Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV) is vibration transferred from powered tools to a worker's hands and arms, which can damage nerves and blood vessels if exposure is great enough. Sources of HAV include powered tools used in construction, manufacturing, forestry and other industries. The amount of HAV is measured in acceleration levels, with levels above 3.5 m/s^2 considered unsafe for more than 8 hours per day. Symptoms of HAV damage include finger numbness, pain, and blanching. Preventive steps include using vibration-dampened tools, gloves, and taking regular breaks to reduce exposure time.
This document discusses noise and vibration. It defines noise as unwanted sound and outlines its classification and measurement. Common sources of noise are listed as stationary sources like factories and mobile sources like traffic. Noise is measured in decibels using devices like dosimeters and sound level meters. The effects of occupational noise on hearing, health, and psychology are described. Vibration is defined as mechanical oscillations and types include free and forced vibration. Causes of vibration include imbalanced parts and meshing gears. The document outlines effects of hand-arm and whole-body vibration and methods to control noise and vibration like anti-vibration tools and safe work practices.
This document discusses occupational noise and its effects. It defines noise and sound, describes how the ear works, and identifies common sources of occupational noise like machinery. It explains that prolonged exposure to high noise levels can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. The document provides guidance on engineering controls, administrative controls, hearing protection, and compliance with regulations to prevent noise-induced hearing loss.
Vibration is oscillatory motion that can cause health issues if a worker is regularly exposed. It is common in tools like impact drills and grinding tools. Regular exposure increases risks of hand-arm vibration syndrome which can damage blood vessels, nerves, muscles and joints, causing numbness, tingling and loss of grip strength. Whole body vibration from vehicles or surfaces also increases risks of back and joint problems. Controls include using less vibrating tools, job rotation, warm clothes, tool maintenance and engineering solutions like dampers. Workers should report symptoms early and not ignore potential permanent damage.
Manual material handling involves any activity that requires using bodily force to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move objects. It is a common cause of occupational injuries. Some key points:
- MMH accounts for about one third of lost work time, compensation costs, and permanent worker disabilities due to back injuries each year.
- Risk factors for back injuries from MMH include fatigue from repetitive tasks, lifting improperly by bending at the waist instead of knees, lifting heavy or awkward loads, and poor physical conditioning.
- Proper lifting technique is important to prevent injury and includes getting close to the load, keeping it close to the body, lifting with legs and back straight, and avoiding twisting.
Occupational noise exposure can lead to permanent noise-induced hearing loss. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets permissible exposure limits and action levels to limit noise exposure. Employers must implement a hearing conservation program if workers are exposed to noise levels above 85 dBA, including noise monitoring, audiometric testing, training, and use of hearing protection. Engineering and administrative controls should be used to reduce noise sources where possible.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in an industrial setting. It defines ergonomics as modifying jobs to fit people's capabilities in order to reduce MSDs caused by repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. It outlines general signs and symptoms of MSDs, common MSD types, and risk factors that can lead to MSDs like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. The document recommends identifying and controlling MSD hazards through engineering controls, work practice changes, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment as part of an ergonomics management program.
This document discusses noise, vibration, and their prevention in the workplace. It defines noise as changes in air pressure perceived by the ears, which can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. Most countries limit workplace noise exposure to 80-90 dB(A) over an 8 hour period. It also describes two types of vibrations - those transferred to hands and arms, which can cause white finger syndrome, and whole body vibrations. Preventative measures for both include reducing the source of noise and vibrations through equipment design and maintenance, isolating workers using barriers and personal protective equipment, and limiting exposure time through job rotation.
Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV) is vibration transferred from powered tools to a worker's hands and arms, which can damage nerves and blood vessels if exposure is great enough. Sources of HAV include powered tools used in construction, manufacturing, forestry and other industries. The amount of HAV is measured in acceleration levels, with levels above 3.5 m/s^2 considered unsafe for more than 8 hours per day. Symptoms of HAV damage include finger numbness, pain, and blanching. Preventive steps include using vibration-dampened tools, gloves, and taking regular breaks to reduce exposure time.
This document discusses noise and vibration. It defines noise as unwanted sound and outlines its classification and measurement. Common sources of noise are listed as stationary sources like factories and mobile sources like traffic. Noise is measured in decibels using devices like dosimeters and sound level meters. The effects of occupational noise on hearing, health, and psychology are described. Vibration is defined as mechanical oscillations and types include free and forced vibration. Causes of vibration include imbalanced parts and meshing gears. The document outlines effects of hand-arm and whole-body vibration and methods to control noise and vibration like anti-vibration tools and safe work practices.
This document discusses occupational noise and its effects. It defines noise and sound, describes how the ear works, and identifies common sources of occupational noise like machinery. It explains that prolonged exposure to high noise levels can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. The document provides guidance on engineering controls, administrative controls, hearing protection, and compliance with regulations to prevent noise-induced hearing loss.
Vibration is oscillatory motion that can cause health issues if a worker is regularly exposed. It is common in tools like impact drills and grinding tools. Regular exposure increases risks of hand-arm vibration syndrome which can damage blood vessels, nerves, muscles and joints, causing numbness, tingling and loss of grip strength. Whole body vibration from vehicles or surfaces also increases risks of back and joint problems. Controls include using less vibrating tools, job rotation, warm clothes, tool maintenance and engineering solutions like dampers. Workers should report symptoms early and not ignore potential permanent damage.
