Nucleus seed production of potato
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This document discusses the production of nucleus seed for potato through tuber indexing and maintenance of virus tested stocks in 3 stages. Tubers are tested for common potato viruses like X, Y, A, and leaf diseases. Disease-free clones are selected and their progeny are planted in separate plots and bulked in stage III to produce final virus-free nucleus stocks for breeder seed production.
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This document provides information about seed purity analysis and germination testing procedures. It discusses the steps involved in purity analysis, including removing debris, separating lightweight materials, and examining seeds for damage. It also describes how to calculate purity percentages. For germination testing, it outlines the materials needed, sample size, placement methods on filter paper or between paper towels, and incubation conditions. Evaluation involves classifying seedlings as normal or abnormal based on root and shoot development.
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This document discusses various methods for seed health testing. It describes dry inspection, blotter, and agar plate methods. Dry inspection involves examining seeds visually and microscopically for signs of pathogens or damage. The blotter method involves plating seeds on moistened blotting paper to observe germination and pathogen growth. The agar plate method is similar but uses nutrient agar instead of blotting paper. Both methods allow observation of pathogen colonies and effects on seed germination and seedling health.
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Intellectual property rights (IPR) provide legal protection for creations of the human intellect. There are several primary rights including copyrights, patents, trademarks, industrial designs, utility models, and geographical indications. IPR promotes innovation by granting inventors exclusive rights over their creations for a limited time, allowing them to benefit commercially. However, the registration process can be lengthy and expensive, and enforcing IPR may lead to legal disputes and create monopolies. Overall IPR aims to balance private incentives for creation with wider public access to new ideas and technologies.
Handling of segregating generations -Backcross breeding
Genetic basis, recurrent, donor parent, linkage drag,procedure,dominant gene transfer, recessive gene transfer,stepwise, simultaneous transfer, application, merits, demerits,examples
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Asexual mode of reproduction in plants
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Male sterility applications in Hybrid seed production.
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2. There are two main types of pollination - wind pollination and insect pollination. Wind pollinated flowers have adaptations like small dull flowers and lightweight pollen for wind dispersal, while insect pollinated flowers offer rewards like nectar and scent to attract pollinators.
3. Cross pollination provides advantages like more viable and resistant offspring through genetic recombination, but also disadvantages like less genetic purity and reliance on pollinating agents. Plants use mechanisms like dichogamy and self-sterility to encourage out
Self pollination
This document discusses self-pollination in plants. It defines self-pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant. There are two types of self-pollination: autogamy, where the pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower; and geitonogamy, where the pollen is transferred between different flowers on the same plant. Autogamy occurs through homogamy and cleistogamy and has the advantages of not depending on external pollinators and ensuring genetic purity, but has the disadvantages of not producing variation and weaker progeny.
Parts of Flower and types
The document provides information about flower parts and types of flowers. It discusses that a flower has four main parts: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It defines each part and their function. The document also describes the different types of flowers such as perfect versus imperfect, complete versus incomplete, monoecious versus dioecious, protandry versus protogamy, homostyle versus heterostyle. It concludes with definitions of sterile and natural flowers.
History of plant breeding
Thomas Fairchild was the first to create an artificial plant hybrid in 1717 between Sweet William and Carnation pink, called "Fairchild's Mule". Important developments in the pre-Mendelian era included domestication of major crops by 1000 BC, and the first description of the cell in 1665. The Mendelian era saw the rediscovery of Mendel's laws in 1900 and the development of the first commercial maize hybrid in 1917. The post-Mendelian era brought the discovery of cytoplasmic male sterility in rice in 1933 and transposable elements in 1950. Modern developments include the first transgenic plant in 1983, Bt cotton in 1987, and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers'
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Heratability, genetic advance, Genotype xEnviromental interaction
1) The document discusses concepts of heritability, genetic advance, and genotype-environment interaction which are important in plant breeding. It defines heritability as the ratio of genetic to phenotypic variance and explains broad and narrow sense heritability.
2) Genetic advance is the improvement in mean genotypic value from selection and depends on genetic variability, heritability, and selection intensity. High genetic advance indicates additive gene control.
3) Genotype-environment interaction refers to differences in genotype performance across environments. Quantitative interaction involves differences in scale while qualitative/crossover interaction involves changes in rank. Low interaction is desirable.
Component of genetic variation
This document provides information about the components of genetic variation, including phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental variation. It discusses different types of genetic variation caused by genes, including monogenic and polygenic variation. The key components of genetic variation are additive, dominance, and epistatic variance. Additive variance is fixable and results from differences between homozygotes. Dominance variance is due to heterozygote deviations and is not fixable. Epistatic variance results from gene interactions and can be fixable or non-fixable depending on the type of interaction. The document explains each type of genetic variance in detail.
Crop Centre of origin and Diversity
1. Renowned Russian botanist Nikolai Vavilov proposed the theory of centers of origin of cultivated plants in the 1920s, identifying 8 major centers around the world where wild ancestors of crops were originally domesticated, including centers in China, India, Central Asia, the Mediterranean, Ethiopia, and the Americas.
