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2. Pakistan: Indus Basin Water Strategy – Past,
Present and Future
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3. Introduction
 Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is
the strong heart of the country’s economy. Its
creation is a tribute to the British irrigation
engineers who created the original system (1847-
1947) that Pakistan inherited in 1947 and to the
Pakistani irrigation engineers and institutions
(particularly the Water and Power Development
Authority [WAPDA] and the provincial irrigation
departments)
Rector, Lahore School of Economics, and Former Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan. 3

4. Introduction
 who have spent the last 60 years adding new
dams and barrages, building new link and branch
canals, and modernizing and maintaining the
world’s most complex and extensive irrigation
system. From the 1950s onward, the IBIS has
also been the product of the generosity and
intellectual input of a host of international experts
and international institutions, particularly the
World Bank.
Rector, Lahore School of Economics, and Former Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan. 4

5. The Indus Basin: The First Decade
1947-1957
 Pakistan at this time was overwhelmingly rural.
There was a magnificent canal irrigation system
based on the River Indus and its five tributaries
(the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas), but
it was plagued by its seasonal nature and lack of
surface storage (nearly half the flows went to sea
unused in the summer, with less than 2 feet/acre
left for the irrigated land).
Report on Land and Water Development in the Indus Plain, Revelle, Hoffman, Falcon et al. The White House 1964.
5

6. Cont…..
 The irrigation system during the 1950s (largely
inherited pre-1947) consisted of 10 barrages
(Thal, Jinnah, Taunsa, Guddu, Sukkur, Kotri,
Trimmu, Dipalpur, Suleimanke, Islam, and
Panjnad) and 35,000 miles of canals. India had
started depriving Pakistan of water from the three
eastern rivers, i.e., the Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas
from March 1948.
Report on Land and Water Development in the Indus Plain, Revelle, Hoffman, Falcon et al. The White House 1964
6

7. Cont…..
 This led Pakistan to negotiate and sign the Indus
Water Accord (IWA) in 1960, with India giving
Pakistan the rights to the Indus, Jhelum, and
Chenab, and India the rights to the Ravi, Sutlej,
and Beas in perpetuity.
Report on Land and Water Development in the Indus Plain, Revelle, Hoffman, Falcon et al. The White House 1964 7

8. The Indus Basin Replacement
Works (1960-80)
 The total replacement cost of the infrastructure is
currently estimated at more than $60 billion,5
and of these, the two major dams (Tarbela and
Mangla), a syphon-cum-barrage (Mailsi), five
barrages (Chashma, Rasul, Qadirabad, Marala,
and Sidnai), and eight major link canals were
built under the Indus Basin Replacement Works.
Study of the Water Resources of West Pakistan Vol. II, The Lieftinck Report, IBRD 1967 Annex Map. 8

9. Cont…..
 This combination, together with Pakistani and
international funding, enabled the entire Indus
Basin Replacement Works to be completed by the
early 1970s.
Pakistan Water Economy Running Dry IBRD 2005, p 58.
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10. IBIS Investments in the Last
Decade 2000-2010
 The last decade has seen the initiation and
completion of a number of important projects
relating to the Indus Basin, financed in large part
by the Government of Pakistan itself. These
include:
1. The Mangla Dam Raising Project 2003-2010
(raising the Mangla Dam 30 feet and thereby
adding an additional 2.9 MAF to its existing
capacity of 6 MAF at an original cost of Rs 63
billion)
Water Resources and Hydro-power Development Vision 2025. WAPDA 2004. 10

11. Cont…..
2. The Greater Thal Canal Project in Punjab 2002-
2010 (creating a new culturable command area
[CCA] of 1.5 million acres at a cost of Rs30
billion)
3. The Kachhi Canal Project for Balochistan,
covering Dera Bugti, Naseerabad, and Jhal
Magsi 2002-2012 (creating a new CCA of 0.71
million acres at a cost of Rs 31 billion)
Water Resources and Hydro-power Development Vision 2025. WAPDA 2004.
11