Manual material handling involves any activity that requires using bodily force to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move objects. It is a common cause of occupational injuries. Some key points:
- MMH accounts for about one third of lost work time, compensation costs, and permanent worker disabilities due to back injuries each year.
- Risk factors for back injuries from MMH include fatigue from repetitive tasks, lifting improperly by bending at the waist instead of knees, lifting heavy or awkward loads, and poor physical conditioning.
- Proper lifting technique is important to prevent injury and includes getting close to the load, keeping it close to the body, lifting with legs and back straight, and avoiding twisting.
Occupational noise exposure can lead to permanent noise-induced hearing loss. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets permissible exposure limits and action levels to limit noise exposure. Employers must implement a hearing conservation program if workers are exposed to noise levels above 85 dBA, including noise monitoring, audiometric testing, training, and use of hearing protection. Engineering and administrative controls should be used to reduce noise sources where possible.
This document discusses ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in an industrial setting. It defines ergonomics as modifying jobs to fit people's capabilities in order to reduce MSDs caused by repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. It outlines general signs and symptoms of MSDs, common MSD types, and risk factors that can lead to MSDs like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures, contact stress, and vibrations. The document recommends identifying and controlling MSD hazards through engineering controls, work practice changes, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment as part of an ergonomics management program.
This document discusses noise, vibration, and their prevention in the workplace. It defines noise as changes in air pressure perceived by the ears, which can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. Most countries limit workplace noise exposure to 80-90 dB(A) over an 8 hour period. It also describes two types of vibrations - those transferred to hands and arms, which can cause white finger syndrome, and whole body vibrations. Preventative measures for both include reducing the source of noise and vibrations through equipment design and maintenance, isolating workers using barriers and personal protective equipment, and limiting exposure time through job rotation.
The document discusses hazard identification and control, outlining the importance of identifying hazards through inspections, observations, job hazard analyses, and developing effective control programs. It notes that while workplace deaths have decreased significantly since the early 1900s, more work still needs to be done to identify and control hazards. The purpose of the training is to provide knowledge and skills to identify, analyze, and apply control strategies to eliminate or reduce hazardous conditions and unsafe practices.
This document provides information on hand-arm vibration, including:
- What hand-arm vibration is, the health effects it can cause like hand-arm vibration syndrome, and early warning signs to look out for.
- Statistics showing rising instances of injuries caused by hand-arm vibration in the UK from 1998-2008.
- Employers' responsibilities under legislation to assess vibration risks, reduce exposures, and provide health surveillance for workers.
- Examples of how workers can reduce their exposure, such as using the right tools, taking breaks, and avoiding gripping tools tightly.
This document discusses noise hazards in industries. It covers the characteristics of sound and vibration, hazard levels and risks, identifying and assessing hazardous noise, and control strategies. Sound is measured in decibels and becomes a noise hazard above certain levels. Assessing noise involves surveying workplaces, testing employee hearing, and keeping records. Control strategies include engineering solutions like isolating noisy equipment, administrative options like scheduling, and personal protective equipment. The goal is reducing noise exposure to prevent worker hearing loss.
This document discusses noise and vibration in occupational settings. It defines noise and vibration, describes how they are measured, and outlines their common sources and health effects. For noise, common sources include industrial facilities and transportation. Prolonged exposure can cause hearing impairment, cardiovascular disease, and stress. Vibration is caused by imbalanced rotating parts and friction in machines. It is measured by its effect on the hand, arm, or whole body. Long-term exposure is linked to hand-arm vibration syndrome and other neurological and vascular issues. Both noise and vibration can be controlled through engineering solutions like dampers, isolation, and maintenance along with personal protective equipment and limiting exposure time.
About 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise on the job. One in 4 of these workers (or 7.5 million Americans) will develop permanent hearing loss.Noise-induced hearing loss is the most common occupational hazard for American workers.Hearing loss from noise is slow and painless; you can have a disability before you notice it.If you must raise your voice to speak with someone only 3 feet away, you are in high (hazardous) noise. It is 100% preventable
This document discusses ergonomic vibration risks and controls. Anyone operating vibrating tools or machinery is at risk of developing vibration-induced disorders like numbness, tingling, and pain in their hands, arms, and other body parts. Over 1 million workers are exposed to vibration. Controls include engineering solutions to reduce vibration at the source or during transmission, modifying work processes, limiting exposure time, job rotation, maintenance, training, and use of personal protective equipment.
This document provides an introduction to noise control concepts and methods. It outlines when noise control is required according to legal exposure limits. Key aspects of noise control covered include noise risk assessment, identifying excessive noise exposures, and implementing controls following the hierarchy of control from elimination to administrative controls to personal protective equipment. Engineering controls for noise reduction are discussed in terms of controlling noise at the source, transmission path, and receiver. Methods like insulation, barriers, and enclosure of noise sources are presented. The importance of noise monitoring and a multifaceted approach to noise control following the hierarchy are emphasized.
