The document discusses a study on the effects of phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) and chemical fertilizer on the growth and fodder quality of alfalfa in calcareous soils. PROM is a value-added phosphate fertilizer produced by composting organic wastes like manure with rock phosphate. The study aims to compare the effects of PROM and chemical fertilizers on alfalfa growth, chemical composition, and soil properties. Previous literature found that phosphorus availability is limited in calcareous soils, and addition of organic matter can help reduce phosphorus fixation reactions and increase its solubility and availability to plants.
Biofertilizer and Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biofertilizer and Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM)
Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Production Schedule, Working Capital Requirement, Plant Layout, Process Flow Sheet, Cost of Project, Projected Balance Sheets, Profitability Ratios, Break Even Analysis
A bio fertilizer (also bio-fertilizer) is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. Bio-fertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The microorganisms in bio-fertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter.
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Bio Fertilizer Process Plant, Biofertilisers Manufacturing Plant, Production of Biofertilizers, Manufacture of Biofertilizer, Biofertilizer Production, Report for Biofertilizer Production Unit, Bio-Fertilizer Processing, Biofertilisers Production Process, Bio Fertilizer Manufacturing Process, Biofertilizer Production Project, Bio Fertilizer Plant, Production of Biofertilizers, Large Scale Production of Biofertilizers, Bio Fertilizer Manufacturing, Biofertilisers Production Line, Bio-Fertilizer Production Unit, Biofertilizer Plant Manufacture, Process of Producing Biofertilizer, Preparation of Bio Fertilizers, Manufacturing Process of Biofertilisers, Biofertilizer Manufacturing Plants, Starting Biofertilizer Production Line, Biofertilizers Production Plant, Production Process of Biofertilizer, Biofertilizer Production Methods, Method for Manufacturing of Biofertilisers, Business Opportunity in Bio Fertilizer Plant, Production Plant for Bio- Fertilizer, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (Prom) Fertiliser Manufacturing Process, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure Manufacture, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure Process Plants, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure Manufacturing Plant, Production of Phosphate Rich Organic Manure, Manufacture of Phosphate Rich Organic Manure, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure Production
Biofertilizer and Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Biofertilizer and Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM)
Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Production Schedule, Working Capital Requirement, Plant Layout, Process Flow Sheet, Cost of Project, Projected Balance Sheets, Profitability Ratios, Break Even Analysis
A bio fertilizer (also bio-fertilizer) is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. Bio-fertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The microorganisms in bio-fertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter.
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Contact Us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
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Bio Fertilizer Process Plant, Biofertilisers Manufacturing Plant, Production of Biofertilizers, Manufacture of Biofertilizer, Biofertilizer Production, Report for Biofertilizer Production Unit, Bio-Fertilizer Processing, Biofertilisers Production Process, Bio Fertilizer Manufacturing Process, Biofertilizer Production Project, Bio Fertilizer Plant, Production of Biofertilizers, Large Scale Production of Biofertilizers, Bio Fertilizer Manufacturing, Biofertilisers Production Line, Bio-Fertilizer Production Unit, Biofertilizer Plant Manufacture, Process of Producing Biofertilizer, Preparation of Bio Fertilizers, Manufacturing Process of Biofertilisers, Biofertilizer Manufacturing Plants, Starting Biofertilizer Production Line, Biofertilizers Production Plant, Production Process of Biofertilizer, Biofertilizer Production Methods, Method for Manufacturing of Biofertilisers, Business Opportunity in Bio Fertilizer Plant, Production Plant for Bio- Fertilizer, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (Prom) Fertiliser Manufacturing Process, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure Manufacture, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure Process Plants, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure Manufacturing Plant, Production of Phosphate Rich Organic Manure, Manufacture of Phosphate Rich Organic Manure, Phosphate Rich Organic Manure Production
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
Bio-fertilizers are being essential component of organic farming are the preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing or cellulolytic micro-organisms used for application to seed, soil or composting areas with the objective of increasing number of such micro-organisms and accelerate those microbial processes which augment the availability of nutrients that can be easily assimilated by plants. Biofertilizers play a very significant role in improving soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, both, in association with plant roots and without it, solubilise insoluble soil phosphates and produces plant growth substances in the soil.