2. Vavilov led extensive plant collecting expeditions between 1921-1934, visiting over 50 countries and amassing a collection of over 250,000 plant specimens.
3. Vavilov proposed that centers of origin had the greatest genetic diversity of wild relatives of crops. Diversity decreased moving outwards from centers of origin due to factors like selection pressure and isolation.
Plant introduction and acclimatization
The document provides information about the fundamentals of plant breeding course including the introduction and acclimatization topic. It defines introduction as growing genotypes in a new environment and lists objectives like obtaining new crops, serving as high yielding varieties, and being used in crop improvement. It also discusses the history of plant introductions to India, types of introductions, procedures involving procurement, quarantine, evaluation and distribution. Important plant introduction agencies and some prominent introductions are listed. The merits and demerits of introductions are outlined. Acclimatization is defined as the process where organisms adjust to environmental changes and performance improves over generations in the new environment through natural selection.
Domestication of Crop plants
The document provides information about the domestication of crop plants, including:
- Domestication involves adapting wild plants for human use by selecting for desirable traits over generations.
- It began as early as 11,000 BC with rye and included major crops like wheat, peas, and bottle gourd in various regions including the Middle East, Asia, and Americas.
- Key scientists like de Candolle and Vavilov studied the origins and centers of domestication for many crops still important today. The process resulted in morphological and physiological changes collectively known as the domestication syndrome.
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This document discusses various seed-related organizations at national and international levels. At the national level in India, it mentions organizations like the National Seed Research and Training Centre, State Farms Corporation of India, National Seeds Corporation, and the Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers' Rights Authority. It also discusses state-level organizations in Chhattisgarh like the Chhattisgarh State Seed Certification Agency and State Seed Testing Laboratory. At the international level, it provides details about organizations like the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA), Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA), International Seed Federation (ISF), and the Organization for
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Nucleus seed production of potato
- 1. Sub.:- Principles of Seed Technology Course No. :- APB- 5221 Credit hours:- 3(1+2) Lecture Topic :- Nucleus seed production of Potato. Presented by:- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, C.G. Presented by:- Lt. Roshan Parihar, Asstt. Professor (GPB) Deptt. of Genetics & Plant Breeding BTC College of Agriculture & Research Station ,Sarkanda, Bilaspur,(CG)-495001
- 2. Nucleus seed production of Potato
- 5. Detection methods • Leaf sap samples of test plants are taken and treated with the antiserum of X and S on a glass slide.of X and S on a glass slide. • If virus is present chloroplast of leaf sap agglutination reaction shows.
- 9. Detection methods • A6 test is carried out. • Interspecific sp Solanum demissum X Solanum tuberosum var. aquilatuberosum var. aquila leaves are detached and kept in box containing moist mass.
- 10. • Detached leaves are dusted with 500 mesh carbondrum powder and few drops of phosphatic buffer solution. • Test plant sap dropped over the leaf and residual carbondrum powder is rinsed the leaf and residual carbondrum powder is rinsed with water. • Leaf kept as such for 7-8 days for symptom development.
- 11. Leaf roll virus of potato
- 12. Leaf roll of potato
- 13. Detection methods • Phluroglucinol test is carried out. • Stem portion from the base portion taken and then transverse cutting done. • Portion is kept into phloroglucinol• Portion is kept into phloroglucinol solution with 10 -11 N HCL • After one minute portions are removed and observed ,if found orange red stain on primary phloem confirms the disease.
- 14. Witchs Broom of potato
- 15. Marginal Flavescence of potato
- 17. Potato top roll disease
- 18. Method of Nucleus seed productioN • Tuber indexing: It is the indexing for the diseases on the tubers taken from single hill unit of a varietysingle hill unit of a variety or clone. • On a Nucleus Seed Station four tubers of a clone tested under glass house.
- 19. • Four tubers of a clone are numbered first and tested under glass house conditions. • One eye of a tuber is scooped out and planted onscooped out and planted on a pot and counter part is stored. And tested for disease using the methods
- 20. • Maintainence of virus tested stocks. • Virus tested stocks are maintained on three stages A. Stage –I ––A. Stage –I B. Stage –II C. Stage –III ––
- 21. • Stage –I : • Counterparts stored tubers are planted in field at low aphid period • At hills planted over 2400 M above sea level.–– above sea level. • Planted 1X1 m distance to provide isolation. • Hills are checked for disease. ––
- 22. Stage –II (Progeny plots) • Stage I clones whosoever are found healthy are selected and their whole produce are planted on a––produce are planted on a separate plot. • Diseased reported plots are rouged out. ––
- 23. • Stage –III : (Bulking) • Clone selected under stage II are planted in bulk. • Further tested for disease–– • Further tested for disease • The final produce is virus free Nucleus Stocks and further used for Breeder seed production. ––