This document discusses lockout/tagout procedures for working on hazardous equipment. It covers who needs training in lockout/tagout, what hazardous energy is, the different types of lockout devices, tag requirements, and required lockout procedures. The procedures involve notifying affected employees, shutting down and isolating equipment, attaching lockout devices, releasing stored energy, and verifying isolation before starting maintenance. Examples of lockout devices include locks for electrical panels and plugs, blanks for pipes, and blocks for presses. Tags are only for information and don't provide the protection of lockout devices.
The document discusses human-machine interfaces (HMI) and their importance for occupational safety and health. It begins by defining HMI as the part of an electronic machine that facilitates information exchange between the operator and the device. It then notes that HMI design has often neglected human factors and led to increased risk of errors, accidents, and worker stress. Finally, it emphasizes that proper HMI design in accordance with human factors principles is critical to ensuring safe, efficient and productive interactions between humans and machines.
The hierarchy of control is an approach to minimize or eliminate hazards by:
1) Eliminating the hazard completely through removal or repair.
2) Substituting hazardous materials or processes with less hazardous ones.
3) Isolating hazards through guards, barriers or containment.
4) Using engineering controls like ventilation, insulation or machine guarding.
5) Implementing administrative controls through policies, training and supervision.
6) As a last resort, using personal protective equipment like ear plugs or gloves.
Industrial accidents can originate from manufacturing, storage, transportation, and other areas and cause fires, explosions, toxic releases, and other hazards. Major threats include process deviations, hardware failures, and runaway reactions. Probable causes are electrical failures, cutting/welding, fires, carelessness, sabotage, and more. Impacts include loss of life, injuries, environmental pollution, and financial losses. Notable past accidents include the Bhopal gas tragedy, which killed thousands and continues affecting over 100,000 people with health issues. Risk control measures that could prevent losses include physical protection systems, strict safety procedures and standards, educational protection of workers and the public, and emergency preparedness plans.
This document outlines health, safety, and environmental (HSE) responsibilities and principles for company staff. It discusses following HSE rules, using protective equipment, reporting incidents, attending training, and ensuring safe working conditions. Specific guidelines are provided for general HSE practices, housekeeping, reporting injuries, personal protective equipment (PPE), and concluding with a safety target of zero accidents, health issues, or fires.
This document discusses occupational noise hazards. It begins by stating objectives and introducing the topic of occupational noise exposure. Key facts are provided about noise-related hearing loss, including that 10 million Americans and 22 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise annually. Common noise sources at work are identified. The effects of noise on health are outlined. Methods for reducing noise exposure through engineering controls, administrative controls, and hearing protection devices are described. Responsibilities of workers in a hearing conservation program are listed.
This document discusses hazard identification and risk assessment. It defines hazards as potential sources of harm in the workplace. The main areas of potential danger are identified as physical, chemical, radiological, biological, and psychological. Hazard identification involves carefully examining the workplace to find potential hazards that could affect employee health and safety. Risk assessment is the process of identifying hazards, understanding the risks they pose, and taking measures to reduce those risks. It should consider the likelihood of harm occurring, the potential severity, and the number of people affected. Significant findings from the risk assessment are hazards that could pose serious risks if not properly controlled.
Permit To Work
Types of Permit To Work
Hot Work Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit
Electrical Permit
Excavation Permit
Radiography Permit
Crane Critical Lifts Permit
Man Basket Operation
Permit Issuer Responsibilities
Permit Receiver Responsibilities
HSE Permit Coordinator
Responsibilities
Revalidation of the Permit
Work Permit Flow Chart
This document provides an overview of occupational hygiene. It defines occupational hygiene as anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, controlling and preventing hazards from work that may result in injury or illness. It discusses the types of health hazards workers may face, including chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic hazards. The document also outlines the roles and responsibilities of occupational hygienists in protecting worker health through practices like hazard identification, exposure assessment, and implementing controls.
This PowerPoint by Atlantic Training gives a general overview of proper industrial ergonomics, as well as how to prevent workplace musculoskeletal disorders.
This document discusses ergonomics and occupational safety and health. It begins with an introduction to ergonomics, defining it and outlining its history. It then covers the objectives, types, principles, injuries, risk factors, and benefits of ergonomics. Specific examples of ergonomic risk factors like repetitive or sustained awkward postures are provided. The document concludes with a section on ergonomics in the Malaysian workplace and a list of references.
Hazard identification and risk assessment(HIRA) &Safe Work method Statement.Yuvraj Shrivastava
This document contains information about a hazard identification and risk assessment (HIRA) conducted at a water treatment plant. It identifies several high-risk hazards including a chlorine leak, industrial fires, and electrical hazards. A risk assessment matrix was used to evaluate the likelihood and severity of various hazards observed in different areas of the plant. Several hazards were found to pose extreme or high risks, such as the chlorine facilities and control room. After implementing control measures, the risk levels were reduced. The HIRA is an effective tool for water treatment plants to prevent catastrophic incidents and improve safety.
Vibration can enter the body through contact with vibrating machines or surfaces. This is known as segmental vibration exposure when it affects a body part like hands, or whole body vibration exposure when it affects the entire body. Segmental exposure is common in workers using hand tools and can cause damage to hands and arms. Whole body vibration in vehicle operators is linked to increased risks of disorders in various body systems. Vibration exposure is measured and limits are set to reduce health risks, with higher risks at levels exceeding daily exposure limits.