12. Cont…..
4. The Rainee Canal Project for Sindh, covering
Ghotki, Khairpur, and Sukkur 2002-2012
(creating a new CCA of 0.41 million acres at a
cost of Rs 19 billion).
Water Resources and Hydro-power Development Vision 2025. WAPDA 2004.
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13. Indus basin water strategies in
Pakistan
 Many systems are use in Indus basin
water strategies in Pakistan:
1. Barrage
2. Dam
3. Headwork
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14. Dams
 A barrier constructed across a waterway to
control the flow or raise the level of water.
 A dam is a barrier that impounds water or
underground streams. The reservoirs
created by dams not only suppress floods
but provide water for various needs to
include irrigation, human consumption,
industrial use, aquaculture and navigability.
 A dam is also the basic key element for
hydropower generation.
14

15. Dams present in Pakistan
 Mangla Dam
 Tarbela Dam
 Hub Dam
 Mirani Dam
 Sabakzai Dam
 Gomal Zam Dam
 Allai Khwar Dam
 Duber Khwar Dam
 Warsak Dam
 Khanpur Dam
15

16. Past Indus basin water strategy
(Dams) 1947-2000
16

17. 1-Tarbela Dam
17

18. Cont…..
 It is one of the world’s largest earth and rock
filled Dam and greatest water resources
development project , which was completed in
1976 as a component part of Indus Basin
Project. The Dam is built on Pakistan’s largest
river i.e INDUS.
 It is also considered as the biggest Dam of the
world after Syncrude Tailings Dam
(Canada).
 Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)
18

19. Cont…..
 The dam is 148 meter high above riverbed.
Construction started in 1968 and completed in
1976 at cost of $1,497 million. Total capacity of
the dam is 13.69 cubic kilometers spread over
the construction area of 168,000 km2 .
FEED Pakistan's ICT & Entertainment Magazine(June 16, 2015 By: Abdul Hadi) 19

20. Cont…..
 It have houses fourteen(14), power units, 4
units, each with installed generating capacity of
175 MW are installed on tunnel no. 1
 6 units (NO.5 to 10), 175 MW each on tunnel
NO.2 and
 4 Units ( NO.11-14) of 432 MW each on
Tunnel 3, thus making total generating capacity
of Tarbela Power Station as 3478 MW.
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)
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21. 21

22. 2-Mangla Dam
22

23. Cont…..
 The dam was constructed between 1961 to 1967
across the Jhelum River
Mirpur District, Jammu & Kashmir.
 This dam was constructed as a part of the Indus
Waters Treaty signed in 1960.
 Second largest dam of Pakistan.
 Total capacity
7,251,811,000 m3 (5,879,139 acre·ft)
 Hight 138 metres (453 ft)
 Type of dam Embankment dam
"Number of Dams by Country Members" General Synthesis. International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD). Retrieved 9 July 2012. 23

24. Cont…..
 The project was designed primarily to increase the
amount of water that could be used for irrigation
from the flow of the Jhelum and its tributaries. Its
secondary function was to generate electrical power
from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of
the reservoir. The project, though not initially
designed as one, also works as a flood control
structure by retaining water during the flood-prone
season of Monsoon.
 Cost: $1.473 billion
 Water and Power Development Authority Retrieved 10 September 2013.
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25. Cont…..
 On December 5, 1971, the dam was
damaged due to a bombing raid conducted
by the Indian Air Force during the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1971.
 On 1 September 2013, the water level in
Mangla Dam reached to a record height of
1237.15 feet against the maximum
conservation level of 1242 feet. Radio
Pakistan reported that "the water level in
Mangla Dam has attained maximum height
of 1237.15 feet in the history and it is still
increasing.“
Water and Power Development Authority Retrieved 10 September 2013 25

26. 3-Warsak Dam
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27. Cont….. Warsak Dam was completed under the Colombo
Plan in two phases and financed by the
Canadian Government. The first phase was
completed in 1960 and consisted of the
construction of the dam. Irrigation tunnels and
installation of four power generating units, each
of 40 MW capacity with 132 kV transmission
system, were also completed in 1960. Two
additional generating units of 41.48 MW
capacity each were added in 1980-81 in the
second phase.
 Total capacity of the Warsak Dam Hydropower
Project us 243 MW.
FEED Pakistan's ICT & Entertainment Magazine(June 16, 2015 By: Abdul Hadi) 27

