UG MBBS students occupational health part 2 which covers lead poisoning, occu. dermatitis, occu. cancers, accidents, radiation hazards, agricultural hazards, sickness absenteeism and health problems of industrialization
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
Its a lecture 8 in the series and it explains how noise and radiation in our environment could affect our health and how we can prevent and control the bad effects
Occupational health: Promotion & Maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental & social wellbeing of workers in all occupations (WHO & ILO, 1950 & revised in 1995).
Occupational medicine: A branch of preventive medicine with some therapeutic function (Royal College of Physicians, 1978).
Occupational safety and health (OSH) also
commonly referred to as occupational health and
safety (OHS) or workplace health and safety
(WHS) is an area concerned with the safety, health
and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment.
Occupational health is defined as the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. It is the branch of healthcare which deals with all aspects of health and safety at the workplace. It lays strong emphasis on the prevention of hazards at a primary level.
Its a lecture 8 in the series and it explains how noise and radiation in our environment could affect our health and how we can prevent and control the bad effects
Occupational health: Promotion & Maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental & social wellbeing of workers in all occupations (WHO & ILO, 1950 & revised in 1995).
Occupational medicine: A branch of preventive medicine with some therapeutic function (Royal College of Physicians, 1978).
Occupational safety and health (OSH) also
commonly referred to as occupational health and
safety (OHS) or workplace health and safety
(WHS) is an area concerned with the safety, health
and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment.
Occupational health is defined as the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. It is the branch of healthcare which deals with all aspects of health and safety at the workplace. It lays strong emphasis on the prevention of hazards at a primary level.
Cancer is the abnormal or uncontrolled growth of new cells in any part of the body, characterized by cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to new body sites.
Drastic impact of industrial wastewater on the health of people living in Pak...saraharshad10
It is a general view on different types of waterborne diseases in Faisalabd which is an important industrial zone of Pakistan. If you are researching, please try to search and find solutions of problems faced by Pakistan. Thank you.
Anthropogenic activities involving risks of adverse impacts on mental health ...Ranveer Singh Mahwar
The impact of some of the environmental contaminants on mental health specially in children and elders are well established and documented. The most studied environmental contaminants in this context are lead, mercury and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It is also observed that the adverse impacts of environmental contaminants on stress related ailments get attention of the patients only after their having gone through the non stress related consultations/treatments for the symptoms with no recovery. The lack of awareness in regard to the primary sources concerning the adverse impacts on the brain’s functioning often deprives or delays treatments of stress related ailments. In –fact the gap between the availability of the information on the actual environmental exposure sources and taking of decisions on the mental health care is expected to be larger in developing countries like India which have extensive industrial and other anthropogenic activities involving toxic contaminants.
India has a large number of metallic waste recycling activities including the used lead-acid batteries and electronic waste processing industries. The risk of exposure to mercury cover a very wide band of activities ranging from use of mercury containing lamps, button cells, cosmetics, pesticides, dental amalgams, thermometers, sphygmomanometers to mercury emissions from coal power plants, metallurgical industries and waste incinerators. The concern for the proper management of Mercury has already got the attention to the extent that an international convention called “Minamata Convention on Mercury” has come into force with effect from the August 16, 2017. The risks of exposure to carcinogenic pollutants like PCBs also cover almost all activities involving combustion of wastes containing halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. There are 28 POPs indentified under the Stockholm Convention as of June 2017.
The anthropogenic activities involving lead, mercury, PCBs etc prevailing in the country have been reviewed and compiled and presented at the World Congress of Mental Health (World Federation for Mental health), November 2-5, 2017 held at New Delhi.
Presentation on Chemical Hazards in Industry and protection of workers, diagnosis of adverse health effects. Creating their awareness and guidance to Doctors.