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Advantages of biofertilizers, Become an Organic Farmer, Bio Fertilizer Business Opportunities, Bio fertilizer manufacturing process, Bio Fertilizer Process Plants, Bio fertilizer production line, Biofertilizer and Organic Farming Business, Biofertilizer Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biofertilizer Business Plan, Biofertilizer Manufacturing Business Ideas, Biofertilizer Processing Industry in India, Biofertilizer Processing Profitable Projects, Biofertilizer Processing Projects, Bio-Fertilizer Processing unit, Biofertilizer Production and Application, biofertilizer production process, biofertilizer production unit, biofertilizer production, Biofertilizer Small Business Manufacturing, Bio-Fertilizers and Bio-Pesticides Unit, Bio-fertilizers in organic agriculture, Biofertilizers Technology, Biogas Production from Organic Biofertilizer, Book on Biofertilizer and Organic Farming, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Formulation of Biopesticides, Great Opportunity for Startup, How to make bio fertilizer, How to manufacture bio fertilizer, How to Start a Biofertilizer business?, How to Start a Biofertilizer Production Business, How to Start a Fertilizer Business Startup Business, How to start a successful Biofertilizer business, How to start an organic farm business Startup Business, How to Start an Organic Farm, How to Start Biofertilizer Processing Industry in India, How to start fertilizer business in India, How to Start Organic Farming business in India, How to start organic farming, Industrial Project Report, Manufacture of Biofertilizer and Organic Farming, Manufacturers of Bio-Fertilizers and Organic Farming, Most Profitable Biofertilizer Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Biofertilizer processing industry, Organic agriculture produce, Organic crops, Organic Farm Start Up, Organic farming and food production,
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
Bio-fertilizers are being essential component of organic farming are the preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing or cellulolytic micro-organisms used for application to seed, soil or composting areas with the objective of increasing number of such micro-organisms and accelerate those microbial processes which augment the availability of nutrients that can be easily assimilated by plants. Biofertilizers play a very significant role in improving soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, both, in association with plant roots and without it, solubilise insoluble soil phosphates and produces plant growth substances in the soil.
See more
https://goo.gl/QSRrth
https://goo.gl/8IWEuQ
https://goo.gl/fPbtJc
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Advantages of biofertilizers, Become an Organic Farmer, Bio Fertilizer Business Opportunities, Bio fertilizer manufacturing process, Bio Fertilizer Process Plants, Bio fertilizer production line, Biofertilizer and Organic Farming Business, Biofertilizer Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biofertilizer Business Plan, Biofertilizer Manufacturing Business Ideas, Biofertilizer Processing Industry in India, Biofertilizer Processing Profitable Projects, Biofertilizer Processing Projects, Bio-Fertilizer Processing unit, Biofertilizer Production and Application, biofertilizer production process, biofertilizer production unit, biofertilizer production, Biofertilizer Small Business Manufacturing, Bio-Fertilizers and Bio-Pesticides Unit, Bio-fertilizers in organic agriculture, Biofertilizers Technology, Biogas Production from Organic Biofertilizer, Book on Biofertilizer and Organic Farming, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Formulation of Biopesticides, Great Opportunity for Startup, How to make bio fertilizer, How to manufacture bio fertilizer, How to Start a Biofertilizer business?, How to Start a Biofertilizer Production Business, How to Start a Fertilizer Business Startup Business, How to start a successful Biofertilizer business, How to start an organic farm business Startup Business, How to Start an Organic Farm, How to Start Biofertilizer Processing Industry in India, How to start fertilizer business in India, How to Start Organic Farming business in India, How to start organic farming, Industrial Project Report, Manufacture of Biofertilizer and Organic Farming, Manufacturers of Bio-Fertilizers and Organic Farming, Most Profitable Biofertilizer Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Biofertilizer processing industry, Organic agriculture produce, Organic crops, Organic Farm Start Up, Organic farming and food production,
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
Soybean and Corn crop response to enhanced efficiency phosphate fertilizerAI Publications
Many agricultural soils worldwide in their natural state are deficient in phosphorous (P). As P is vital for all living beings, as P fertilizers are manufactured from non-renewable resources and as P fertilizer efficiency is generally low, we need to improve the P use efficiency and minimize P fertilizers usage to ensure the future sustainability of our cropping systems. Enhanced-efficiency fertilizers use is one of the strategies to increase P fertilizer efficiency, but there is no consensus on the effectiveness of this type of technology. The need to increase the efficiency of P fertilization and the lack of information about enhanced efficiency P fertilizer justifies studies to evaluate the performance of this kind of fertilizer. Experiments were carried out in greenhouse and field conditions to investigate the effect of P fertilizer coated with anionic polymers (Policote) on corn and soybean crop development and yield, and agronomic P use efficiency. Greenhouse experiments were conducted with corn crop, while field trials were carried out with soybean crop. Greater increases in plant growth parameters, crop yield, soil P content, and fertilizer efficiency use were observed with Policote coated fertilizer than with conventional P fertilizer. The observed changes in P use efficiency among P fertilizers increased our understanding of enhanced efficiency fertilizers. The obtained results demonstrated that Policote coated fertilizer can be used as an enhanced efficiency fertilizer. Results show that Policote coated fertilizer is a more efficient way to deliver required phosphorous to plants than conventional ones.