Hand-arm vibration can transfer from power tools to operators' hands and arms, potentially causing hand-arm vibration syndrome over repetitive exposures. Symptoms include finger blanching, numbness, and cold sensitivity. Risk factors include long tool use, vibration levels, grip force, climate, and individual health factors like smoking. Prevention strategies focus on reducing exposure time, vibration levels, and improving tool and handle ergonomics.
The document discusses hazard identification and control, outlining the importance of identifying hazards through inspections, observations, job hazard analyses, and developing effective control programs. It notes that while workplace deaths have decreased significantly since the early 1900s, more work still needs to be done to identify and control hazards. The purpose of the training is to provide knowledge and skills to identify, analyze, and apply control strategies to eliminate or reduce hazardous conditions and unsafe practices.
This document provides information on hand-arm vibration, including:
- What hand-arm vibration is, the health effects it can cause like hand-arm vibration syndrome, and early warning signs to look out for.
- Statistics showing rising instances of injuries caused by hand-arm vibration in the UK from 1998-2008.
- Employers' responsibilities under legislation to assess vibration risks, reduce exposures, and provide health surveillance for workers.
- Examples of how workers can reduce their exposure, such as using the right tools, taking breaks, and avoiding gripping tools tightly.
This document discusses noise hazards in industries. It covers the characteristics of sound and vibration, hazard levels and risks, identifying and assessing hazardous noise, and control strategies. Sound is measured in decibels and becomes a noise hazard above certain levels. Assessing noise involves surveying workplaces, testing employee hearing, and keeping records. Control strategies include engineering solutions like isolating noisy equipment, administrative options like scheduling, and personal protective equipment. The goal is reducing noise exposure to prevent worker hearing loss.
This document discusses noise and vibration in occupational settings. It defines noise and vibration, describes how they are measured, and outlines their common sources and health effects. For noise, common sources include industrial facilities and transportation. Prolonged exposure can cause hearing impairment, cardiovascular disease, and stress. Vibration is caused by imbalanced rotating parts and friction in machines. It is measured by its effect on the hand, arm, or whole body. Long-term exposure is linked to hand-arm vibration syndrome and other neurological and vascular issues. Both noise and vibration can be controlled through engineering solutions like dampers, isolation, and maintenance along with personal protective equipment and limiting exposure time.
About 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise on the job. One in 4 of these workers (or 7.5 million Americans) will develop permanent hearing loss.Noise-induced hearing loss is the most common occupational hazard for American workers.Hearing loss from noise is slow and painless; you can have a disability before you notice it.If you must raise your voice to speak with someone only 3 feet away, you are in high (hazardous) noise. It is 100% preventable
This document discusses ergonomic vibration risks and controls. Anyone operating vibrating tools or machinery is at risk of developing vibration-induced disorders like numbness, tingling, and pain in their hands, arms, and other body parts. Over 1 million workers are exposed to vibration. Controls include engineering solutions to reduce vibration at the source or during transmission, modifying work processes, limiting exposure time, job rotation, maintenance, training, and use of personal protective equipment.
This document provides an introduction to noise control concepts and methods. It outlines when noise control is required according to legal exposure limits. Key aspects of noise control covered include noise risk assessment, identifying excessive noise exposures, and implementing controls following the hierarchy of control from elimination to administrative controls to personal protective equipment. Engineering controls for noise reduction are discussed in terms of controlling noise at the source, transmission path, and receiver. Methods like insulation, barriers, and enclosure of noise sources are presented. The importance of noise monitoring and a multifaceted approach to noise control following the hierarchy are emphasized.
This document discusses lockout/tagout procedures for working on hazardous equipment. It covers who needs training in lockout/tagout, what hazardous energy is, the different types of lockout devices, tag requirements, and required lockout procedures. The procedures involve notifying affected employees, shutting down and isolating equipment, attaching lockout devices, releasing stored energy, and verifying isolation before starting maintenance. Examples of lockout devices include locks for electrical panels and plugs, blanks for pipes, and blocks for presses. Tags are only for information and don't provide the protection of lockout devices.
The document discusses human-machine interfaces (HMI) and their importance for occupational safety and health. It begins by defining HMI as the part of an electronic machine that facilitates information exchange between the operator and the device. It then notes that HMI design has often neglected human factors and led to increased risk of errors, accidents, and worker stress. Finally, it emphasizes that proper HMI design in accordance with human factors principles is critical to ensuring safe, efficient and productive interactions between humans and machines.
The hierarchy of control is an approach to minimize or eliminate hazards by:
1) Eliminating the hazard completely through removal or repair.
2) Substituting hazardous materials or processes with less hazardous ones.
3) Isolating hazards through guards, barriers or containment.
4) Using engineering controls like ventilation, insulation or machine guarding.
5) Implementing administrative controls through policies, training and supervision.
6) As a last resort, using personal protective equipment like ear plugs or gloves.