This is a presentation where we discussed several topics about industrial pollution like pollutants, causes of industrial pollution, types of industrial pollution, air pollution,CO2 emission, water pollution, wildlife endangerment, nuclear pollution, thermal pollution, noise pollution, oil pollution, global warming, acid rain, health Issue, pollution in Bangladesh, prevention of different types of pollution in Bangladesh, European solution, example in Bangladesh.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre Part 2-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This contains a detailed information about what causes accidents in an operation theater,its preventive measures and what else to be done to prevent such hazards taking place in an OT
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Health education poster in HINDI for use as wall poster or wall painting in urban/ rural Hindi speaking Indian states. I do not own the content and NO copyrights entertained. Material is for public welfare and health education. Thank you.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Lead poisoning/Plumbism
• Lead is used in variety of industries
• More industrial workers are exposed to lead
• All lead compounds are toxic - lead arsenate, lead oxide and lead carbonate
are the most dangerous; lead sulphide is the least toxic.
• INDUSTRIAL USES :
storage batteries; glass manufacture; ship building; printing and potteries; rubber
industry etc.
• NON-OCCUPATIONAL SOURCES :
gasoline- lead exhausted from automobiles.
lead exposure -through drinking water from lead pipes; chewing lead paint on
window sills or toys in children.
3.
4. MODE OF ABSORPTION
(1) INHALATION : fumes and dust of lead
(2) INGESTION : less common
• lead trapped in the upper respiratory tract
• ingested in food or drink through contaminated hands
(3) SKIN : organic compounds of lead, especially tetraethyl lead
BODY STORES : The body store of lead is 150 to 400 mg and blood levels average
about 25µg/100 ml.
An increase to 70µg/100 ml blood -clinical symptoms.
5. DISTRIBUTION IN THE BODY
• Ninety percent of the ingested lead is excreted in the faeces.
• Lead absorbed from the gut enters the circulation and enters RBCs.
• It is then transported to the liver and kidneys and finally transported to
the bones
• It may be released to the soft tissues again by bone resorption
• Gets involved in porphyrin synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism.
• Effect on membrane permeability and potassium leakage from RBCs
6. CLINICAL PICTURE :
• Inorganic lead exposure
Abdominal colic, obstinate constipation, loss of appetite, blue-line on
the gums, stippling of red cells, anaemia, wrist drop and foot drop
• Organic lead compounds
CNS symptoms- insomnia, headache , mental confusion, delirium
8. DIAGNOSIS
( 1) HISTORY : a history of lead exposure
(2) CLINICAL FEATURES : such as loss of appetite, intestinal colic, persistent headache ,
weakness, abdominal cramps and constipation, joint and muscular pains, blue line on
gums, anaemia, etc.
(3) LABORATORY TESTS :
(a) Coproporphyrin in urine (CPU) : Measurement of CPU is a useful screening test. In
non-exposed persons, it is less than 150 microgram/litre.
(b) Amino levulinic acid in urine (ALAU) : If it exceeds 5 mg/ litre, it indicates clearly lead
absorption.
(c) Lead in blood and urine : requires refined laboratory techniques.
Lead in urine of over 0.8 mg/litre (normal is 0.2 to 0.8 mg) indicates lead exposure and
lead absorption. A blood level of 70µg/100 ml is associated with clinical symptoms.
(d) Basophilic stippling of RBC : Is a sensitive parameter of the haematological response.
9. PREVENTIVE MEASURES…
(1) Substitution : by less toxic materials.
(2) Isolation : processes giving rise to lead dust or fumes - enclosed and
segregated.
(3) Local exhaust ventilation: to remove fumes and dust promptly
(4) Personal protection : by approved respirators.
(5) Good house-keeping : where lead dust is present- Floors, benches, machines
should be kept clean by wet sweeping.
(6) Working atmosphere : Lead concentration to be kept below 2.0 mg per
10 cu. metres of air (the permissible limit or threshold value).
10. …PREVENTIVE MEASURES
(7) Periodic examination of workers
Laboratory determination of urinary lead, blood lead, red cell count,
haemoglobin estimation and coproporphyrin test of urine should be done
periodically. Estimation of basophilic stippling may also be done .
