Cancer is the abnormal or uncontrolled growth of new cells in any part of the body, characterized by cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to new body sites.

1. Cancer Causing Chemicals

2. 2
Objectives
 Define Carcinogens
 Discuss the Local Written
Policy
 Discuss the Physical and
Health Hazards of
Carcinogens
 Discuss Employee Protective
Measures
 Discuss Carcinogen Warning
Labels
 Introduce the Basic Safety
Rules for Carcinogen Use

3. 3
Learning Outcomes
 Recognize Situations Where Carcinogens Are
Present
 Understand the Local Hazcom Written Policy
 Select Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment
 Understand Warning Labels
 Successfully Produce Appropriate Warning Labels
 Understand the Basic Safety Rules for Carcinogen
Use

4. 4
Course Basis
 32,000,000 Workers Exposed to Chemicals Daily
 575,000 Existing Chemical Products
 Bhopal India Tragedy December 1984
 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
– Standard: 29 CFR 1910.1200
– Establishes Worker Right-to-Know?Program
– Requires Written Hazcom Program
– Requires Use of Material Safety Data Sheets
– Requires Use of Labels and Other Warnings
– Requires Carcinogens to Be Listed
– Requires Hazards and Precautions Be Explained

5. 5
Industrial Disaster
 The 'Bhopal Disaster' was an industrial disaster that occurred in
Bhopal, India, resulting in the deaths of more than 3,000 people,
according to the Indian Supreme Court. A more probable figure is
that 8,000 died within two weeks, and it is estimated that the same
number have since died from gas related diseases. However,
testimonies from doctors who provided medical assistance during the
tragedy claim over 15,000 were dead in the first month alone.
 The incident took place in the early hours of the morning of
December 3, 1984, in the heart of the city of Bhopal in the Indian
state of Madhya Pradesh. A Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant
released 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, killing
approximately 3,800 people. Bhopal disaster is frequently cited as
one of the world's worst industrial disasters.
 Today, more than 100,000 people have permanent injuries, light or
severe. The groundwater around the plant area is contaminated, and
the question of cleaning up the area is still unsolved.

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What is Carcinogen?
 Any substance that is capable of causing cancer.
 Cancer is the abnormal or uncontrolled growth of
new cells in any part of the body, characterized by
cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and
metastasize to new body sites.
 Carcinogens are chronic toxins. They cause
damage after repeated or long-duration exposure.
They may have no immediate apparent harmful
effects, with cancer developing only after a long
latency period.

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What is Carcinogen?
 Can Induce a Malignant Tumor in Humans
 Has a Potential to Cause Cancer
 Can Cause or Accelerate Tumors
 Some Confirmed or Suspected Human Carcinogens
CARCINOGENIC:
- Acrylimide - Beryllium - Nickel Sulfide
- Acrylonitrile - Calcium Chromate - Tetranitromethane
- 4-Aminodiphenyl - Chromium (Vi) - O-Tolidine
- Arsenic - Ethylene Dichloride - Vinyl Bromide
- Benzine - Ethylene Oxide - Xylidine
- Benzidine - Lead Chromate - Zinc Chromates
DANGER
CANCER
CAUSING
AGENT

8. 8
Reproductive Toxins
 Potential to Cause Mutation in the Genetic Code
 Can Cause Changes in Chromosomes
 Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet
 Agents Shown to Cause Potential Mutagenic Effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide (a Bleaching Agent)
- Ethyleneimine (an Alkylating Agent)
- Ethylene Oxide (Hospital Sterilant)
- Hydrazine (Used in Rocket Fuel)
- Ionizing Radiation Exposure
- Benzene
MUTAGENS:

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Reproductive Toxins
TERATOGEN:
 The Study of Congenital Malformations
 First Correlated German Measles to
Birth Defects
 Causes of Congenital Malformations
 Heredity
 Maternal Diseases Like German
Measles
 Maternal Viral Infections During
Pregnancy
 Maternal Malnutrition
 Physical Injury
 Ionizing Radiation Exposure
 Chemical Exposure

10. 10
Reproductive Toxins
 TERATOGEN:
 Review the Respective Material Safety Data
Sheet
 Agents Having Conclusive Teratogenic Effects
 Anesthetic Gases
 Organic Mercury Compounds
 Ionizing Radiation
 German Measles
 Thalidomide

11. 11
What are Carcinogenic Materials?
 Asbestos
 Ionizing radiation
 Certain chemicals
 Coal tars and coke oven
emissions
 Hardwood sawdust (certain
species)
 Natural products (progesterone,
safrole)
 Ultraviolet radiation
 Tobacco smoke

12. 12
What is a Chemical Carcinogen?
 Any discrete chemical compound which has been
shown to cause cancer in human or animal studies.
 Hundreds of individual compounds have been shown
to induce cancers. Thousands of additional
compounds are suspected carcinogens.
 Many are commonly used in laboratory operations,
shops and art studios.
 Most of them can be seen in the construction as
insulation materials, gaskets, brake lining, spray
insulation, rockwool, glasswool