Industrial accidents can originate from manufacturing, storage, transportation, and other areas and cause fires, explosions, toxic releases, and other hazards. Major threats include process deviations, hardware failures, and runaway reactions. Probable causes are electrical failures, cutting/welding, fires, carelessness, sabotage, and more. Impacts include loss of life, injuries, environmental pollution, and financial losses. Notable past accidents include the Bhopal gas tragedy, which killed thousands and continues affecting over 100,000 people with health issues. Risk control measures that could prevent losses include physical protection systems, strict safety procedures and standards, educational protection of workers and the public, and emergency preparedness plans.
This document outlines health, safety, and environmental (HSE) responsibilities and principles for company staff. It discusses following HSE rules, using protective equipment, reporting incidents, attending training, and ensuring safe working conditions. Specific guidelines are provided for general HSE practices, housekeeping, reporting injuries, personal protective equipment (PPE), and concluding with a safety target of zero accidents, health issues, or fires.
This document discusses occupational noise hazards. It begins by stating objectives and introducing the topic of occupational noise exposure. Key facts are provided about noise-related hearing loss, including that 10 million Americans and 22 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise annually. Common noise sources at work are identified. The effects of noise on health are outlined. Methods for reducing noise exposure through engineering controls, administrative controls, and hearing protection devices are described. Responsibilities of workers in a hearing conservation program are listed.
This document discusses hazard identification and risk assessment. It defines hazards as potential sources of harm in the workplace. The main areas of potential danger are identified as physical, chemical, radiological, biological, and psychological. Hazard identification involves carefully examining the workplace to find potential hazards that could affect employee health and safety. Risk assessment is the process of identifying hazards, understanding the risks they pose, and taking measures to reduce those risks. It should consider the likelihood of harm occurring, the potential severity, and the number of people affected. Significant findings from the risk assessment are hazards that could pose serious risks if not properly controlled.
Permit To Work
Types of Permit To Work
Hot Work Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit
Electrical Permit
Excavation Permit
Radiography Permit
Crane Critical Lifts Permit
Man Basket Operation
Permit Issuer Responsibilities
Permit Receiver Responsibilities
HSE Permit Coordinator
Responsibilities
Revalidation of the Permit
Work Permit Flow Chart
This document provides an overview of occupational hygiene. It defines occupational hygiene as anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, controlling and preventing hazards from work that may result in injury or illness. It discusses the types of health hazards workers may face, including chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic hazards. The document also outlines the roles and responsibilities of occupational hygienists in protecting worker health through practices like hazard identification, exposure assessment, and implementing controls.
This PowerPoint by Atlantic Training gives a general overview of proper industrial ergonomics, as well as how to prevent workplace musculoskeletal disorders.
This document discusses ergonomics and occupational safety and health. It begins with an introduction to ergonomics, defining it and outlining its history. It then covers the objectives, types, principles, injuries, risk factors, and benefits of ergonomics. Specific examples of ergonomic risk factors like repetitive or sustained awkward postures are provided. The document concludes with a section on ergonomics in the Malaysian workplace and a list of references.
Hazard identification and risk assessment(HIRA) &Safe Work method Statement.Yuvraj Shrivastava
This document contains information about a hazard identification and risk assessment (HIRA) conducted at a water treatment plant. It identifies several high-risk hazards including a chlorine leak, industrial fires, and electrical hazards. A risk assessment matrix was used to evaluate the likelihood and severity of various hazards observed in different areas of the plant. Several hazards were found to pose extreme or high risks, such as the chlorine facilities and control room. After implementing control measures, the risk levels were reduced. The HIRA is an effective tool for water treatment plants to prevent catastrophic incidents and improve safety.
Vibration can enter the body through contact with vibrating machines or surfaces. This is known as segmental vibration exposure when it affects a body part like hands, or whole body vibration exposure when it affects the entire body. Segmental exposure is common in workers using hand tools and can cause damage to hands and arms. Whole body vibration in vehicle operators is linked to increased risks of disorders in various body systems. Vibration exposure is measured and limits are set to reduce health risks, with higher risks at levels exceeding daily exposure limits.
Hand-arm vibration can transfer from power tools to operators' hands and arms, potentially causing hand-arm vibration syndrome over repetitive exposures. Symptoms include finger blanching, numbness, and cold sensitivity. Risk factors include long tool use, vibration levels, grip force, climate, and individual health factors like smoking. Prevention strategies focus on reducing exposure time, vibration levels, and improving tool and handle ergonomics.
Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to create images of structures inside the body. It is widely used in medicine due to its availability, speed, low cost and lack of radiation. Common medical uses include examinations of the heart, breast, abdomen and during pregnancy. An ultrasound machine contains a transducer probe, processing unit, display and keyboard. The procedure involves applying gel and sweeping the transducer over the body. Ultrasound has various therapeutic uses like pain relief and healing wounds and injuries due to its ability to generate heat in tissues. While generally safe, it should be avoided over tumors or a pregnant uterus.
This document discusses vehicle vibration and its effects on humans. It defines human vibration as the effect of mechanical vibration on the body. Whole-body vibration is transmitted through supporting surfaces like the feet or back, as when driving. Hand-arm vibration affects the hands and arms of operators of power tools. Long term exposure can cause physical damage. The document also covers vibration sources in vehicles, the human body's frequency response, ISO standards for assessing vibration exposure, and methods of vibration control.