An Expert Committee of the WHO states that in the case of exposure to lead, it
is not only the average level of lead in the blood that is important, but also the
number of subjects whose blood level exceeds a certain value (e .g., 70µg/ml or
whose ALA in the urine exceeds 10 mg/litre)
(8) Personal hygiene : Handwashing before eating –need washing facilities in
industry. Prohibition on taking food in work places is essential.
(9) Health education : on the risks involved and personal protection measures.
12. MANAGEMENT :
The major objectives in management of lead poisoning
prevention of further absorption
removal of lead from soft tissues
prevention of recurrence
Early recognition of cases will help in removing them from further exposure.
A saline purge will remove unabsorbed lead from the gut.
The use of d-penicillamine has been reported to be effective. Like Ca- EDTA,
it is a chelating agent and works by promoting lead excretion in urine.
Lead poisoning is a notifiable and compensatable disease in India since 1924
13. Occupational cancer
1. Skin cancer
• Cancer of the scrotum and of the skin in other parts of the body was caused
by coal tar, X-rays, certain oils and dyes.
• 75 per cent of occupational cancers are skin cancer.
• A hazard among gas workers, coke oven workers, tar distillers, oil refiners,
dye-stuff makers, road makers and in industries using mineral oil, pitch, tar.
14. Chimney sweep's cancer, also called soot wart, is a squamous cell
carcinoma of the skin of the scrotum. It has the distinction of being the first
reported form of occupational cancer.
15. 2 . Lung cancer
• Lung cancer is a hazard in gas industry, asbestos industry, nickel and
chromium work, arsenic roasting plants and in the mining of radio-active
substances (e.g., uranium).
• Nickel, chromates, asbestos, coal tar (presumably 3-4 benzpyrene), radio-
active substances and cigarette-smoking are proved carcinogens for the
lungs.
• Arsenic, beryllium and isopropyl oil are suspected carcinogens.
• 19 out of 20 lung cancers are attributed to tobacco smoking, air pollution
and occupational exposure.
17. 3. Cancer bladder
• Cancer bladder is caused by aromatic amines, which are metabolized in the
body and excreted in the urine.
• The industries associated with cancer bladder are the dye-stuffs and dyeing
industry, rubber, gas and the electric cable industries.
• The following have been mentioned as possible bladder carcinogens
: Beta-naphthylamines, benzidine, para-amino-diphenyl, auramine and magenta
19. 4 . Leukaemia
• Exposure to benzol, roentgen rays and radio-active substances give rise to
leukaemia.
• Benzol is a dangerous chemical and is used as a solvent in many industries.
• Leukaemia may appear long after exposure has ceased.
20. Characteristics of occupational cancer
(1) They appear after prolonged exposure
(2) The period between exposure and development of the disease may be as
long as 10 to 25 years
(3) The disease may develop even after the cessation of exposure
(4) The average age of incidence is earlier than that for cancer in general
(5) The localization of the tumours is remarkably constant in any one
occupation
Personal hygiene is very important in the prevention of occupational cancer.
21. Control of industrial cancer
The control measures comprise the following
(1) elimination or control of industrial carcinogens: exclusion of the carcinogen
from the industry, well-designed building or machinery, closed system of
production, etc.,
(2) medical examinations,
(3) inspection of factories,
(4) notification,
(5) licensing of establishments,
(6) personal hygiene measures,
(7) education of workers and management, and
(8) research
23. Occupational dermatitis
The causes may be
Physical - heat, cold, moisture, friction, pressure, X-rays and other rays
Chemical - acids, alkalies, dyes, solvents, grease, tar, pitch, chlorinated phenols etc.
Biological - living agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites
Plant products - leaves, vegetables, fruits, flowers, vegetable dust, etc.
The dermatitis-producing agents are further classified into :
(1) primary irritants e.g. acids, alkalies, dyes, solvents, etc. cause dermatitis in workers
exposed in sufficient concentration and for a long enough period of time.
(2) sensitizing substances-due to sensitization of the skin (allergic).
24. PREVENTION
(1) Pre-selection : The workers should be medically examined before
employment and those with predisposition to skin disease should be kept away
from jobs involving a skin hazard.
