A session on "Semi structured interviews for education research" faciltiated by Dr Ian Willis and Dr Debbie Prescott
as part of the CPD series on educational research
Academic Development, Centre for Lifelong Learning
University of Liverpool
5th November 2015
Experiential learning takes place when a person involved in an activity looks backs and evaluates it and uses this information to perform another activity.
Observation Method is one of the methods for data collection. This method is very much applicable for ethnic research. Expert data collectors are essential to collect data through observation method..
A session on "Semi structured interviews for education research" faciltiated by Dr Ian Willis and Dr Debbie Prescott
as part of the CPD series on educational research
Academic Development, Centre for Lifelong Learning
University of Liverpool
5th November 2015
Experiential learning takes place when a person involved in an activity looks backs and evaluates it and uses this information to perform another activity.
Observation Method is one of the methods for data collection. This method is very much applicable for ethnic research. Expert data collectors are essential to collect data through observation method..
CSS Style and selector, In our CSS tutorial you will learn how to use CSS to control the style and selector. Example and Assignment for Web design Technology class
Bootstrap is the most popular HTML, CSS and JS framework for developing responsive, mobile first projects on the web.
How to use bootstrap, a framework for web design
Preparation and Observation Checklist To Improve Interviewing Skills HandoutRobert Davis
This checklist can help the learner improve his/her interviewing technique in qualitative interviewing as well as help observers to provide feedback to interviewers on technique.
This was a 4-hour workshop that was given at World Usability Day Colombia. #wudco14
Summary:
Now more than ever is the survival of the easiest. Whether the product is a website or a handheld device, success depends largely on how easy it is to use. Usability testing is one of the most effective for creating an intuitive methods. By observing actual people when they use the product, you can get valuable insights if your design is easy to use. Attendees will learn how to conduct a usability test with end users of a product. This workshop is highly interactive and includes several practical exercises to give participants practical experience.
You will learn:
- How to plan a usability testing study
- How to define the goals and objectives
- Explore options (unmoderated usability testing vs. unmoderated & remote vs. in-person)
- How to recruit the right participants
- How to create tasks (Interview-based vs. predefined tasks)
- How to moderate a usability test
- How to analyze and report the results
User Experience Design Fundamentals - Part 2: Talking with UsersLaura B
#2 in a 3-part series on UX Fundamentals: Talking with Users
Understand why you should talk to users to uncover, validate and/or understand their goals.
Learn how and when to talk with your users:
User research methods
Planning
Best practices for interviews
These are indirect and unstructured methods of investigation which have been developed by the psychologists and use projection of respondents for inferring about underline motives, urges or intentions which cannot be secure through direct questioning as the respondent either resists to reveal them or is unable to figure out himself. These techniques are useful in giving respondents opportunities to express their attitudes without personal embarrassment. These techniques help the respondents to project own attitude and feelings unconsciously on the subject under study. Thus Projective Techniques play an important role in motivational researches or in attitude surveys.
Important Projective Techniques
1. Word Association Test.
2. Completion Test.
3. Construction Techniques
4. Expression Techniques
1. Word Association Test: An individual is given a clue or hint and asked to respond to the first thing that comes to mind. The association can take the shape of a picture or a word. There can be many interpretations of the same thing. A list of words is given and you don’t know in which word they are most interested. The interviewer records the responses which reveal the inner feeling of the respondents. The frequency with which any word is given a response and the amount of time that elapses before the response is given are important for the researcher. For example: Out of 50 respondents 20 people associate the word “ Fair” with “Complexion”.
2. Completion Test: In this the respondents are asked to complete an incomplete sentence or story. The completion will reflect their attitude and state of mind.
3. Construction Test: This is more or less like completion test. They can give you a picture and you are asked to write a story about it. The initial structure is limited and not detailed like the completion test. For eg: 2 cartoons are given and a dialogue is to written.
4. Expression Techniques: In this the people are asked to express the feeling or attitude of other people.
Disadvantages of Projective Techniques
1. Highly trained interviewers and skilled interpreters are needed.
2. Interpreters’ bias can be there.
3. It is a costly method.
4. The respondent selected may not be representative of the entire population.
Introduction to usability and usability testing as a discipline, followed by how to do guerilla usability testing. Presented at Duke Tech Expo April 13, 2018 with co-author Lauren Hirsh, with content from a prior collaborative presentation of hers.
International Business User Research: Methods and ToolsYong Zhang
Qualitative Research on International Business Users
How to interview (business) users
Cross-cultural user research
Online (remote) User Research
Mouse tracking heatmap
Remote user testing
User feedback system
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
5. Observation
ob·ser·va·tion
Noun
1. the act of observing or the state of being
observed
2. a comment or remark
3. detailed examination of phenomena prior to
analysis, diagnosis, or interpretation:
the patient was under observation
Reference: http://dictionary.reference.com/
Figure 1. Observation monitor
http://www.nzilbb.canterbury.ac.nz/
Scientific observation is “a systematic description of
events, behaviors, and artifacts in the social setting
chosen for study” (Kawulich 2005)
Kawulich, Barbara B. (2005). Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method .
6. Observations
Research role
✗ A relationship acquired by and ascribed to the
researcher in interactive data collection.
✘ There are different roles with regard to
observation:
1) Interviewer
2) Naturalistic Observer
3) Participant Observer
4) Participant Researcher
5) Inside Observer
Figure2. focus group room is equipped with two wide-angled cameras
www.rp.edu.sg
7. Variations in Approaches to Observation
A single observation of limited Multiple observations; long-term
duration (e.g., 30 minutes). duration (e.g., months, even years).