This document discusses physical agents that can pose risks in occupational settings. It defines physical agents as noise, vibrations, radiation, temperature, lighting, and pressure. It describes the main characteristics and health effects of each agent, providing details on measurement, exposure thresholds, diseases, and prevention strategies. Protection involves both technical and medical measures like personal protective equipment, health monitoring, and limiting exposure time and distance from sources.
Analysis of Muscles and gripping Activities of human Hand During drilling o...Mohammed H Alaqad
This document analyzes muscles and gripping activities of the human hand during drilling operations. It discusses how electromyography and accelerometers can be used to measure muscle fatigue and vibration during drilling. Specifically, it focuses on the extensor carpi radialis, biceps brachii, and trapezius pars descendens muscles. The study finds that muscle activity increases with longer vibration exposure durations and higher vibration levels. It also finds that grip strength can reduce hand drill vibration. The document concludes that hand-held vibrating tools most affect the upper and lower arm and that future work could involve different gripping materials and evaluating loads on muscles.
This document provides a literature review on vibration analysis. It discusses how vibration is caused by repeating forces, looseness, and resonance. Vibration monitoring is important to identify issues early and improve machine lifetime. Vibration is described numerically using amplitude and frequency. It is measured using accelerometers mounted on machines, and analyzed using methods like Fourier transforms and wavelet transforms.
Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. It can be used to examine many different organs and tissues, providing real-time images of both structure and function. The document discusses key aspects of ultrasound such as the different display modes including A-mode, B-mode, and M-mode. It also covers topics like how ultrasound works, its use in medical applications, safety, and important terminology.
Assesment of Noise & Vibration: An Impact on HumansRahul Valath
Title: Exploring the Human Experience: Assessing the Impact of Noise and Vibration
Description:
This PowerPoint presentation delves into the intricate relationship between noise, vibration, and their profound effects on human well-being. Uncover the scientific nuances behind these sensory stimuli and their interconnected impact on our physical and mental health. Through comprehensive assessments, we'll navigate the complexities of how noise and vibration influence human cognition, sleep patterns, and overall quality of life. Gain insights into mitigation strategies and explore the latest research findings, providing a holistic perspective on the often-overlooked facets of our daily environment. Join us as we embark on a journey to understand, evaluate, and address the intricate dynamics between humans and the omnipresent forces of noise and vibration.
Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. It can be used to examine many organs and tissues, as well as to guide needle biopsies. Ultrasound works by sending sound waves into the body with a transducer and measuring the echoes produced when they bounce off tissues and organs. Different echo patterns allow the visualization of both structure and movement within the body in real-time. While it provides many advantages like being non-invasive and having no known health risks, ultrasound has limitations such as poor penetration of bone or air and operator dependence.
Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce either thermal or non-thermal effects in tissues. It works by using a transducer that converts electrical energy into longitudinal sound waves through the piezoelectric effect. These waves can be used for diagnostic imaging or to accelerate tissue healing by increasing blood flow and the activity of immune cells through both thermal and non-thermal mechanisms of action. The document provides details on ultrasound wave properties, transducer types, intensities, and clinical applications.
This document provides guidance on assessing and reducing risks from vibration exposure in small and medium enterprises. It discusses hazards from whole-body and hand-arm vibrations and their health effects over time. The legal basis requiring employers to assess vibration risks and take preventive measures is described. Checklists are provided to help assess risks from hand-arm and whole-body vibrations, and steps are outlined to determine hazards, evaluate risks, and reduce risks through technological, organizational and personal protective measures. The goal is to prevent work-related diseases and health issues from long-term vibration exposure.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic testing (UT). It discusses the basic principles of how UT works using high frequency sound waves to detect discontinuities in materials. The document covers the typical components of a UT system including the pulser/receiver and transducer. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of UT for non-destructive testing when compared to other methods. Key aspects like wavelength and frequency selection are addressed in regards to their impact on sensitivity and resolution for flaw detection.
Therapeutic ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce thermal and nonthermal effects in tissues. It selectively heats tissues high in collagen like tendons and ligaments. Key parameters include frequency (1-3 MHz), intensity (0.5-3 W/cm2), and treatment time. Ultrasound increases blood flow, tissue extensibility, and metabolism to enhance soft tissue healing and reduce pain. It is used for conditions like tendinitis, bursitis, and muscle strains.
This document provides an overview of vibration measurement and control. It discusses the importance of measuring vibrations to monitor machine health and avoid damage. A variety of vibration measuring instruments are described, including accelerometers, velocity pickups, and displacement sensors. Common vibration sources like unbalance and misalignment are mentioned. Methods for generating vibrations, such as shakers, exciters and impulse hammers are outlined. The document also summarizes techniques for vibration analysis in the time and frequency domains and discusses strategies for reducing vibrations in machines and structures.
Therapeutic ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce effects in the body. It is generated using piezoelectric crystals that vibrate when electric current is applied. Ultrasound has various physiological effects including chemical reactions, increased permeability, cavitation, and heat. It is used clinically by applying ultrasound gel and transducer to the skin to produce effects like reduced edema and increased tendon flexibility. Precautions must be taken with open wounds, impaired sensation, pregnancy, and other conditions. Contraindications include pregnancy, metastasis, and lack of sensation.