28. Cont…..
 A spillway with ninegates is capable to
discharge 540,000 cusecs offlood water.
 The 250 ft. high and 460 ft. long.
 Cost: Rs. 156 million
Scrib (Dams in Pakistan Uploaded by Waqar Khattak)/ The news teller (top ten dam of pakistan)
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29. 4-Hub Dam
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30. Cont…..
 Hub Dam is a reservoir on the Hub River. It is
situated 56 km from Karachi
city in Karachi and Lasbela
Districts on Sindh and Balochistan provinces
border.
 The dam is extended to 24300 acres with gross
storage capacity of 857000 acre feet.
 Started: 1963 Completed: 1981
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)
30

31. Cont…..
 It is an important source that provides the
drinking water to the metropolitan city
Karachi.
 It is the Pakistan's third largest dam.
 Cost: Rs. 1,191.81 million
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)/The news teller (top ten dam of pakistan) 31

32. 5-Khanpur Dam
32

33. Cont…..
 Khanpur Dam has been constructed in a
narrowgorge on the Haro River.
 It is amultipurpose project which
suppliesdrinking water to Islamabad
andRawalpindi and irrigation water to NWFP
(110 cusecs) and Punjab (87cusecs)
 The dam is167 feet high and stores 106,000 acre
feet of water. Construction was started in 1968
and completed in 1983 at a cost of Rs.1352
million.
Scrib (Dams in Pakistan Uploaded by Waqar Khattak) 33

34. Present Indus basin water strategy
(Dams) 2000-2017
34

35. 1-Mirani Dam
35

36. Cont…..
 Mirani Dam is another major dam in Pakistan. It
is a medium-sized multi-purpose dam that is
located on the Dasht River in Balochistan. In
terms of volume for flood protection it is the
largest dam in the world having floodstock of
588,690 cubic hectometer. Its construction was
began on July 8, 2002 and completed on October
2006.
FEED Pakistan's ICT & Entertainment Magazine(June 16, 2015 By: Abdul Hadi)
36

37. Cont…..
 The primary purpose of Mirani Dam was to
store water from the three rivers during the
summer season and during floods.
 The secondary purpose of Mirani Dam is to
ensure a constant supply of clean drinking water
to the towns of Turbat and Gwadar throughout
the year.
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)
37

38. 2-Sabakzai Dam
38

39. Cont…..
 Sabakzai Dam is an embankment dam at Zohb
River in Balochistan. The construction of the
dam began in 2004 and the irrigation works for
the dam are still being constructed. According to
ICOLD, Sabakzai Dam is the 7th largest in the
world with a floodstock of 23,638 cubic
hectometer.
 Construction cost PKR 1960.823 million
 Total capacity40,335,000 m3(32,700 acre·ft)
"SABAKZAI DAM PROJECT"WAPDA, Govt of Pakistan. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
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40. 3-Gomal Zam Dam
40

41. Cont…..
 Gomal Zam Dam is a multti purpose gravity
dam in South Waziristan Agency of Federally
Administered Tribal Areas.
 The purpose of the dam is irrigation, flood control
and Hydoelectric power generation.
 Started: June 2007 Completed: June 2015
 Cost: Rs. 18,056.060 million
The news teller (top ten dam of pakistan) 41

42. Cont…..
 Gomal Dam is a Roller Compacted
Concrete (RCC) gravity dam with a height of
437 feet (133 m).
 It produces 17.4 MW of electricity.
 It has a gross storage capacity of 1,140,000 acre
feet (1.41 km3) and the 60.5 km long main canal
will irrigate about 163,000 acres (660 km2) of
barren land.
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)
42

43. Future Indus basin water strategy(Dams)
2017-So on
 Dasu Dam- under construction
 Bara Dam - under construction
 Munda Dam-under construction
 Kalam Dam-under construction
 Akhori Dam-under construction
 Kalabagh Dam-proposed
 Darawat Dam-under construction
 Nai Gaj Dam-under construction
43

44. Barrage
 What is a barrage?
 An artificial structure or obstruction placed in
river or water course , to increase the depth of
water(to some feet), so that the water can be
diverted into canals is called barrage.
 A type of dam which consists of a line of
large gates that can be opened or closed to
control the amount of water passing the dam
44

