The document provides information about blood and its composition, properties, functions, types of blood cells, and how blood cells are produced. It discusses the following key points: - Blood is composed of cellular substances like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as liquid plasma. - Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells defend against infection. Platelets help blood to clot. - The bone marrow produces blood cells. It consists of stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. - The document also covers hemoglobin, blood typing using the ABO system, cross-matching for transfusions, and universal blood types

1. Presentation
On
Blood

2. Blood and its CompositionsBlood and its Compositions
The red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and
animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the
body.
Composition
Cellular substances: 45%. (RBC, WBC & Platelets)
Liquid intercellular substances: 55% (Liquid- water[91%], Solid-8% {Organic-Na,
P, Ca, Ma, k, I Cu & Inorganic-Protein, non protein, Fat, CHO, Clotting matter}
Properties
Volume: 5-6 L, Slightly Alkaline (PH-7.36-7.45), Specific Gravity: 1.052-1.060,
Temperature: 36-38 C, Color: Red in presence of Haemoglobin. Test: Salty

3. Function of BloodFunction of Blood
• It supplies oxygen to cells and tissues.
• It supplies essential nutrients to cells, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose.
• It removes carbon dioxide, urea and lactic acid (waste products)
• Its white blood cells have antibodies which defend us from infection and foreign
bodies.
• It has specialized cells, such as platelets, which help the blood to clot (coagulate)
when we are bleeding.
• It transports hormones - chemicals released by a cell in one part of the body that
sends out messages that affect cells elsewhere in the body.
• It regulates our acidity (pH) levels.
• It regulates our body temperature. When the weather is very warm or during
strenuous exercise there will be increased blood flow to the surface, resulting in
warmer skin and faster heat loss. When environmental temperatures drop, blood flow
focuses more on the important organs deep inside the body.
• It also has hydraulic functions

4. Plasma Protein
The protein which remain in plasma is called plasma protein. Total
amount of plasma protein : 6.4- 8.4 gm par 100 ml of blood.
Types:
A, Albumin. B, Globulin. C, Fibrinogen. D, Prothombin
The functions of plasma proteins include:
Osmotic or intravascular effect of plasma protein maintains fluid as well as
electrolyte balance
Viscosity of plasma is maintained by the plasma protein
These are the protein reserves of our body
Performs the important function of clotting
Responds with inflammation in case of wound or injury
The gamma globulins act as antibodies and protect our body from infection
Plasma protein also maintains acid base balance

5. Type of BloodType of Blood
Red blood cells - also known as RBCs or erythrocytes. They are shaped like
slightly indented, flattened disks. These are the most abundant cells, and
contain hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb). Hemoglobin is a protein which contains iron; it
transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and cells.
White blood cells (leukocytes) - these are the cells of our immune system;
they defend the body against infections and foreign materials. Lymphocytes
and ganulocytes (types of white blood cells) can move in and out of the
bloodstream to reach affected areas of tissue.
Platelets (thrombocytes) - are involved in the clotting (coagulation) of blood.
When we bleed the platelets clump together to help form a clot.

6. RBCRBC
Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, have two main
functions:
To pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues elsewhere.
To pick up carbon dioxide from other tissues and unload it in the lungs
Life cycle
Human erythrocytes are produced through a process named erythropoiesis,
developing from committed stem cells to mature erythrocytes in about 7 days.
When matured, in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for
about 100 to 120 days (and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant).[37]
At the end
of their lifespan, they become senescent, and are removed from circulation.
In many chronic diseases, the lifespan of the erythrocytes is markedly
reduced (e.g. patients requiring haemodialysis).

7. RBCRBC
• Structure
• Trilaminar, three-dimensional
– Outermost layer: glycolipids, glycoproteins
– Central layer: cholesterol, phospholipids
– Inner layer: cytoskeleton
• Functions:
1) Respiratory function
2) Acid base balance
3) Ion Balance
4) Maintenance of viscosity
5) Various pigment
6) It contains antigens

8. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Two types of leukocytes
– Granulocytes
– Agranulocytes
• Differential WBC Count
– Never
– Let
– Monkeys
– Eat
– Bananas
• White blood cells (WBCs) are also known as leukocytes. They can be divided into
granulocytes and agranulocytes. The former have cytoplasms that contain organelles
that appear as coloured granules through light microscopy, hence their name.
Granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. In contrast,
agranulocytes do not contain granules. They consist of lymphocytes and monocytes.

9. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Protect the body from infectious
microorganisms.
• 4,800 – 11,000/cubic millimeter.
• Function outside the bloodstream in loose
connective tissue.
• Diapedesis – circulating leukocytes leave the
capillaries.
• WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than
RBCs.
• Most produced in bone marrow.
• Lifespan of 12 hours to several years.

10. Haemoglobin
• Haemoglobin is a conjugated protein. It is the red
pigment inside the red blood cell. It is a chromo protein
consisting of two parts. (globin and haem)
• Function of it:
1) Transport Gases. (O2 and CO2)
2) Maintain PH
3) Pigment of stool, bile, urine get from it.
4) It reserve iron and protein

11. White cells, red cells and platelets are made in the bone marrow - a jellylike
substance that fills the cavities of bones. Bone marrow consists of fat, blood,
and special cells (stem cells) that turn into the various kinds of blood cells. The
main areas of bone marrow involved in the formation of blood cells are in the
vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull and hips.
There are two types of marrow, red marrow and yellow marrow. Most of our red
and white blood cells, as well as platelets are made in the red marrow.
Blood cells in babies and very young children are made in the bone marrow of
most of the bones in the body. As we get older, some of the bone marrow
converts to yellow marrow, and just the bones that make up the spine
(vertebrae), ribs, pelvis, skull and sternum contain red marrow.
If a human experiences severe blood loss, the body is able to convert yellow
marrow back to red marrow as it tries to boost blood cell production.
Produced of Blood cellsProduced of Blood cells

12. The ABO SYSTEM
Blood typing is the technique for determining which specific protein type is
present on RBCs.
Only certain types of blood transfusions are safe because the outer
membranes of the red blood cells carry certain types of proteins that another
person’s body will think is a foreign body and reject it.
These proteins are called antigens (something that causes an allergic
reaction).
There are two types of blood antigens: Type A and Type B.
A person with Type A antigens on their blood cells have Type A blood.
A person with Type B antigens have Type B blood.
A person with both types has type AB blood.
A person with neither antigen has type O blood.
BLOOD TYPINGBLOOD TYPING

13. Cross matching help reveal if specific donor blood or organs are compatible with
our own. In addition to anti-B and anti-A antibodies, other types of antibodies
may be present in our blood that negatively interact with donor materials.
Difference between cross and blood grouping
Cross matching
Cross matching Blood grouping
It is the only safe sure guard against
transfusion
It can not give such safe guard.
In cross matching recipient’s serum I directly
matched against the donor’s.
A known serum (anti A or anti B) is added to the
persons blood.
A universal blood donor is someone who has an O blood type and is Rh negative.They have no
A or B antigens or Rh factor on their red blood cells. A universal recipient is a person who has
an AB blood type and is Rh positive. They can receive red blood cells of any ABO or Rh type
with no risk of a serious hemolytic transfusion reaction due to ABO or Rh incompatibility