13. 13 DW-HSE-TM032
Carcinogen Materials in Construction
Insulation Insulation
Asbestos Rope Gasket Asbestos Fiber Gasket

14. 14
Carcinogen Materials in Construction
Under Construction Finished Hallway

15. 15
Determining Carcinogenicity
 Epidemiological studies determine the relationship
between a cancer suspect chemical and a human
population over a long period of time.
 Animal studies directly induce cancer in test animals
using a large sample of animals, usually of two or more
species with varying dose and time parameters.
 Experiments with animals are based on the premise
that chemicals that produce cancer in animals will have
similar effects on human cells. Most known human
carcinogens produce cancer in experimental animals.

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Classes that Tend to be Carcinogen
 Epoxides: Ethylene oxide
Propylene oxide
 Organohalogens: Vinyl chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Hexachlorobenzene
Trichloroethylene
 Hydrazines: Hydrazine (and salts)
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

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Classes that Tend to be Carcinogen
 N-Nitroso compounds: N-Nitrosodimethylamine
 Aromatic Amines: Benzidine
Aniline
o-Anisidine
o-Toluidine
 Aromatic hydrocarbons: Benzene
Benz[a]anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Diethyl Benzene

18. 18
Classes that Tend to be Carcinogen
 Misc. organic compounds: Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
1,4-Dioxane
Ethyl carbamate
2-Nitropropane
Styrene
Thiourea
Thioacetamide

19. 19
Classes that Tend to be Carcinogen
 Inorganic Compounds: Arsenic and compounds
Chromium and compounds
Thorium dioxide
Beryllium and compounds
Cadmium and compounds
Lead and compounds
Nickel and compounds
Selenium sulfide
Lead

20. 20
Routes of Entry
ROUTES OF ENTRY
 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION

21. 21
Routes of Entry
ROUTES OF ENTRY
 Inhalation
 A Dose Absorbed Through the Lungs Into
the Bloodstream
 Absorption
 A Dose That Is Absorbed Through the Skin
or Eyes

22. 22
Routes of Entry
ROUTES OF ENTRY
 Ingestion
 A Dose That Is Absorbed Through the
Gastro-Intestinal Tract From Eating, Drinking
or Smoking
 Injection
 A Dose That Is Absorbed Via Broken Glass,
Spray Guns, Needles, Compressed Air,
Knives Etc.

23. 23
Target Organs for Carcinogens
 Skin
 Liver
 Lungs
 Kidney
 Reproductive system
 Many other organs
and tissues

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Cancer Development Factors
 Dose: Amount and length of exposure. The
lower the dose the less likely you are to develop
cancer or related diseases.
 Environmental or Lifestyle factors
 Cigarette smoking (co-carcinogen)
 Alcohol consumption (co-carcinogen)
 Diet--high fat consumption, natural antioxidants
 Geographic location--industrial areas, UV light
 Therapeutic drugs--some are known carcinogens
 Inherited conditions

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Reducing Exposure
 Engineering controls-- exhaust ventilation
 Personal protective equipment
 Personal hygiene
 Labeling and storage of containers
 Housekeeping and maintenance
 Regulated areas
 Decontamination and emergency procedures
 Monitoring
 Administrative controls

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Engineering Controls
 General room ventilation: 10 or more changes of air
per hour. Designed to reduce exposures below the
permissible exposure limit (PEL). Many carcinogens
have a very low exposure limit.
 Fume hoods: Full open face velocity of 80 to 100
l.f.p.m.. combined with a dry ice capture test.
 Local ventilation: Exhaust (sometimes supply) at the
point of use of a chemical. Elephant trunk or slot
hood.

27. 27
Engineering Controls
 Carcinogen glove box or environmental
chamber
 Biosafety cabinet--used for anticancer drugs,
viruses
 No benchtop work in a laboratory setting

28. 28
Personal Protective Equipment
 Respiratory protection: Dust masks,
respirators. Respirators are primarily for
use in non-lab areas, except for
emergency response (spill cleanup)--
shops, floor stripping, construction
operations (painting).
 Eye protection: Safety glasses, splash
goggles, face shields.
 Hand protection: Gloves, protective
sleeves.
 Protective clothing: Lab coats, aprons,
Tyvek garments.
 OSHA standards for personal protective
equipment supersede other OSHA
standards.