This document provides guidance on calculating ultrasound treatment doses based on factors such as the tissue state, lesion depth and size. It outlines a process for selecting machine settings like frequency and intensity, as well as the pulse ratio and total treatment time, to determine a dose that is likely to be clinically effective given the available evidence. Examples are given to demonstrate how the principles can be applied to calculate doses for different clinical scenarios.
an impressive new machine for physiotherapist that enhance the explosive muscle strength, reduce spasticity, reduce pain, tone and postural balance by acting on the SNC through the mecanoreceptors of the body
This document provides an overview of therapeutic ultrasound. It defines ultrasound as a mechanical wave with frequencies too high for human hearing. Ultrasound is generated using piezoelectric crystals that convert electrical oscillations to mechanical vibrations. As ultrasound propagates through tissues, it undergoes attenuation and is absorbed differently based on tissue properties. Pulsed ultrasound is commonly used to allow time for heat dissipation between pulses. Key physical phenomena like reflection, refraction, and absorption influence how ultrasound is transmitted and interacts with tissues.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
2. Introduction
Vibration is a physical factor which acts on human body by transmission
of mechanical energy from sources of oscillation.
Vibration is mechanical oscillation about a reference position.
It can be defined as oscillatory motion of solid bodies and can be visually
linked to waves .
3. Characteristics of wave
Period : It is the time required to complete one pressure cycle and is
reciprocal of frequency. It is measured in seconds (T).
Frequency : It is the number of cycles completed in unit second. Its unit is
cycles/sec or Hertz (Hz).
f = 1 / T
Resonance : Every object tends to vibrate at one particular frequency that
depends on the composition of the object , its size , structure,weight and
shape. This frequency is called the resonant frequency.
Amplitude : Amplitude is the acceleration given by meters per second(m/s2)
and denotes how far the surface moves each time when it vibrates
4. How does the vibration exposure Occur ?
Contact with a vibrating machine transfer vibrating energy to a person’s
body.
Depending upon the exposure, it affect a major part of the workers body or
particular organ.
Each organ of the body has its own resonant frequency. If exposure occur at
or near to these resonant frequencies, the resulting effect is greatly increased.
For occupational health the exposures to hand-arm vibrations and whole-
body vibrations are concerns.
5. Segmental Vibration Exposure
‘Segment of body’ such as hand-transmitted vibration (known as hand-
arm vibration or HAV) .
Example : chipping tools, jackhammers, grinders who use hand vibrating
tools.
6.
7. Whole Body Vibration Exposure
Vibration transmitted through the seat or feet (known as whole-body
vibration or WBV).
Energy enters the body through a seat or floor which effects the entire body
or a number of organs
Example : operators of bus, trucks, tractors etc
8. Source of Vibration Exposure
Industry Type of Vibration Common Source of Vibration
Agriculture Whole body Tractors
Construction Whole body
Hand-arm
Heavy equipment vehicles
Pneumatic tools, Jackhammers
Forestry Whole body
Hand-arm
Tractors
Chain saws
Furniture manufacture Hand-arm Pneumatic chisels
Machine tools Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Textile Hand-arm Sewing machines, Looms
Transportation Whole body Vehicles
Mining Whole body
Hand-arm
Vehicle operation
Rock drills
9. Measurement of Vibration
Exposure
Measurement of vibration includes three parameters :
1. The vibration amplitude (Acceleration), which is the
characteristic to describe the severity of the vibration.
2. Frequency spectrum
3. Duration of Exposure
10. Vibration amplitude/ Acceleration / Vibration level consists 4
type of values :
1. The peak-to-peak value is valuable in that it indicates the
maximum excursion of the wave,
2. The peak value is particularly valuable for indicating the
level of short duration shocks etc.
3. The rectified average value.
4. The RMS(Root Mean Square) value.
11. Vibration Measurement System
A Typical Vibration System consist of :
1. A transducer( convert mechanical to electrical energy)
to sense the vibration .( Suitable transducers for
human vibration measurement is the Accelerometer)
2. A pre-amplifying device
3. Frequency weighing filter( to allow for the variation of
human response to vibration of different frequencies
& compared the measured vibration with standards)
4. Tape recorder to collect information for further
analysis
5. Signal analyzer to obtain relevant parameters like
acceleration and peak values
12.
13. Transducers
Vibration is usually is measured
using accelerometers housed in
mounts so they do not compress the
seat or distort the posture too much.
A "seat transducer", comprising a
deformable pad that follows the seat
contour and containing a tri-axial
accelerometer for simultaneous
measurements in three axes of
vibration, is commonly used these
days.
This seat transducer is placed on
a seat with a driver sitting on it or is
strapped either to the driver' back or
the seat back-rest.
14. To measure whole-body vibration transmitted through the
floor, the seat transducer is placed on the floor with a small
weight on top to ensure a good contact between the floor
and the transducer.
15. Vibration Meter
It measures magnitude of
vibration as accelerations at
different frequencies and
directions using a transducer,
amplifier and recorder.
The acceleration is
measured using a transducer
located at the source of
vibration or area through
which the vibration is
transmitted.
