The document discusses the nucleus and its components. Key points: 1. The nucleus is a double membrane organelle that contains the genetic material (DNA) that controls cellular metabolism. 2. It was first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in fish red blood cells in the 17th century, and was later described by Robert Brown in 1831. 3. The nucleus contains DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. Within the nucleus are the nucleolus, where ribosomal subunits are made, and chromatin, which contains DNA and histone proteins.

1. Nucleus and its components
-SYED MASOOD

2. NUCLEUS:
 It is a specialized double membrane
bounded protoplasmic body which
contains all the genetic information for
controlling cellular metabolism.
 Nucleus was first observed by a Dutch
scientist, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in
RBCs of fish.

3. NUCLEUS:
 But it was first described by a Scotch
botanist, Robert Brown(1831), in Orchid
cells.
 J. Hammerling (1934) shows in
Acetabularia (a green alga) that shape and
other characters are controlled by the
nucleus of the cell, so nucleus is
storehouse of genetic informations.

4. OCCURANCE:
 A true nucleus is present in all the
eukaryotes except the mammalian
RBCs, sieve-tube cells of phloem,
vessels of xylem.
 There is incipient nucleus, called
nucleoid or genophore, in the
prokaryotes like bacteria, blue-green
algae and mycoplasmas.

5. POSITION:
 Nucleus is generally centric in position
but is:
 Peripheral in adipocytes (Fat cells);
 Basal in columnar gland cells;
 Suspended in central vacuoles by
cytoplasmic processes in spirogyra.
 Excentric in most of plant cells due to
large central vacuole.

6. SHAPE:

7. SIZE:
 Size of a nucleus depends on:
I. Nucleo-cytoplasmic Index (NP): ratio
b/w the size of the nucleus and
amount of cytoplasm.
II. Number of Chromosomes.

8. BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS:
 DNA------------------------------9-12%
 RNA------------------------------5%
 Lipids-----------------------------3%
 Basic Proteins-----------------15%
 Acid Proteins,
neutral Proteins and
enzymes---------------------------65%

9. ULTRASTRUCTURE:
 The nucleus is formed of 4
components:
A. Nuclear envelop
B. Nucleolus
C. Nuclear sap
D. Nuclear Chromatin

10. ULTRASTRUCTURE:

11. NUCLEOLUS:
 Under a microscope, the nucleus looks
like a dark blob, with a darker region,
called the nucleolus, centered within it.
 The nucleolus is the site where the
subunits of ribosomes are manufactured.
 First observed by Fontana (1781).

12. NUCLEOLUS:
 Term Nucleolus was coined by
Bowmann (1840).
 While its light microscope structure was
given by Wanger (1840).
 Its ultrastructure was given by De
Robertis et. al. (1971).

13. NUCLEOLUS:
 In some cells, it is found attached to
nuclear membrane. It is absent in certain
types. e.g. sperm cells and muscle
fibres.

14. NUCLEAR ENVELOP:
 Surrounding the nucleus is a double
membrane called the nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope is studded all over
with tiny openings called nuclear pores.
 The nuclear envelop separates the
nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.

15. NUCLEAR ENVELOP:
 The nuclear envelop is a bilayered
envelop formed of following parts:
Nuclear membranes.
Perinuclear space. (Cohn, 1970)
Nuclear pores. (Callan & Tomlin 1950)

16. CHROMATIN:
 It is a darkly stained network of long and
fine threads, called chromatin fibres,
suspended in most of the nucleoplasm of
the interphase nucleus. It was first
reported by W. Flemming (1879).

17. CHROMATIN:
 Chromatins are of two types:
Heterochromatin.
Euchromatin.

18. CHROMATIN:
Characters Heterochromatin Euchromatin
Stain Darkly stained Lightly stained
Chromatin Condensed
regions of
chromatin fibres
Less tightly coiled
regions of
chromatin fibres
Transcription Transcriptionally
inactive or less
active
Transcriptionally
active
Replication Late replication Early replication