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Plant Nutrition and Nutrition Deficiency
- 2. The uptake of nutrients by a plant: an overview Nutrient Uptake in Plants
- 3. Using hydroponic culture to identify essential nutrients Determination of Nutrient Needs
- 4. Essential elements • Required to complete life cycle and reproduction • Macronutrients –needed in large amt – Used to build carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids – C, H, O, N, P, S • Micronutrients-needed in small amt – Used in enzymatic rxns – Cl, Fe, MN, B, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo
- 5. Essential Nutrients in Plants
- 6. Nutrient Deficiency • Has many effects, depends on tissue effected • N, P, and K deficiencies most common http://www.lsuagce nter.com/NR/rdonly res/9C41F5BD- C699-43FE-809D- 064929A3744C/12 045/fertbg_w200.J PG
- 7. Symtoms of Mineral Deficiency Nutrient Mobility • Leaf Color - Chlorosis –Non-mobile nutrients – Chlorosis in New Growth • Iron –Mobile nutrients – Chlorosis in Old growth • Magnesium
- 9. Leaf Margin Necrosis in Poinsettia Potassium (K) Deficiency
- 11. Blossom End Rot of Tomato Calcium Deficiency Right-Hydroponic tomatoes grown in the greenhouse, Left-Blossom end rot of tomato fruits induced by calcium (Ca++) deficiency
- 12. Influence of Calcium on Root Induction on Rose Cuttings
- 13. Magnesium Deficiency on Poinsettia Interveinal Chlorosis on Mature Leaves
- 14. Iron Deficiency Symptoms 1 2 4 3 1-Piggyback Plant, 2- Petunia, 3-Silver Maple, 4-Rose (A-normal, B-Fe-deficient) A B
- 15. Molybdenum Deficiency on Poinsettia
- 16. Micronutrient Toxicity on Seed Geranium B Cu Fe Mn Mo Zn Concentration (mM) Cont 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 17. Soil Texture & Composition • Determined by size and amount of particles • Topsoil-mixture of rock, living org., and decaying organic matter (humus) • Amount of sand, silt, and clay determines soil type
- 18. Ions in soil • Negative anions (NO3 -, H2PO4 - SO4 2-) – Easily absorbed by plants – Easily leached out of soil • Positive cations (K+, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ ) – Not easily aborbed, use cation exchange
- 19. Soil particle surrounded by film of water Root hair Water available to plant Root hair Air space Cation exchange in soil Soil water Soil particle H+ out, cation in
- 20. Nitrogen: A Special Nutrient • Most important nutrient for growth • Decomposition of Organic Matteer • N2 (gas) must be converted to NH4+ or NO3- in order for plants to use
- 21. Nitrogen: A Special Nutrient •Nitrogen Fixation – Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria •Convert N2 to NH3 •Nitrogenase •Ammonium Ion – NH4 + •Nitrate – NO3 - Produced in Soil by Nitrifying Bacteria That Oxidize Ammonium •Plants Convert Nitrate to Ammonium •Denitrifying Bacteria – Bad Guys
- 24. Atmosphere Soil Organic material (humus) N2 N2 Ammonifying bacteria NH4 + (ammonium) H+ (from soil) NH3 (ammonia) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Soil Atmosphere N2 Nitrifying bacteria NO3 – (nitrate) Denitrifying bacteria Root NH4 + Nitrate and nitrogenous organic compounds exported in xylem to shoot system
- 25. Mycorrhizae •Fungus Root •Increases Absorption of Water and Nutrients, Particularly Phosphorus •Ectomycorrhizae – 10% fungus on outside of root hairs. Increased water uptake in plants. •Endomycorrhizae – 85% fungus on inside of root hairs. •Haustoria •Arbuscules •Agricultural Importance
- 26. Epidermis Mantle (fungal sheath) (a) Ectomycorrhizae Cortex Mantle (fungal sheath) Endodermis Fungal hyphae between cortical cells (colorized SEM) 100 µm 10 µm Cortical cells Endodermis Fungal vesicle Casparian strip Arbuscules Plasma membrane (LM, stained specimen) Cortex Epidermis Fungal hyphae Root hair (b) Arbuscular mycorrhizae (endomycorrhizae)
- 27. Nutritional adaptations • Mutualism – Legumes • Nodules form w/nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) • Species specific • Used in crop rotation – Mycorrhizae • Fungus and roots together-inc. surface area
- 28. Bacteroids within vesicle Nodules Roots Pea plant root. Bacteroids in a soybean root nodule. 5 µm
- 30. Nutritional adaptations • Some plants have nutritional adaptations that use other organisms in nonmutualistic ways
- 31. Nutritional adaptations • Epiphytes – Plant nourishes self but grows on another plant (orchids) • Parasitic – Absorb nutrients/sugars from host (mistletoe) • Carnivorous – Poor soils, get N by digesting insects, animals (venus fly trap)
- 33. Carnivorous Plants •Grow in bogs •Acid soils •Deficient in Nitrogen and Phosphorus •Produce food by photosynthesis •Secure Nitrogen and Phosphorus from prey