This ppt contain information about anemia

1. ANEMIA
PRESENTER:
Shalu kanwar
M.Sc Nursing 1st year

2. OBJECTIVES
 Define anemia.
 Classify anemia.
 Types of clinical anemia.
 Causes of anemia.
 Pathophysiology of anemia.
 Signs and symptoms of anemia.
 Diagnosis of anemia.
 Medical and nursing management of anemia.
 Prevention and programs of anemia.

4. DEFINITION
Anemia (an-without, emia-blood) is a condition in which
the hemoglobin concentration is lower then the normal.
As a results, the amount of oxygen delivered to body
tissue is diminished.

6. Classification of anemia
ANEMIA
On the basis of
the cause
Blood Loss
Inadequate
production of
normal blood cells
Excessive
destruction of
blood cells
On the basis of
morphology
Normocytic
Microcytic
Macrocytic

7. On the basis of morphology:
• Microcytic - If the cells are smaller than normal,
e.g. iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic
disease, thalassemia.
• Normocytic - if cells are in normal size, e.g.-acute
blood loss, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic
anemia, Aplastic anemia.
• Macrocytic - if they are larger than normal, e.g.-
Megaloblastic anemia

8. How many types of anemia????????

9. Types of clinical anemia
Iron deficiency
anemia
Megaloblastic
anemia
Pernicious
anemia
Hemorrhagic
anemia
Hemolytic
anemia
Aplastic
anemia

10. 1. Iron deficiency anemia:
• Excessive loss of iron. Women are at risk for
menstrual blood and growing fetus
• it is caused by a lack of iron. It develop when
body store of iron drops too low to support
normal RBCs production.

11. 2. Megaloblastic anemia
• Its also known as folic acid deficiency anemia.
• in this condition the bone marrow usually
produce large, abnormal and immature RBCs.

12. 3.Pernicious anemia
• it occurs when the intestine can't properly absorb
vitamin B12.

13. 4.Hemorrhagic anemia
• Excessive loss of RBC through bleeding, stomach
ulcers, menstruation

14. 5.Hemolytic anemia
• RBC plasma membrane ruptures, may be due to
parasites, toxins, antibodies.

15. 6.Sickle cell anemia
• Hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red
blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle
shape.
• They get stuck and clog the blood flow.
• This can cause pain
and other complication.

16. 7.Aplastic anemia
• Bone marrow depression
• it is a rare disease in which the bone marrow and
hematopoietic stem cells that are damaged leads
to pancytopenia (deficiency of all three cellular
components of the blood such as red cells, white
cells, and platelets).

18. Causes
1. Increased Requirements:
• Menstruating females
• Pregnancy
• Lactation
• Growing infants and children
• Erythropoietin deficiency

19. Contd.:
2. Increased loss
• GI Bleeding
• Menorrhagia
• Persistent hematuria
• Intravascular hemolytic anemias
• Regular blood donors

20. Contd.:
3. Decreased intake
• Vegetarian diet
• Socioeconomic factors
4. Decreased Absorption
• Upper GI pathology (e.g Celiac and Crohn’s disease)
• Gastrectomy
• Medications (Antacids, Zantac)

21. Contd.:
Risk Factors:
• Poor socioeconomic class
• Multiparity
• Teenage pregnancy
• Menstrual problem

23. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Decrease in RBCs, Hb, or Hematocrit level
Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity
Hypoxia and hypoxia induced effects on organ function
Signs and symptoms of anemia

25. Signs and Symptoms
1. Easy fatigue and loss of energy
2. Unusually rapid heart beat, particularly with exercise
3. Shortness of breath and headache, particularly with exercise
4. Difficulty concentrating
5. Dizziness
6. Pale skin

26. Contd.:
7. Leg Cramps
8. Insomnia
9. Brittle nails
10. Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails)
11. Atrophy of the papillae of the tongue
12. Angular stomatitis
13. Brittle hair
14. Dysphagia and Glossitis

28. Diagnostic evalutaion
• History
• Physical examination
• Complete blood count
• Others:
Iron, Folate, Vitamin b12
Hb electrophoresis (a test that measures the different types of
hemoglobin in the blood)
Reticulocyte count
Bone marrow biopsy

30. MANAGEMENT
1. Identify and Treat the Underlying Cause
2. Iron Supplementation
3. Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation
4. Dietary Changes
5. Blood Transfusions
6. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESA)
7. Treat Underlying Medical Conditions
8. Lifestyle Changes
9. Managing Gastrointestinal Bleeding

31. Management of iron deficiency anemia:-
• Correction of chronic blood loss
• Oral or parenteral iron therapy
• Oral ferrous sulfate
• Iron dextran or iron sorbitex parenteral therapy

32. Management of pernicious anemia:-
Parenteral replacement with hydroxycobalamine
or cyanocobalamine is necessary by IM injection
every month.

33. Management Of folic acid deficiency anemia
• The goal is to identify and treat the cause of the folate
deficiency.
• Receive folic acid supplements by mouth or through a
vein.
• If low folate levels because of a problem with intestines,
need treatment for the rest of life.
• Diet changes can help boost folate level.
• Eat more green, leafy vegetables and citrus fruits.

34. Management of Aplastic anemia:-
• Bone marrow transplantation
• Immunosuppressive treatment
• Androgens to stimulate bone marrow regeneration
• Platelet and RBCs transfusion

35. Management Of sickle cell anemia :-
• Promote adequate oxygenation
• Blood transfusion
• Splenectomy
• Butyrate and hydroxyurea

36. Non-pharmacological management
1. Dietary Modifications:
Iron-Rich Foods
Vitamin B12 and Folate
Vitamin C
2. Supplements:
Iron Supplements

37. Contd.:
3. Lifestyle Changes:
Regular Exercise
Hydration
4. Managing Underlying Conditions:
Treat Underlying Causes
5. Avoidance of Risk Factors:
Limit Alcohol Intake
Smoking Cessation

38. Contd.:
6. Managing Menstrual Blood Loss
Hygiene Practices
Consultation
7. Stress Management
Stress Reduction
8. Monitoring and Follow-Up
 Regular Check-ups

40. Complication
• Hypoxia
• Severe fatigue.
• Physical & mental growth retardation
• Neurologic damage
• Heart problem - irregular heart rate, heart enlargement, heart
failure.
• Pregnancy complication - premature birth
• Death

41. Programmes for anemia????????

42. Programmes:
1. National Iron+ Initiative
2. Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB)
3. Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) program
4. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
5. National Nutritional Anemia Control Program (NNACP)
6. National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme
(NNAPP)

46. Bibliography
• Brunner and suddharths .Textbook of Medical Surgical Nurisng.
13th edition. Volume 2nd New Delhi: Wolter Kluwer Publication page
no. 1316-1317
• Lweis. Medical Surgical Nursing Assessment and Managememt of
Clinical Problem.2nd Edition Volume 2nd. New Delhi Elsevier,2015.
• "Saunders" comprehensive review for the NCLEX RN examination,
fifth edition, Elsevier publication, page no. 494-495
• Text book of pediatric nursing, editors by "wong and whaley's",
published by "n.r.broyhers", 4th edition, page no:1242-1246.
• Dorothy r. marlow, "text book of pediatric nursing" 6th edition,
published by eleven, page no: 284-290.

47. ASSIGNMENT
1. Define anemia? Classify anemia in the clinical picture and its signs
and symptoms. 2+3=5M
2. Nursing care plan on anemia ? 5M
3. Write one program launched by the government to combat anemia?
5M