(2) Protection : against direct contact by protective clothing, long leather gloves,
aprons and boots. The protective clothing should be frequently washed and kept
in good order. There are also barrier creams which must be used regularly and
correctly.
(3) Personal hygiene : There should be available a plentiful supply of warm water,
soap and towels. The worker should be encouraged and educated to make
frequent use of these facilities.
(4) Periodic inspection : There should be a periodic medical check-up of all
workers for early detection and treatment of occupational dermatitis. Health
education must be given.
25. Radiation hazards
• A number of industries use radium and other radio-active substances, e.g., painting of
luminous dials for watches and other instruments, manufacture of radio-active paints,
mining of radio-active ores, monozite sand workers and handling of their products.
• X-rays are used both in medicine and industry.
• Exposure to ultraviolet rays occurs in welding processes.
• Infrared rays are produced in welding, glass blowing, foundry work and other processes
where metal and glass are heated to the molten state, and in heating and drying of painted
and lacquered objects.
26. Effects of radiation-
Acute exposure - burns, dermatitis and blood dyscrasias
Chronic exposure - malignancies and genetic effects.
Lung cancer may develop in miners working in uranium mines due to inhalation of radio-active dust.
Preventive measures
(1) Inhalation, swallowing or direct contact with the skin should be avoided.
(2) In case of X-rays, shielding should be used to reduce the exposure below allowable exposures.
(3) The employees should be monitored at intervals by use of film badge or pocket electrometer devices.
(4) Suitable protective clothing to prevent contact with harmful material should be used.
(5) Adequate ventilation of work-place is necessary to prevent inhalation of harmful gases and dusts.
(6) Replacement and periodic examination of workers should be done every 2 months. If harmful effects
are found, the employees should be transferred to work not involving exposure to radiation, and
(7) Pregnant women should not be allowed to work in places where there is continuous exposure.
27.
28.
29. Occupational Hazards- Agriculture
• Occupational health in agriculture sector is a new concept.
• Agricultural workers have a multitude of health problems - a fact which is often forgotten
The health problems of workers in agriculture may be enumerated as below-
(1) ZOONOTIC DISEASES : The close contact of the agricultural worker with animals or their
products -brucellosis, anthrax, leptospirosis, tetanus, tuberculosis (bovine) and Q fever.
(2) ACCIDENTS : Agricultural accidents are becoming more frequent as a result of the
increasing use of agricultural machinery.
-Insect and snake bites are an additional health problem in India.
31. (3) TOXIC HAZARDS : Chemicals are being used increasingly in agriculture either as fertilizers,
insecticides or pesticides. Agricultural workers are exposed to toxic hazards from these
chemicals.
Associated factors such as malnutrition and parasitic infestation may increase susceptibility to
poisoning at relatively low levels of exposure.
(4) PHYSICAL HAZARDS : The agricultural worker may be exposed to extremes of climatic
conditions such as temperature, humidity, solar radiation, which may impose additional
stresses upon him.
-He may also have to tolerate excessive noise and vibrations, inadequate ventilation and the
necessity of working in uncomfortable positions for long periods of time.
(5) RESPIRATORY DISEASES : Exposure to dusts of grains, rice husks, coconut fibres, tea,
tobacco, cotton, hay and wood are common where these products are grown.
The resulting diseases - e .g., byssinosis, bagassosis, farmer's lung and occupational asthma,
appear to be widespread
32.
33. Accidents…
• Some industries are known for accidents, e.G., Coal and other mining industries, quarries, construction work.
• Nearly 3 million mandays are lost yearly in india because of accidents.
• To the worker, the loss is in terms of his wages, apart from human suffering;
• To the industry, it is in terms of compensation costs, provision of medical care, lowered morale , lowered
production and damage to machinery and goods; to the nation in terms of lost production.
CAUSES
(a) HUMAN FACTORS : responsible for 85 % of all accidents
(1) PHYSICAL : The physical capabilities of the worker eg his visual acuity; his hearing may be inadequate.
(2) PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS :
(a) Sex : less accidents in women : men = 5:24
(b) Age: Younger ages and the very old again are more prone
(c) Time: minimum at the beginning of the day and increase gradually as fatigue sets in.