29. 29
Personal Hygiene
 No smoking, eating, drinking or application of
cosmetics is permitted in areas where carcinogens
are in use (or in any lab area!).
 Wash hands and any exposed skin if potentially
contaminated--face, neck, forearms, etc.
 No shorts or open toed shoes.
 Remove lab coat or other potentially contaminated
protective clothing before leaving the work area. Lab
coats need to be cleaned regularly; special washing
instructions may be needed. Contaminated
disposable clothing should be treated as hazardous
waste

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Labeling of Containers
 All containers of chemical
carcinogens need to have a
warning label affixed to them. A
Right-to-Know (RTK) style label
must be on any container of
material that is repackaged or made
into a solution more than 0.1%.
 All areas where carcinogens may
be used, present or stored should
have prominently displayed warning
signs or labels both in the areas
and access to them. Some warning
signs and labels are described by
specific standards.

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Labeling of Containers
DANGER -- CONTAINS
___________________
CANCER HAZARD

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Storage
 Carcinogens: Stored separately from other materials.
 Separated: Shelving system or secondary
containment.
 Secondary containment: Placing chemical containers
in an outer container to prevent the release of a
chemical in the event that its container breaks or
ruptures.
 Desiccators, plastic boxes, bottle-in-can are
acceptable secondary containment.
 Storage areas: Labeled Danger--Carcinogens Stored
Here.

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Housekeeping and Maintenance
 Keep all work surfaces and
equipment clean.
 Dry sweeping or compressed air
cleaning of floors or work surfaces is
prohibited.
 Dry cleaning of surfaces and
equipment must be done by vacuum
systems with high-efficiency filters.
 All contaminated floor sweepings,
debris (paper towels, plasticware),
discarded filters from respirators or
vacuums must be bagged, properly
labeled and properly disposed of.

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Regulated Areas
 Establish regulated or designated areas for the use of
carcinogens. (Required in Lab Standard.)
 Locations where entry and exit or use of an area is
restricted to the use of carcinogens.
 Only authorized persons trained in the use of the
carcinogens present may use these areas when such
materials are in use.
 Regulated areas are usually under negative pressure
(fume hood) to contain carcinogens in the hood or
room.

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Decontamination and Emergency
Procedures
 Safety shower and eyewash station nearby.
 Special solutions or solvents on hand if
required for decontamination of skin, eyes.
 Spill mixtures and cleanup materials for spills
on hand.
 All used spill cleanup materials must be
treated as hazardous waste.
 Respirator may be needed for spill cleanup.

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 Incidental spills may be cleaned up by
trained company personnel.
 Larger spills may require notification of
emergency response personnel.
 Fire extinguisher should be on hand as
required. (Training needed).
 Written emergency response plan should be
reviewed during training. (Training required)
Decontamination and Emergency
Procedures

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Monitoring
 If a PEL may be exceeded, personal exposure
monitoring is required.
 Area monitoring may be required in some cases.
 Medical monitoring may be required if it is
anticipated that PELs may be exceeded.
 Examination by a physician, blood tests, etc.
Required whenever there is a spill or other
emergency.
 Results of monitoring must be supplied to the
employee.
 Records of exposures,. monitoring, and medical
exams must be kept for 30 years.

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Administrative Control
 Material Safety Data Sheets and other information.
 Training: All employees using carcinogens must be
trained in the recognition of the physical and health
hazards associated with the carcinogens they are
working with, methods to detect the presence or
release of a carcinogen and ways to protect
themselves from exposure to the carcinogens with
which they are working.
 Specialized training may be required.
 Written exposure control plan reviews.
 Limitations on the duration of exposure.

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Inventory & Waste Carcinogens
 With very few exceptions (dilute formaldehyde
solutions) carcinogens may never be discharged to
the sanitary sewer.
 Carcinogens may never be disposed of in ordinary
trash.
 Waste containers must be properly labeled, sealed
at all times (except when adding or removing waste)
and they must have secondary containment.
 Dry wastes must be properly disposed of.

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Inventory & Waste Carcinogens
 Plan the use of carcinogens carefully.
 Substitute less hazardous materials.
 Purchase in the smallest possible quantities.
 Do not allow inventories to accumulate.
 Promptly dispose of no longer needed
materials.
 Detoxify carcinogens when capable.

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Carcinogen Materials Handling
Procedure
 Carcinogen materials handling procedure
relevant to safety and health considerations
need to be developed when carcinogens are
in use.
 A Carcinogen materials handling procedure
may be developed for an individual
carcinogen, a process or a class of
chemicals.

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Procedure must contain:
 The name and location of the chemical
 Purchasing and usage authorization
 Training requirements
 Location of use
 PPE required
 Methods of waste disposal
 Decontamination measures
 First aid measures
 Spill control measures
 Emergency phone numbers
 And any other relevant information.
 Employees must be trained in the content of the procedure
Carcinogen Materials Handling
Procedure

43. 43
Cancer Causing Chemicals Safety
Program
 Detailed Carcinogen Materials Handling
Procedure
 Extensive Employee Training Programs
 Periodic Reinforcement of Training
 Sufficient Discipline Regarding
Implementation