16. Standards for Vibration Exposure
TLV of vibration (HAV or WBV), as given by ACGIH Booklet
(2007) is as under -
Total daily exposure time to
vibration
Component acceleration which
should
not be exceeded
m/s2
4 to less than 8 hrs 4
2 to less than 4 hrs 6
1 to less than 2 hrs 8
Less than 1 hr 12
17. Table gives acceleration levels and exposure duration to
which ACGIH has determined most workers exposed repeatedly
without severe damage to fingers.
Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) cannot be controlled
by working within TLV only. It advises that these guidelines be
applied in conjunction with other protective measures including
vibration control such as ,
anti vibration tools and gloves,
proper work practices and
medical surveillance program are also necessary.
Exposure limit are given as frequency-weighted acceleration
that represents a single number measure of the vibration
exposure level.
18. Effects of Vibration Exposure
Vibration can cause annoyance and noise to human body
and physical damage to machines and structures. Vibration can
harm only if some part of the body is in direct contact with a
vibrating surface such as seat of a vehicle or the handle of a
power tool.
Effects of vibration are feeling of disoriented or
displacement, giddiness, sickness, vibration disease and
sometimes fatal.
Whole body vibration can cause permanent damage to body
or abdominal, spinal and bone damage.
19. At low frequencies( up to 10Hz) the vibrations propagate
through the entire body regardless of the location of in put. In
case of high frequency vibration, the zone of propagation is
limited by the area of contact causing vascular disorder in that
part
Low frequency vibration(3-6 Hz)=effects the chest region and
create the feelings of Nausea
20-30 Hz frequency region resonance effect on head, neck
and shoulders
60-90 Hz frequency effect the eye ball
100-200 Hz frequency effect on lower jaw and skull system
Between 3-400 Hz frequency will have normal ill effects
20. Effects on Human body
Whole body vibration may cause
1. Increase in oxygen consumption.
2. Increase in pulmonary ventilation and cardiac output. Affects CNS,
damages internal organs.
3. Difficulty in maintaining steady posture.
4. Effects on visual acuity and narrows the field of vision.
5. Marked changes in bone structure –
• Spondylities.
• Deformations.
• Intervertebral Osteochondrosis.
• Calcification of the intervertebral disc.
21. 6. Blood changes -
• hypoglycaemia.
• hypocholesteremia.
• low ascorbic acid levels.
7. Alternations in the electrical activity of the brain.
8. Effects on endocrine, biochemical and histopathologic systems of
the body.
It causes numbness and blanking of the fingers with probable
loss of muscular control and reduction of sensitivity to heat ,cold or
pain. It causes paleness of the skin due to oxygen deficiency. All
vibration make us tired or irritable.
22. White finger or Dead Finger
Vibration-induced White
Finger (VWF) known as dead
hand or Raynaud's Phenomena
is a damage to the blood vessels
and nerves in fingers due to a
long use of vibrating power
tools such as chipping hammers,
chisels and drills.
23.
24. Effects on Machine and Structures
Badly vibrating machines not only consume more power but
also damage to the machine and its supporting structure.
The vibrations also travel through the structure of the building
and be radiated as noise at distant points. This is structure -
borne noise.
Vibration causes metal fatigue which results in failures of
rotating parts and other stressed mechanical equipment.
It can cause rupture in a pressurised equipment, the higher
the pressure, more chances a rupture.
26. Vibration control measures include technical,
organisational, hygienic, prophylactic and therapeutic
measures.
1. Technical or engineering measures include automation,
remote control and eliminating or reducing vibration
from the design stage or at source , use of vibration
dampers, device for prevention, suppression, damping
and insulation of harmful vibrations, use of automatic
devices to avoid contact with the vibrating body, changes
in the design parameters of machines, equipment and
mechanised tools
27. 2. Organisation measures include good preventive and
corrective maintenance and arrangement of work
schedules in such a way to decrease time of exposure.
3. Prophylactic and therapeutic measures – pre-employment
and periodical medical examinations play an important
role. Special gymnastics, hydrotherapeutic procedures,
massage and UV radiation can prevent further
development of vibration disease and preserve working
capacity.
3. Special vibration absorbing handles fitted to hand tools,
springs, suspension seats and shock absorbers are useful.
28. 5. Reduction in exposure time. Rotate vibrative job and
introduce rest schedules so that individual exposure is
shortened.
6. Personal precautions include watching for symptoms, to apply
loose grip, to wear gloves and footwear with shock-absorbing
soles to damp vibration to use PPE and to get medical
attention.
7. Automation and remote control system.
29. Anti Vibration Tools
Certain manufacturing Company produce anti vibration tools
such as anti vibration pneumatic chipping hammers, pavement
breakers, and vibration damped pneumatic riveting guns.
30. Anti Vibration Gloves
Anti vibration Gloves are made using a layer of viscoelastic
material. Measurement have shown that such gloves have
limited effectiveness in absorbing low frequency vibration,
the major contributor to vibration related disorders , hence
they have little effect on vibration induced finger syndrome,
however gloves helps from cuts and abrasions and cold
temperatures.
31. Vibration Damping
Vibration dampers(absorption) are used under machine
foundation & machine should be installed in such a way that
dampers come in contact between the building foundation &
machine.