Narrow focus: Only a single Broad focus: Holistic view of the activity or
element or characteristic is observed. characteristic being observed and all of
its elements is sought.
The purpose of the The purpose of the No explanation is False explanations are
observation is fully explained observation is given to any of the given; participants are
to all involved. explained to some of participants. deceived about the
the participants. purpose of the
observation.
Full-participant Partial Onlooker;
observation participation observer is an outsider
Participants know Some but not Participants do not know
that observations are being all of the that observations are being
made and they know who is participants made or that there is
making them. know the observer. someone observing them.
Role of the Observer
How the Observer Is Portrayed to Others
How the Purpose of the Observation Is Portrayed to Others
Duration of the Observations
Focus of the Observations
8. Role of the Observer
Variations in Approaches to Observation
Full-
participant
Observation
Onlooker
Observer is
an outsider
Partial
participant
9. Variations in Approaches to Observation
✘How the Observer Is Portrayed to Others
Figure3. Overt observations: program staff
and participants know that observations are
being made and who the observer is
hechingerreport.org
Figure4. Observer role known by some, not
by other
www.ukedchat.com
Figure5. participants do not know that
observations are bing made or that there is
an observer
travelthayer.wordpress.com
10. Variations in Approaches to Observation
✘How the Purpose of the Observer Is Portrayed to Others
Full explanation
of real purpose to
everyone Partial explanation Covert evaluations
False explanations:
deceived staff and/or
participants about
research purpose
1 2 43
11. Variations in Approaches to Observation
✘Duration of the Observations
Figure7. Long-term, multiple
observations (e.g., months,
years) ex. Consumer behavior research
rmsbunkerblog.wordpress.com
Figure6. Single observation, limited duration
(e.g., 1 hour) ex business observation by
interviewing
http://www.wiccadirectory.com/
12. Variations in Approaches to Observation
✘Focus of the observations
1. Narrow focus: single element or component in the setting observed.
2. Broad focus: holistic view of the entire setting and all of its elements is
sought
Narrow focus Broad focus
13. Observation > Strengths/ Weaknesses
✘Strengths
✘Allows you to watch what people do
rather than rely on what they say (self-
report)
✘You are more likely to discover unmet
user needs as you watch them do their
work and can identify areas they struggle
✘You can truly understand how users get
their work done in context
✘Allows for observing subtleties of work -
- you'll see things like post-it note cheat
sheets they require to remember how to
get through system
✘Weaknesses
✘Can be a significant time commitment,
particularly if you observe for extended
periods of time
✘Difficult to be "a fly on the wall" and
really just observe without interrupting by
just being there or asking questions along
the way
✘Relies on observers' interpretation
✘Can be challenging to know what to pay
attention to if a lot is going on
Reference: wiki.fluidproject.org
14. “You can observe a lot just watching”
- Yogi Berra
“Of course, observing people isn’t only one way
to begin designing and effective user interface”
- Scott Klemmer
www.hci-class.org
16. Interview
in·ter·view Noun
1. a formal meeting in which one or more perso
ns question, consult, or evaluate another
person.
2. a meeting or conversation in which a writer o
r reporter asks questions
of one or more persons from whom
materials sought for a newspaper
story, television broadcast, etc.
Reference: http://dictionary.reference.com/ Figure 8. behavior interviewing
http://www.careerealism.com/
The qualitative research interview seeks to describe and the meanings of
central themes in the life world of the subjects. The main task in
interviewing is to understand the meaning of what the interviewees say.
(Kvale,1996) Kvale, Steinar. Interviews An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications, 1996
17. Types of interviews
1. Informal-conversation
Questions emerge from the immediate context
2. Semi-structured
Topics selected in advance
Researcher determines sequence and wording
during interview.
3. Standardized open-ended
Exact wording and sequence of questions
predetermined.
21. Interviewing technique tips
✘Preparation tips:
1. Learn as much as you can about the person you are interviewing
prior to the interview in order to form questions that are specific to
the person.
2. Plan ahead, and set aside an adequate amount of time that suits
the interviewing technique you employ.
3. Check your recording equipment in advance to make sure
everything is working correctly, and have a backup recorder ready to
go in case of technical difficulties.
4. Prepare your questions carefully for any type of interview
technique by spending the time to write good interview questions.
22. Interviewing technique tips
✘Interviewing tips:
1. Start the interview with small talk to put your interview subject at
ease.
2. Respect the person you are interviewing by following their wishes
if your subject chooses to not answer a specific question.
4. Stay ready to adapt your questions if an answer to one of your
questions triggers another question that pertains to your research.
5. Keep the interview focused by redirecting the conversation with
additional questions when the person you are interviewing strays too
far from the focus of your interview questions.
วิธีการที่บอกถึงวัตถุประสงค์ของการสังเกต
อธิบายทั้งหมดของวัตถุประสงค์ที่แท้จริงให้กับทุกคน
อธิบายบางส่วน
เป็นลักษณะการประเมินที่แอบแฝงไว้ no explanation given to either staff or participants
อธิบายจุดประสงค์ที่เป็นเท็จ ให้ทีมงานและผู้มีส่วนร่วม
- Behaviors - what a person has done or is doing.
- Opinions/values - what a person thinks about the topic.
- Feelings - what a person feels rather than what a person thinks.
Knowledge - to get facts about the topic.
Sensory - what people have seen, touched, heard, tasted or smelled.
Background/demographics - standard background questions, such as age, education, etc.