This document discusses training and pruning methods for apple trees. It describes the objectives of training as developing a framework that displays the tree canopy and supports heavy crop loads. Pruning removes portions of the tree to correct structure and improve airflow. Two main training systems are described: open center and modified central leader. Dormant pruning is done in winter while summer pruning removes upright shoots. Techniques like spreading, tying and weighting are used to position limbs at a 45-60 degree angle for optimal fruit production. The document provides details on various pruning and training methods used for different apple tree planting densities and forms.
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Canopy management is the manipulation of tree canopies to optimize the production of quality fruits. The canopy management, particularly its components like tree training and pruning, affects the quantity of sunlight intercepted by trees, as tree shape determines the presentation of leaf area to incoming radiation.
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Canopy management is the manipulation of tree canopies to optimize the production of quality fruits. The canopy management, particularly its components like tree training and pruning, affects the quantity of sunlight intercepted by trees, as tree shape determines the presentation of leaf area to incoming radiation.
canopy management in lime and lemone is very important. It affects the flowering and fruiting behaviour of plants. it also allows proper light interception.
Training and pruning in horticulture....difference between two...different types of pruning and training.....how it is done....its significance in agriculture...growth and productivity
HDP in Fruit Crops (Sanjay Cherty).pptxsanjaychetry2
Accommodation of the maximum possible number of the plants per unit area to get the maximum possible profit per unit of the tree volume without impairing the soil fertility status is called the high-density planting. HDP orchards were first planted in Europe at the end of the 19th century and since then there is a decline in traditional orchards with low densities. The underlying principle of a HDP is to make the best use of vertical and horizontal space per unit time and to harness maximum possible return per unit of inputs which means “planting of more number of plants than optimum through manipulation of tree size”. UHDP or Meadow Orchard System is a new concept of planting which has been developed in guava for the first time in India at CISH, Lucknow. The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of various fruit cultivation using small or dwarf tree with modified canopy. Fertilizer dose, spacing, growth regulation by the training and pruning, use of the mechanical devices etc. may also be tried either singly or coupled with other crop management practices for a successful adoption of this concept. It also promotes rate of photosynthesis that leads to high yield per unit area.
Planting densities:
Low HDP <250 trees/ha
Moderate HDP 250 to 500 trees/ha
High HDP 500 to 1250 trees/ha
Ultra HDP >1250 trees/ha
Super HDP 20,000 trees/ha
Meadow Orchard >70,000 trees/ha
Advantages:
Efficient utilization of inputs (seeds, plants, manures, fertilizers, chemicals, pesticides, machineries, tools, labours etc.) and resources (soil, water, solar radiation etc.).
Higher yield
Higher economic return
Easy canopy management
Convenient farm mechanization
Easy harvest
Improved quality of harvest
Disadvantages:
Higher establishment cost
Professional and scientific approach
Less life spans
Labor intensive
Maintenance of plant architecture becomes a tedious job
Key aspects of High-Density Planting:
Use of dwarfing rootstock and scion cultivars
Clonal rootstock
Training system
Pruning of plants
Use of Growth retardants
Light interception
Planting density
Canopy management
Dwarfing Rootstock
Apple M27, M9, M26, M4, M7, MM106
Mango Vellaikolumbun, Olour
Guava Pusa srijan, P. friedrichsthalianum, P. pumilum
Ber Z. nummularia
Citrus Alemow, Trifoliate orange, Flying dragon
Pear Oregon 211, Oregon 249, Quince C
Plum St. Julien, Pixy
Dwarfing Scion
Apple Red Spur, Starkrimson, Gold Spur, Well, Spur, Oregon Spur, Silver Spur, Red Chief, Mango Amrapalli
Papaya Pusa Nanha
Peach Red Heaven
Sapota PKM 1 and PKM 1
Training and Pruning:
Training and pruning are important orchard operations. It is part and parcel of high-density planting without which HDP cannot be successfully followed. Both the processes form an indispensable operation having direct bearing on growth and vigour of plants besides on yield and quality of fruits. A properly trained and pruned plants sustain heavy crop load and produce bounteous harvest of quality.
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
roof covered with vegetation either completely or partially. Three types of green roof: extensive (shallow), semi intensive (moderate) and intensive (deep) green roofs. History traces back to the Hanging gardens of Babylon. Germany is the birthplace of modern day green roofs. a green roof has seven different layers: waterproofing membrane, root barrier mambrane, protection layer,drainage layer,filter layer, media and the vegetation/plant layer. advantages include reduce energy consumption and urban heat island effect, air pollution, storm water mitigation, noise reduction and aesthetic beauty.
responsible travel, preserving natural habitat, endangered species,india ecotourism, kerala, himalayas, northeastern states are the most famous ecotourist destinations in india. Thenmala in Kerala is the first ecotourist destination in India. Valley of flowers under the foot hills of Nanda Devi is being developed as an ecotourism destination.
