Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
It is heavy metal and bright silvery in appearance.It is liquid and is non poisonous if swallowed. However, it volatilizes at room temp and inhalation of vapors is toxic. It gets widely distributed throughout the body and causes toxic damage to brain, kidney, peripheral nervous system, mucous membranes etc
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We all are familiar with the poisonous nature of lead metal .Sources of contamination , lead exposure pathways ,health effects, preventive strategies ,individual level strategies ,diagnosis , management ,preventive measures , treatment both after acute and chronic attacks are discussed . These all topics will help the Researchers , scholars , educators and learners in developing their basic concepts about the topic.
GHS and Lead Worker safety go together like Bread and Butter and letting worker and families know the huge document risks is critical safety data to safe and happy families
I mentioned the most common toxic material in this lecture"lead, iron, mercury, Arsenic" and I put CO in it.
so i hope it will be helpful for any one want to use it :D
It is heavy metal and bright silvery in appearance.It is liquid and is non poisonous if swallowed. However, it volatilizes at room temp and inhalation of vapors is toxic. It gets widely distributed throughout the body and causes toxic damage to brain, kidney, peripheral nervous system, mucous membranes etc
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
We all are familiar with the poisonous nature of lead metal .Sources of contamination , lead exposure pathways ,health effects, preventive strategies ,individual level strategies ,diagnosis , management ,preventive measures , treatment both after acute and chronic attacks are discussed . These all topics will help the Researchers , scholars , educators and learners in developing their basic concepts about the topic.
GHS and Lead Worker safety go together like Bread and Butter and letting worker and families know the huge document risks is critical safety data to safe and happy families
I mentioned the most common toxic material in this lecture"lead, iron, mercury, Arsenic" and I put CO in it.
so i hope it will be helpful for any one want to use it :D
A molecule not consisting of carbon atoms.
Any molecule that is not considered organic, or not of biological origin.
Inorganics include salts, metals, substances made from single elements and any other compounds that don't contain carbon bonded to hydrogen.
table salt or sodium chloride, NaCl.
carbon dioxide, CO2.
Humans are exposed to these metals by ingestion (drinking or eating) or inhalation (breathing).
Working in or living near an industrial site which utilizes these metals and their compounds increases ones risk of exposure.
Toxicity is a function of solubility. Insoluble compounds as well as the metallic forms often exhibit negligible toxicity. The toxicity of any metal depends on its ligands. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs.
COVID-19 PCR tests remain a critical component of safe and responsible travel in 2024. They ensure compliance with international travel regulations, help detect and control the spread of new variants, protect vulnerable populations, and provide peace of mind. As we continue to navigate the complexities of global travel during the pandemic, PCR testing stands as a key measure to keep everyone safe and healthy. Whether you are planning a business trip, a family vacation, or an international adventure, incorporating PCR testing into your travel plans is a prudent and necessary step. Visit us at https://www.globaltravelclinics.com/
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
India Diagnostic Labs Market: Dynamics, Key Players, and Industry Projections...Kumar Satyam
According to the TechSci Research report titled “India Diagnostic Labs Market Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2019-2029,” the India Diagnostic Labs Market was valued at USD 16,471.21 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.55% through 2029. This significant growth can be attributed to various factors, including collaborations and partnerships among leading companies, the expansion of diagnostic chains, and increasing accessibility to diagnostic services across the country. This comprehensive report delves into the market dynamics, recent trends, drivers, competitive landscape, and benefits of the research report, providing a detailed analysis of the India Diagnostic Labs Market.
Collaborations and Partnerships
Collaborations and partnerships among leading companies play a pivotal role in driving the growth of the India Diagnostic Labs Market. These strategic alliances allow companies to merge their expertise, strengthen their market positions, and offer innovative solutions. By combining resources, companies can enhance their research and development capabilities, expand their product portfolios, and improve their distribution networks. These collaborations also facilitate the sharing of technological advancements and best practices, contributing to the overall growth of the market.
Expansion of Diagnostic Chains
The expansion of diagnostic chains is a driving force behind the growing demand for diagnostic lab services. Diagnostic chains often establish multiple laboratories and diagnostic centers in various cities and regions, including urban and rural areas. This expanded network makes diagnostic services more accessible to a larger portion of the population, addressing healthcare disparities and reaching underserved populations. The presence of diagnostic chain facilities in multiple locations within a city or region provides convenience for patients, reducing travel time and effort. A broader network of labs often leads to reduced waiting times for appointments and sample collection, ensuring that patients receive timely and efficient diagnostic services.
