wash hands, roll and compress into a cylinder. Reach one hand around the back of the head and pull ear up and out. Insert into the ear canal. Hold in place until it begins to expand and excludes noise. (iii) Inspect before insertion and discard if damaged or dirty. (iv) Small, inexpensive, portable, comfortable in warn weather, disposable, can hear others speaking. (v) Requires a good fit, cannot be inserted with dirty hands, cannot be worn with ear infections, might become loose over time.
This style protector consists of cups which fit over the entire outer ear to help seal out noise. May be connected to the hard hat or held together by a head band. (i) Cushioned caps connected by a spring loaded headband. (ii) Adjust the headband to ensure that the seals are in complete contact with the head. Ensure the ear cup fits over the entire outer ear. Wear eyeglass frames with temple cushions that will not break the seal of the muffs. (iii) Wipe cushions when they become soiled. Replace if stiff, worn, cut or torn. (iv) Can be worn with ear plugs for extreme noise exposure. Reduction of approximately 50 dBA. Easy to put on and remove. Can be worn despite ear infections. (v) Bulky and can be uncomfortable in warm weather.
Photo: Oregon OSHA
Noise means different things to different people (e.g. rock music and elderly parents). Noise can get in the way of sounds we would rather hear. We are exposed to noise at work, home and in traffic. If it gets loud enough it can cause problems. Hearing is one of lifes important gifts (babies crying, etc.) How it effects us depends on age, health, frequency of sound, length of exposure. (i) Continuous - music, grinders, engineers running (ii) Impulse - pneumatic tools, punch press, gun shots - more damaging. Difference - length of time over which the sound occurs, both can create noise at damaging levels. Side effect of noise: (i) Behavioral effects - annoyance and agitation (ii) Stress induced problems - high blood pressure and stomach ulcers (iii) Fatigue and impaired concentration causes an increase in errors (iv) Speech interference - poor communication and safety risks causing accidents (v) Reduction in productivity level - distracting (vi) Loss of hearing
Hearing is one of your basic human senses and must be protected. Unwanted or unpleasant levels of sounds is called noise and can damage your ability to hear. Potentially damaging noise can be found both on and off the job and you must protect yourself in both situations. Protect you hearing, once its gone it cannot be replaced.