Role of biochar to counteract degradation in acid soils ExternalEvents
Ms Mora-Lamilla Sofía, University of La Salle, National Learning Service (SENA), Colombia. Global Symposium on Soil Erosion (GSER19), 15 - 17 May 2019 at FAO HQ.
New Approaches for Enhancing Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE).pdfS G Sarowar
Phosphorus is an essential primary nutrient for plant growth and is a critical component of fertilizers.
However, it is a finite resource, and concerns have been raised about the depletion of high-quality
phosphate rock reserves, which are the primary source of phosphorus for fertilizer production.
Phosphorus is an exception, as it exists as an anion but has low water solubility, making it relatively
immobile in the soil (Roberts and Johnston, 2015). Phosphorus use efficiency can vary depending on
factors like soil conditions, crop varieties, and agricultural practices. Fixation of broadcasted P is much
greater than the fertilizer applied in bands because of less contact with P fixing ingredients (Rehim et
al., 2012). The PUE is very low in alkaline soil due to fixation with calcium or magnesium ions which
reduces the P availability to the plants. Coating of phosphorus fertilizers with organic acids can improve
the PUE without harming the environment (Mohan and Malarvizhi, 2020). Biochar application
improves crop productivity through enhancing water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity (CEC),
adsorption of plant nutrients and creates suitable condition for soil micro-organisms (Atkinson et al.,
2010). Rock phosphate if used as nano form it may increase availability of phosphorus to the plant
because direct application of rock phosphate nano particles on the crop may prevent fixation in the soil
similarly there is no silicic acid, iron and calcium for fixation of the phosphorus hence it increase
phosphorus availability to the crop plants (Qureshi et al., 2018). Microbial Inoculants in the rhizosphere have been known as System of INM. The fixed or relatively unavailable
fraction of P may be distributed to proportionally more labile fractions, which can be taken up by the
plants, as a result of PSM (Phosphorus Solubilizing Microbes) application. In case of Ultisols of India,
there is very little information on the pattern of P release into soil solution due to microbial
solubilization of fixed soil P (Alam et al., 2021). Product coated with polyvinyl alcohol @2% coating released P gradually that synchronized well with the plant P demand and resulted in greater
biomass yield, P uptake and recovery by wheat than that of liquid paraffin and 3% level of coating. It
can be concluded that novel technology of controlled release RP formulations using different coating
agents could be exploited commercially as the alternative to water soluble P-fertilizers for enhancing P
use efficiency (Sarkar et al., 2018). Polymer coating has been found more effective than other fertilizer
encapsulation technologies. In case of polymer coated fertilizers (PCFs), the shelf life and efficiency of
nutrients is higher. Keeping this in view polymer coated DAP was formulated, and a field study was
conducted with aims to compare the effectiveness of polymer coated DAP and commercial DAP for
improving growth, yield and PUE of wheat (Ali et al., 2017)
Smart Phosphorus Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture by Ahmad Kamalahmadkamalhq
Food production requires application of fertilizers in the form of N, P and K on agricultural fields to sustain crop yield. Last year 50 million metric ton of phosphatic fertilizers were used worldwide by this sector and their demand is increasing on average @ 1.6% from last three decades. Current intensive cropping systems remove significant chunk of P from soil, so now almost 43% of the world’s soils are P deficient. There is a dire need of continuous application of P fertilizers to the soil to cope up this deficiency. Rock-phosphate is a finite resource and current reserves are 71 billion metric ton. Compared to 1.6% annual increment in their consumption, it is possible that these resources will be depleted in 150-200 years.
Soil Nutrient Availability and Enzyme Activities under Wheat-Green gram Crop ...Pravash Chandra Moharana
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rock phosphate (RP) enriched rice straw compost, FYM
and inorganic fertilizers on changes in nutrient availability and enzyme activities in soil during different
physiological growth stages under a wheat-green gram crop rotation in an Inceptisol. The matured RP
enriched compost contained higher bioavailable P as well as total P content compared to farmyard manure.