Rising Prevalence of Chronic Diseases
The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is a significant driver for the demand for diagnostic lab services. Chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer require regular monitoring and diagnostic testing for effective management. The rise in chronic diseases necessitates the use of advanced diagnostic tools and technologies, driving the growth of the diagnostic labs market. Additionally, early diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial for managing chronic diseases, further boosting the demand for diagnostic lab services.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
2. • Introduction to lead
• What is lead poisoning
• Sources of exposure
• Classification of lead poisoning
• Who is at risk
• Pathophysiology
• Harmful effect of lead
• Signs and symptoms
• Diagnosis and Treatment
• Prevention conclusion Contents
3. • More industrial workers are exposed to lead than to any other toxic metal.
• Lead is widely used in a variety of industries because of its properties:
• Low boiling point
• Mixes with other metals easily to form alloys
• Easily oxidised
• anticorrosive
4. • All lead compounds are toxic:
• Lead arsenate
• Lead oxide
• Lead carbonate
• Lead sulphide is the least toxic.
Most dangerous
5. • Lead poisoning is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the heavy
metal lead in the body, and this can interfere with a variety of body processes and
causes toxicity to many organs and tissues.
• It’s also called plumbism, colica Pictonum or saturnism.
7. • Industrial Uses: Over 200 industries are counted where lead is used. Manufacture
of batteries, glass , ship building, printing, potteries rubber industry and several
others.
8. • Occupational exposure: is the main cause of lead poisoning in adults, as
in lead miners and smelters, plumbers glass manufacturers, construction
workers …etc.
• Paints: is the main cause of lead Poisoning in children. Many of the
children display pica, so even a small amount of a lead-containing product
can contain hundreds of milligrams of lead.
9. • Soil: is the main cause of lead poisoning in the agricultural areas. By eating
food grown in contaminated soil.
• Water: Lead from the soil or atmosphere can end up in surface water and
groundwater. It is also potentially dangerous to be present in drinking water.
11. • Hunting: Animals which are hunted are at high risk of exposure because of
the bullets which may contain lead.
• Breast feeding is also considered as an important route of lead exposure
because of the presence of the lead in the affected female milk.
12. Non- Occupational Sources:
• Greatest source – Gasoline.
• Thousands of tons of lead every year is exhausted from automobiles.
13. Depends on:-
• 1- The amount of lead in the blood and tissues.
• 2- The time of exposure. Lead poisoning may be acute (from intense
exposure of short duration) or chronic (from repeat low-level exposure over
a prolonged period).
14. Classification
• Acute poisoning:- In acute poisoning, typical neurological signs are pain,
muscle weakness.
• Gastrointestinal problems, such as diarrhoea, poor appetite, or weight loss.
Absorption of large amounts of lead over a short time can cause shock,
Hemolysis. Damage to kidneys can cause changes in urination such as
decreased urine output.
15. Classification
• Chronic poisoning :- usually presents with symptoms affecting multiple
systems, but is associated with three main types of symptoms:
• gastrointestinal, neuromuscular, and neurological. Signs of chronic exposure
include loss of short-term memory, depression, nausea, abdominal pain, loss
of coordination, and numbness and tingling in the extremities.
16. Who is at risk
• All children under the age of 6 years old.
• People living in old houses are at great risk.
• People working in industries.
• Pregnant woman & developing baby.
17. Normal levels of lead??
• Body stores avg in Adults: 150 to 400mg
• Blood: avg. 25 mcg/100ml
• Increase to 70mcg/100ml – clinical symptoms.
• Normally, 0.2 – 0.3 mg largerly from food and beverages.
• Children: Less than 10 micrograms/dL of lead in the blood
18. Mode of Absorption
INHALATIONAL:
• Most cases of industrial lead poisoning is due to inhalstional of fumes and
dust of lead or its compounds.
19. Mode of Absorption
INGESTION:
• Is of less common occurrence
• Small quantities of lead trapped in the Upper respiratory tract may be
ingested.
• Lead may also be ingested in food or drink through contaminated hands.
20. Mode of Absorption
SKIN
• Absorption through skin occurs only in respect of the organic compounds
of lead.
• Tetraethyl lead.
• Inorganic compounds are not absorbed through skin.
21. Mode of Absorption
• The main body compartments that store lead are the blood, soft tissues, and
bone; the half-life of lead in these tissues is measured in weeks for blood,
months for soft tissues, and years for bone.
• Lead in the bones, teeth, hair and nails is bound tightly and not available to
other tissues, and is generally thought not to be harmful.
22. • In adults, 94% of absorbed lead is deposited in the bones and teeth.