Descriptive analysis is an important part of sensory evaluation. It provides information about the qualitative as well as the quantitative evaluation of food and it is widely used for obtaining detailed description about the aroma, flavour and overall texture of the food product
tamarind is regarded as a multipurpose tree. It is widely used as a spice crop for seasoning of food and may also be consumed either fresh or as a processed product. In India the commercial cultivation is mainly done in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra, also in some other states but to a lesser extent. It is also grown as a homestead crop in many regions of the country. this presentation deals with the propagation aspects of the crop because although seed propagation is successful, there are vegetative methods of propagation which can be carried out in order to get a better plant
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
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and write to us if you have any questions:
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Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. Introduction
Apple is the most important temperate fruit crop
They can also be a pleasing addition to the landscape
They require an annual training and pruning in order to get an
attractive and productive tree
Proper training and pruning are a valuable part of an effective pest
management
Training and pruning cannot entirely compensate for poor
horticultural factors such as poorly matched scions and rootstocks
3. Training
Refers to the development of the structural framework of the trees
This activity is largely confined to the nonbearing years
While some training may be necessary after the tree comes into
production
Objective of the training program is :
To develop a proper framework that effectively displays a large surface
area of the tree canopy to full sunlight and support heavy crop loads
It is more efficient to develop tree growth with training than to correct it
with pruning
4. Pruning
It is the removal of a portion of a tree
It is used to correct or maintain the tree structure
Pruning opens up the canopy and improves air flow
and maximise light penetration
5. Pruning is most often accomplished during the winter,
commonly referred to as dormant pruning
Training includes summer training and summer
pruning as well as dormant pruning
The goal of tree training is to direct tree growth and to
minimize pruning and removing a portion of the tree,
although dormant pruning is always going to be needed
6. Dormant Pruning vs. Summer Pruning
Dormant pruning is an invigorating process
Dormant pruning is limited to cuts that remove dead, diseased and damaged
wood and those that develop the tree’s desired shape
Summer pruning is limited to removal of upright growing shoots and
vigorously growing current season’s shoot
Dormant pruning should begin as late in the winter as possible to avoid
winter injury
Summer pruning done when the buds start growing after the vegetative
shoots are several inches long
Older trees are pruned first as the younger ones are more prone to winter
injury
7. Training systems
Two main training systems are:
Open centre system
Modified central leader system
8. Modified central leader
Plants are headed back 50-60cm above the ground level
1st year: 2-3 well spaced scaffold limbs are selected
The selected primary scaffolds are headed back to one-fourth to one-fifth of
their growth during summer
Second year dormant pruning: central leader and the 10 scaffolds are headed
back similar to first dormant pruning
More scaffold branches are retained at a vertical distance of 45-75cm
A total of 5-7 secondary branches per tree usually two on each primary
scaffold are retained
The primary scaffold should have the crotch angle of 450
9.
10.
11. Open centre system
Also known as vase shaped training system
The center of the tree is kept free of large branches and various
upright growing shoots
Head back the plant 60-70cm above the ground level
Retain 3-4 shoots that will become the primary scaffold
branches
Pinched back all other shoots
These branches should be distributed evenly around the trunk
and spaced several inches apart vertically
12. Head back the primary scaffolds in late may or early
june to promote secondary branches and side shoots
Remove unwanted branches but leave the lateral shoot
for next year’s fruit production
2-3 secondary branch are allowed per primary scaffold
Avoid upright as well as flat or horizontal limbs
Head the secondary branches to 60-70 cm to develop
the tertiary branches
13.
14.
15. Limb positioning
Determines whether the branches will
produce primarily fruit or vegetation
Branches that grow straight up produce more vegetative growth
Branches that grow straight out are fruitful but with very little
vegetative growth
A crotch angle of 45-600 is preferred
Branches having a wide angle between the limb and the trunk are
more strong that narrow angle crotches
17. Limb positioning techniques
1. Spreading:
This technique uses objects such as toothpicks,
clothespin, or short sticks to push branches to a
horizontal position
For very young trees- toothpicks or spring type
clothespin is preferred
For older branches and trees- wooden, metal or plastic
spreaders may be used
19. 2. Tying:
Many techniques and numerous materials can be used to tie branches
Tie the branch in place using twine, string, fibreglass tape, long rubber band
or other material
Tying can also be used to support weak branches that are unable to support
the weight of the developing fruit
3. Weighting:
Weights are used to pull limbs into place
Any heavy material can serve as weight
The weights maybe varied using smaller or bigger cups or by filling the cups with
different amount of concrete
Position of the limb is adjusted by location of the weight on the limb
21. Pruning
Pruning is done mainly during the dormant period
Pruning early in the winter, before maximum hardiness has
developed, greatly increases susceptibility to low temperature injury
Low-temperature injury at pruning cuts is often the forerunner of
various cankers and wood rot diseases
Sometimes unfavorable weather significantly delays pruning, and
growth starts before it is completed
In orchards with a black rot problem, pruning after growth starts
may increase the spread of this disease
Mid January to February is the best time
31. Training for high density planting
Slender spindle type
Spindle bush type
Vertical axis
Dwarf pyramid
32. Slender spindle type
Several components must be integrated to ensure success
First, the tree must have a permanent support system the height of
the entire tree to promote rapid tree growth and support the tree
with heavy crop loads
A common support is a 10-ft-long piece of conduit or galvanized pipe
Second, the trees must receive adequate, uniform moisture during
the growing season to maintain tree growth, and irrigation is highly
recommended as an insurance against drought
Third, all weed competition in the tree row should be eliminated
with herbicides to at least the dripline on each side of the tree.