Data revealed that application of inorganic fertilizers and RP enriched compost or FYM either alone or in
combination resulted in significant build-up in soil organic carbon, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K as
well as enzyme activities compared to unfertilized control plots during different physiological growth stages
of wheat and green gram. Plot receiving 50% NPK+RP enriched compost resulted in 100.8, 95.2 and 100.0
per cent greater build-up in Olsen-P over unfertilized control in crown root initiation (CRI), flowering and
maturity stage of wheat, respectively. Irrespective of treatments, build-up of mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-
K decreased in all the growth stages of green gram as compared to values obtained in wheat. The
dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid) were higher in flowering stage than maturity
and CRI stages of wheat. While, higher enzyme activities were obtained during pod formation in green
gram. The results demonstrated that enriched compost could be prepared using low-grade RP with rice straw
and used as an alternate nutrient source for improving crop yields, maintaining soil nutrient availability and
enzyme activities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparison of PROM and Chemical fertilizer effects on fodder quality of Alfalfa
1. 1
Abstract
The study entitled,” Comparisonof PROMand Chemical fertilizeronthe fodderQualityof Alfalfa”is
carried out at research area of College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha with the following
specific objectives; Study the Effects of available phosphorous through PROM and chemical
fertilizer on growth and fodder quality of alfalfa in calcareous soils.
Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM) is a green chemistry phosphate fertilizer,a value-added
product produced by co-compositing various organic wastes with high grade rock phosphate in
fine size.A variety of organic materials such as dung, crop wastes, press mud from sugar industry,
solid wastes from fruit juice industry, oil cakes, waste from wool industry etc., can be used in the
process of composting. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation has now approved the use of
PROM and included it under Fertilizer Control Order (FCO).
1. Introduction:
Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) originated in south-central Asia, and fist time cultivated or grow in
Ancient Iran. (J. M. Westgate,2013) Alfalfa is a perennial flowering plant in the pea family
Fabaceae and known as ‘Queen of Forages’ in the world! It is use for grazing, hay, silage as
well as green manure and cover crop. (Dasanna,2016)
Growers likes Alfalfa for its high yield, wide adaptation, disease resistance, and excellent
feeding quality. Alfalfa makes a greater contribution to world food production.
Alfalfa crop is major forage legume grown in approximately 45 million hectares worldwide.
(Muhammad Salman Naeem,2017) Alfalfa growing pH range is 6.3-7.5 and retention of
moisture in field plays a critical role in stand establishment. (Martin Guerena,2003)
Alfalfa is also important due to its high biomass production. The record yield of alfalfa without
irrigation is 10 tons/acre and with irrigation is 24 tons/acre. (A.A. Hanson,2017) Alfalfa is
important source for biological fixation of nitrogen. The average range of biological fixation
2. 2
through legume as high as 200 kg/ha per year, thus reduce the application of nitrogen fertilizer.
(F.M. Rouquette Jr.,2010)
Alfalfa is highly beneficial for soil health and cropping systems by some ways:
1. Alfalfa reduce the erosion
2. Improving soil Tilth
3. Nitrogen Fixation
4. Reduce energy needs for food production
Pakistan land area is present in arid and Sami-arid region means mostly calcareous soils are
present that have high pH value(>7pH). These soils are identified by the presence of more than
15% minerals of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the parent material and accumulation of lime.
(A.B. Leytem 2005).
These soils are usually pH 7 or may be high up to 8.5, when these soils contain sodium
carbonate (NaCO3), the pH may exceed 9. Calcareous soils are extremely productive for
Agriculture use, when their management properly performance. (A.B. Leytem 2005)
Limited availability of P is the major limiting factor for plant growth. (Khalid Al-Rohily 2013)
When P fertilizer is added to calcareous soils, a series of fixation reactions occur that gradually
decrease its solubility and eventually its availability to plant. (A.B. Leytem 2005)
As fertilizer P reacts in calcareous soils, it is converted to less soluble compounds such as di-
calcium phosphate dihydrate or octa-calcium phosphate. (A.B. Leytem 2005)
Bradly (1974) mentioned that the most important functions of phosphorous include its
favorable effect on the following aspects:
• Flowering and fruiting including seed formation.
• Crop maturation.
3. 3
• Root development, particularly of the lateral and fibrous roots.
• Strengthens straw in cereal crops thus helping to prevent lodging.
• Crop quality especially of forage and vegetable crops.
• Resistance to certain diseases.