45. What is difference between Barrage
and Headworks?
 The head works are built on river or water
course between two banks at the same level of
river to control water, distribute it through canals
for irrigation or other purpose of supplying water.
 Barrage is made in similar way but main
difference is that barrage is designed in such a
way so that it could increase the water level and
serve as a storage. Electricity can be produced at
a barrage after construction of hydro power
plants but could not be at a head work.
45

46. Barrages
 At present
 10 barrages &
 10 Head Works which include
46

47. Barrages Headworks
 Chashma Barrage
 Islam Barrage(1927)
 Jinnah Barrage
 Rasul Barrage
 Taunsa Barrage
 TrimmuBarrage(1937-1939)
 Guddu Barrage
 Kotri Barrage
 Sukkur Barrage
 Islam Headworks
 Mohammad wala Headworks
 Sidhnai Headworks
 Sulemanki Headworks
 Khanki Headworks
 Marala Headworks
 Panjnad Headworks
 Qadirabad Headworks
 Balloki Headworks
 Munda Headworks
47

48. Past Indus basin water strategy
(Barrages)
48

49. 1-JINNAH BARRAGE
49

50. Cont…..
 Jinnah Barrage was constructed in 1946 on
kalabagh,River Indus with a maximum design
discharge of 950,000 cusecs.
 The maximum flood level height of Jinnah
Barrage is 28 feet.
 8 units with a gross head of 16 feet will generate
power.
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)
50

51. 2-GUDDU BARRAGE
51

52. Cont…..
 Guddu Barrage was constructed in 1962 on
kashmore,River Indus with a maximum design
discharge of 1.2 million cusecs. It is a gate-
controlled weir type barrage with a navigation
lock.
 The maximum flood level height of Guddu
barrage is 26 feet.
 Guddu Barrage is used to control water flow in
the River Indus for irrigation and flood control
purposes.
Sindh Irrigation Department - Canal System 52

53. 3-CHASHMA BARRAGE
53

54. Cont…..
 Chashma Barrage was constructed in 1971 on the
River Indus near the village of Chashma.
 It was constructed to divert the water released
from Tarbela into River Jhelum through the
Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal, which has a
capacity of 21,700 cusecs.
 Storage capacity 649 ft.
 The barrage is 3,536 feet long with 3,120 feet of
clear waterway and with a maximum design
discharge of 1.1 million cusecs.
CHASHMA BARRAGE/Wapda.gov.pk.
54

55. 4-KOTRI BARRAGE
55

56. Cont…..
 Kotri Barrage was constructed in 1955 on near
hydraabad,River Indus with a maximum design
discharge of 875,000 cusecs.
 The maximum flood level height of Kotri
barrage is 43.1 feet.
 Kotri Barrage was constructed to irrigate
Fulleli, Pinyari and Kolari canals through lined
channels and enhance agriculture in the lower
Sindh region.
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress) 56

57. 5-SUKKUR BARRAGE
57

58. Cont…..
 It is the largest barrage of pakistan and was
build during british rule.
 It was known as Lloyd Barrage.
 Sukkur Barrage was constructed in 1932 on near
sukkar,River Indus. It is among the few large
barrages in the world, and has a maximum
design discharge of 1.5 million cusecs.
 The maximum flood level height of Sukkur
barrage is 30 feet.
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)
58

59. Cont…..
 The Sukkur Barrage, is the pride of Pakistan’s
Irrigation system as it is the largest single
Irrigation network of its kind in the world.
 The introduction of barrage-controlled irrigation
system resulted in more timely water supplies
for the existing cultivated areas
of Sindh Province of Pakistan.
Sindh Irrigation Department
59

60. 6-TAUNSA BARRAGE
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61. Cont….. Taunsa Barrage was constructed in 1959 on near
taunsa sharif,River Indus, 18- miles downstream
of Chashma Barrage in district Muzaffargarh.
The barrage has a maximum design discharge of
750,000 cusecs.
 The maximum flood level height of Taunsa
Barrage is 26 feet.
 The length of the left and right guide bank is
8,327 ft. The gates, 60 x 22.5 feet in size, are
manually operated.
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress) 61

62. Cont…..
 Storage capacity of barrage 1,000,000 Cusec.
 The feasibility for low-head hydel power has
been completed through a CIDA grant, and 120
MW power station will be installed with 8 pit
type turbogenerators.
Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)
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