33. This is a modified miniature central leader tree with many more limbs per tree
The trunk is maintained to height of 8-10ft. Density 2,000 to 5,000 trees/ha. at 3-
3.5m x 1-1.5m
Branching begins at approximately 24 to 32 inches above the soil surface
Initially all the laterals are retained to optimise early production
3rd or 5th year onwards branches are thinned out to two permanent whorls
All branches above the 2nd whorl are temporary and renewed after every 2-4 years
35. Spindle bush system
Suitable for medium-to-medium high density planting with
tree height varying from to 2 to 3 meters in height and spread
Central leader training method is used to develop a cone
shaped tree supported by a post or wire support system
2,000 trees/ha at 2-3m in height and 3-4m x 1-2m apart
First two to three seasons following planting are the
important time for establishing a balanced framework
36. First permanent scaffold is maintain 45cm above the ground
level
The 4 laterals should be evenly spaced and not more than 50%
of the leader’s diameter
Prevent limbs from developing opposite each other on the
trunk
Pinch out competing shoots emerging just below the heading
cut
Leader dominance is important as weak leader will reduce the
tree canopy
37. Vertical axis system
The trees are trained in a narrow
pyramidal shape with a dominant
central leader to maximise light
penetration
The leader is trained to grow to
10ft height
Few pruning cuts are made in the
initial three years
Thereafter laterals are periodically
renewed by cutting into 2 year old
or older growth
Trees are supported by a trellis
38. Four laterals are spread evenly around the leader
If only two laterals are present head them back to the trunk
followed by heading back the leader in order to promote
laterals
When the new central has grown about 18 inches, remove the
shoots near the tip and leave only the lower branches to serve
as primary scaffolds
Maintain pyramidal shape by removing all competing vigorous
shoots
1,000 to 2,500 trees/ha at a spacing of 4-5m x 1-2m
39. Figure: (A) An ideal tree for planting in a vertical
axis system. (B) Branches at a narrow angle to the
central axis are removed and the leader is cut back
on poorly branched trees at planting
Figure. (A) Limbs are spread in early
July of the first growing season to a
60 degree angle from the trunk
(B)clothespin used to spread the
limbs
40. Figure: In the dormant season after the third year, prune the
lower branches of adjacent trees that have grown together
41. Figure 6. (A) To limit the height of the tree, the central leader can be bent over and
tied to the post, or (B) cut back to a less vigorous lateral branch to form a new
leader.
42. A mature tree that does not have a narrow pyramidal form. The limbs can
be cut back to a less vigorous lateral to develop the vertical axis form
44. Cordons
Cordon fruit trees are simply trees
grown as a single stem
The fruits are produced on short laterals
immediately off the central stem
Normally grown at a 45-degree angle for
easy picking
Tie a tall bamboo cane into the wire
supports where each tree's stem will
eventually grow, angling the cane as
appropriate
45. During summer, sideshoots emerging from the main stem
are cut back to three leaves
Shoots produced from the laterals are cut back to one leaf
Pruning is often carried out with fruits still on the tree, and
will force the tree to concentrate on producing flower buds
the following spring
Winter pruning when the tree is dormant involves thinning
out congested laterals and cutting out old ones that are
failing to produce fruit
46.
47. Dwarf pyramid, fans or palmettes
Apple trees trained to a small height(5ft) on wires
Trees can be shaped as a pyramid or triangle,
Fan–usually with two main leaders radiating from a
short trunk with sublaterals
Palmettes - a cross between an espalier and a fan with a
central leader and arms radiating at angles rather than
horizontally–shaped similar to an open palm
These trees require less maintenance
49. Conclusion
Proper training and pruning of trees is a major component of
a profitable apple orchard operation
Each tree is an individual and should be treated accordingly
Properly trained and pruned trees will yield high-quality fruit
much sooner and live significantly longer
In order to maintain a balance between vegetative growth and
reproductive growth efficient training and pruning is
therefore necessary which will result in “calm trees” that
produce heavy annual crops and requires light annual pruning