In natural conditions, that soils are generally not suitable for the production of food, as rapid
nutrient depletion, declining agricultural productivity and anthropogenic climate change are
threatening the sustainability of agricultural production of these regions (Brady and Weil,
2012). In recent years, shrinking land area per capita and declining soil quality have led to
steady increases in fertilizer use. However, the application of inorganic fertilizer alone is not a
sustainable solution for improving soil fertility and maintaining yields. It has now been widely
realized that application of organic amendment (compost) supplemented with inorganic
fertilizer, especially phosphorus, could be useful management approach for these soils (Iqbal
et al., 2012; Shahzad et al., 2014).
Phosphorus enriched compost (PEC) is more affected than the chemical P fertilizer as the
organically bound P is less susceptible to sorption and precipitation due to its lower water
soluble P concentration and stimulation of microbial activity by the addition of C (Malik et
al.,2012). Some recent studies have shown the importance of compost on the soil plant systems
(Nayak et al., 2007; Weber et al., 2014). These reports suggest positive effects on soil quality
by improving soil properties and activities of indigenous microflora. These effects could also
be related to the soil enzyme activities which are key determinants of soil fertility and plant
nutrition (Caravaca et al., 2005).
4. 4
Objective:
1. Study the Effects of PROM and chemical fertilizer on growth and fodder quality of
alfalfa in arid and sami-arid region.
2. Study the effect of treatment on some chemical composition of plant.
3. Study of effect of the treatment on some physical and chemical properties of the soil.
2. Literature Review:
A.B. Leytem et al., (2005.) Calcareous soils (containing free lime) are common in many arid
and semi-arid region of world and occur as inclusions in more humid regions. Phosphorus (P)
is highly reactive with lime. Phosphorus fertilizer application, P undergoes a series of reactions
that gradually reduce its solubility and availability. In most calcareous soils, there does not
obtain strong agronomic advantage of any particular P source when managed properly. Organic
matter can increase the solubility of P sources and inhibit the fixation reactions to some extent.
Martin Guerena et al., (2003) Demands for organic dairy feed are increases due to
passage of time. Cows producing organic milk due to feeding of organic hay. In This
publication discusses on the basic cultural requirements, insect pest management, diseases of
alfalfa that include root and crown diseases and foliar diseases, nematodes, vertebrate pests,
weed controls, and economics and marketing etc. A variety of organic methods to limit losses
associated with pests are available.
Dhruti Vyas et. Al., (2017) Phosphate Rich Organic Manure (PROM) is a green
chemistry phosphate fertilizer, a value-added product produced by co-compositing various
organic wastes with high grade rock phosphate in fine size. Three to four metric tonnes of FYM
along with 200 kg of rock phosphate (or more depending on soil requirement) is recommended
per hectare. While composting these organic materials, it should be ensured that C:N ratio is at
30:1 and the best will be at 20:1 at the end of composting process. It is equally effective both
5. 5
in acidic as well as alkaline soils. Elaborate field trials have demonstrated that PROM performs
comparably as (often better than) synthetic fertilizers such as SSP, DAP or MAP with respect
to the crop yield. These results ably demonstrate that PROM is a promising substitute to
synthetic phosphatic fertilizers and Acts as alternative to DAP and makes soil soft and enriched
with nutrients for long time
Bryan Hopkins et al., (2005) Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient required by plants
for normal growth and development of their parts. The availability of P to plants for uptake
and utilization is inhibit in alkaline and calcareous soil due to the formation of poorly soluble
calcium phosphate minerals. Addition of P fertilizer in calcareous soil may not result in
optimum yield and crop quality these soils common in arid and semi-arid regions. Several
fertilizer P management strategies have been found to improve P nutrition for plants
development in alkaline and calcareous soil. Application of organically complexed P in the
form of biosolids or as a mixture of liquid P and humic substances can also enhance P nutrition
and result in yield increases and development.
Khalid Al-Rohily et al., (2013) Phosphorus (P) availability in calcareous soils is limited.
After P fertilizer is added to a calcareous soil, P undergoes a series of chemical reactions with
Calcium that decrease its solubility and availability with time (a process referred to as P
fixation). Addition of organic manure (Cattle manure and PROM) not only provides additional
sources of nutrients but improves the soil physical and chemical structure and may increase the
efficiency of added P fertilizer.