(d) Experience : Approx. 75 % of the employees had accidents in their first 1 year of work.
(e) Working hours : increase whenever the working hours increase.
34.
35. (3) PSYCHOLOGICAL : carelessness, inattentiveness, overconfidence, slow cerebration, ignorance,
inexperience, emotional stress and accident proneness. Psychological factors appear to be more
important factors than physiological factors.
(b) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS :temperature, poor illumination, humidity, noise and unsafe
machines. Unsafe machines account for 10- 20 per cent of all accidents.
Prevention: 98 % of the accidents are preventable
(1) adequate preplacement examination.
(2) adequate job training.
(3) continuing education.
(4) ensuring safe working environment.
(5) establishing a safety department under a competent safety engineer.
(6) periodic surveys for finding out hazards.
(7) careful reporting, maintenance of records and publicity.
…Accidents
36. Sickness absenteeism
Sickness absence is an important health problem in industry.
It may seriously impede production with serious cost repercussions, both
direct as well as indirect.
Absenteeism is a useful index in industry to assess the state of health of
workers, and their physical, mental and social well-being.
The rate of absenteeism was reported to be 8 to 10 days per head per year.
37. Causes of Sickness absenteeism
(a) Economic causes : if the worker is entitled to sick leave with pay, he tends to avail of this
privilege by reporting sick.
(b) Social causes : These are the social and family obligations such as weddings, festivals,
repair and maintenance of ancestral house and similar other causes. Some of the workers who
come from rural areas go back to their villages, for short or long periods, during sowing and
harvest seasons.
{c) Medical causes : About 10 per cent of the days lost were found to be due to occupational
accidents. Respiratory and alimentary illnesses have also been found to be important causes.
(d) Non-occupational causes : nutritional disorders, alcoholism and drug addiction
PREVENTION: for better utilization of resources and maximising the production.
(1) good factory management and practices
(2) adequate preplacement examination
(3) good human relations and
(4) application of ergonomics.
39. Community health problems of industrialization
(1) ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROBLEMS
(a) HOUSING : slums and insanitary dwellings due to migration of people from the
country-side for employment.
(b) WATER POLLUTION : discharge of industrial wastes without treatment, into water
courses. Pollution control measures should be instituted in the planning stage itself in
the process of industrialization.
(c) AIR POLLUTION : discharge of toxic fumes, gases, smoke and dusts into the
atmosphere. It requires proper town planning and zoning to eliminate this hazard.
(d) SEWAGE DISPOSAL : Lack of facilities for the disposal of sewage leads to pollution of
water supply, contamination of soil with parasites and their ova.
40. Asia’s biggest slum: Dharavi, Mumbai
POPULATION = 1 million
1 toilet for every 1,440 people
4,000 cases of typhoid a day
In movies: Slumdog and Gullyboy
41. (2) COMMUNICABLE DISEASES : tuberculosis, venereal diseases, and food and water borne
infections and mosquito borne diseases
(3) FOOD SANITATION : typhoid fever and viral hepatitis
(4) MENTAL HEALTH : Failure of adjustment leads to mental illness, psychoneurosis, behaviour
disorders, delinquency. etc.
(5) ACCIDENTS : congestion, vehicular traffic and the increased tempo of life in addition to those
that occur in the factories.
(6) SOCIAL PROBLEMS : Alcoholism, drug addiction, gambling, prostitution, increased divorces,
breaking up of home, juvenile delinquency, higher incidence of crime
(7) MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY : high morbidity and mortality from certain diseases.
For example the incidence of chronic bronchitis and lung cancer is higher in industrialized areas
than in rural areas.
The crude death rate and infant mortality rate tend to be high in industrial areas.
because the level of public health is generally low, the average expectation of life is less than that
in industrially advanced countries.
42. • End of class 2 of Occupational Health.
• End of class questions: 2 marks each
1Q. Clinical features and diagnosis of Lead poisoning.
2Q. Common types of occupational cancers.
3Q. Occupational hazards in agricultural workers.