• In children only store 70% in this manner, a fact which may partially account
for the more serious health effects on children.. Many other tissues store lead
are the brain, spleen, kidneys, liver, and lungs. It is removed from the body
very slowly, mainly through urine. Smaller amounts of lead are also
eliminated through the feces, hair, nails, and sweat.
23. • Distribution of lead:-
• 95% of ingested lead is excreted in faeces.
• Lead absorbed from gut enters the circulation 95% enters erythrocytes.
• Transported to liver and kidneys finally to bones
• Released during osteolysis ( during bone resorption ) to soft tissues.
• 4% brain, liver, kidneys.
• 1% blood.
• Crosses placenta, foetal BBB is open
24. • It probably exerts its toxic action – by combining wit SH groups of certain
enzymes.
• Ex: Porphyrin synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism.
• Also effects membrane permeability and potassium leakage from
erythrocytes exposed to lead.
25. • Harmful effect of lead:-
• 1- Lead also interferes with DNA transcription, enzymes that help in the synthesis
of vitamin D, and enzymes that maintain the integrity of the cell membrane.
• 2- Lead interferes with metabolism of bones and teeth.
• 3- Lead alters the permeability of blood vessels and collagen synthesis
• 4- Lead may also be harmful to the developing immune system, causing
production of excessive inflammatory proteins.
26. • 5- Lead exposure has also been associated with a decrease in activity of
immune cells such as PMN leukocytes.
• 6- Lead also interferes with the normal metabolism of calcium in cells and
causes it to build up within them.
• 7- Lead also inhibits the enzyme ferrochelatase, and in turn inhibits RBC
synthesis and leads to anemia.
• 8- Lead interferes with the release of neurotransmitters, glutamate, a
neurotransmitter important in many functions including learning.
27. Signs and symptoms
• Lead poisoning can cause a variety of symptoms and signs which vary
depending on the individual and the duration of lead exposure.
• Symptoms from exposure to organic lead, which is probably more toxic than
inorganic lead
28. Inorganic lead
• Abdominal colic
• Obstinate constipation
• Loss of appetite
• Blue line on the gums
• Stippling of red cells
• Anaemia
• Wrist drop
• Foot drop
29. • Renal system: The toxic effect of lead causes nephropathy and may cause Fanconi
syndrome.
• Cardiovascular system: Evidence suggests lead exposure is associated with high
blood pressure, coronary heart disease, heart rate variability, and death from stroke.
• Reproductive system: Lead affects both the male and female reproductive systems.
In men, when blood lead levels exceed 40 μg/dL, sperm count is reduced and
changes occur in volume of sperm, their motility, and their morphology.
33. Diagnosis
• History: lead exposure
• Clinical features: Loss of appetite ,Persistant headache,Abdominal
cramps,Vomiting ,Weight loss, Constipation, Anemia, Irritability, Learning
disabilities,Joint or muscular pains, blue lines on gums, Behavior problems.
• ( In children-hearing loss, delayed growth, drowsiness, clumsiness, or loss of
new abilities, especially speech skills)
34. • Laboratory tests:
• CPU- useful ścreening test (< 150 mcg/lt- in unexposed)
• Amino levulinic acid in urine (ALAU): >5mg/lt
• Lead in blood and urine:
In urine : over 0.8 mg/lt
In blood : 70 mcg/100ml
• Basophilic stipling of RBC- sensitive parameter.
35. Preventive Measures
• 1- Substitution : where possible lead compounds to be substituted by less
toxic materials
• 2- Isolation : all processes which give rise to harmful concentration of lead
dust or fumes should be enclosed and segregated.
• 3-Local exhaust ventilation: adequate ventilation to remove fumes and dust.
36. Preventive Measures
• 4- Personal protection: workers should be protected by approved respirators
• 5- Good house keeping: essential where lead dust is present.
Floors, benches, machines should be kept clean
wet sweeping.
37. Preventive Measures
• 6- Working atmosphere: 2mg per 10 cu. metres of air.
• 7- Periodic examinatioin of workers
• 8- Personal hygiene
• 9- Health education
38. Management
• Treatment for lead poisoning begins with removing the sources of lead and
providing balanced nutrition.
• Saline purge will remove unabsorbed lead from the gut.
• The use of d-penicillamine has been reported to be effective.
• CHELATION THERAPY Chelating agents like Ca-EDTA.
• Lead levels greater than 45 mcg/dL of blood - Ethylenediamine tetraacetic
acid (EDTA).
• Lead poisoning is notifiable and compensatable disease.