M. B. SEN GUPTA et al., (1962) In a fractionation study with calcareous soils varying
widely in carbonate content, it was observed that the amount of the different inorganic
phosphate fractions expressed in the order ' inert ' phosphate, apatite’s, nomapatitic calcium
phosphates, aluminium-bound phosphate, iron-bound phosphate, ' easily-replaceable '
phosphate. The aluminium-bound phosphate known as percentage of total soil phosphorus was
6. 6
significantly correlated with CaCO3 %. The other proportion of phosphate were not
significantly correlated with soil CaCO3, content such as non-apatitic calcium phosphate and
the aluminium and iron-bound phosphates accounted for a smaller proportion of total soil
phosphorus in calcareous soils, than values given in literature for non-calcareous soils.
D.H.Smith et al.(1914).Alfalfa is Colorado’s highest valuable forage crop, averaging
about 3 million tons from 800,000 acre. Alfalfa has highest nutrition valve. Alfalfa is well
adapted in word to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. It cultivates on deep, well
drained loam soils because poor drainage promotes root and crown diseases, inhibits nitrogen
fixation, and reduces winter survival. A soil wide range of pH between 6.5 and 8.0 is
satisfactory for optimum forage production. It is relatively drought tolerant. Their for, forage
production in any given season is directly proportional to the amount of water consumed by
the crop.
Robert Mikkelson. (2004). Maintenance of adequate amount of essential nutrients for
production of high-yield and high-quality alfalfa. Alfalfa production removes large amount of
nutrients from soil. Phosphorus has essential biochemical role in alfalfa, both yield and quality
are reduced when this nutrient is deficient and Nitrogen fixation is also suppressed when
phosphorus supplies is limited.
Mick Canevari. (2007). Weeds are serious problem for alfalfa because of weeds are
required same nutrients that are impact on yield and quality of alfalfa such as water, nutrients,
light, and space. Weeds affect alfalfa during two distinct periods: stand establishment and in
establishment field. For example, in one study protein content was as low as 9 percent in hay
that contained 80 percent weeds.
Kuldeep Singh et al., (2015) The results of the study show that the application of
phosphorus upto 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded significantly higher number of pods per plant,
number of seeds per pod, number of total and effective root nodules, test weight, seed, straw
7. 7
yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in seed and straw and their uptake as
compared to absolute control and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1. Application of different sources of
phosphorus led to significant effect on seed yield. PROM (Phosphorus Rich Organic Manure)
was significantly superior in increasing the seed yield by 17.74 and 12.21 per cent, respectively,
as compared to DAP and SSP. However, both DAP and SSP being at par with each other.
Application of phosphorus at 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1significantly increased the seed yield by
22.95 and 30.04 per cent, respectively as compared to 20 kg P2O5 ha-1. However, both 40 and
60 kg P2O5 ha-1 were at par with each other in increasing seed yield. The highest net return (Rs.
14865) was obtained with application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 over absolute control and 20 kg
P2O5 ha-1 and phosphorus fertilization with PROM fetched the highest net return (Rs. 14736
ha-1) which was significantly higher over DAP and SSP.
Aechra Sushila et al., (2017) A pot experiment conducted at S.K.N.College of Agriculture,
Jobner during kharif season in 2015 using cowpea as a test crop to investigate the effect of
phosphorus management in cowpea grown on saline soils. Three levels of saline soils (EC 1,
4.0 and 6.0 dS/m), phosphorus sources (SSP, DAP and PROM), and biofertilizers (control,
PSB and PSB + VAM), were tested in completely randomized design with three replications.
The results indicated that application of soil salinity having EC 1dS/m and PROM recorded the
maximum and significantly higher total and effective nodules, nodule index, number of pods
per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, straw yield and root mass of cowpea over rest
of the treatments. However, application the test weight and harvest index unchanged under
different treatment levels of experiment.
Ray von Wandruszka. (2006) A survey explain the relationship between phosphorus (P)
species and the components of calcareous soils shows that both surface reactions and
precipitation take place, especially in the presence of calcite and limestone. The products
both reactions are dicalcium phosphate and octacalcium phosphate. In the presence of iron
8. 8
oxide particles, occlusion of P frequently occurs in these bodies spicily in the forms of the
element that are pedogenic in origin. Progressive both mineralization and immobilization,
often biological in nature, are generally observed when P is added as a fertilizer.
3-Material and methods:
Site selection and sowing of linseed crop:
Pre-Sowing analysis:
The soil samples were air dried, ground, well mixed and passed through 2 mm sieve and
analyzed for the physical and chemical characteristics:
Soil texture
pH of saturated soil paste
Electrical conductivity
Sodium
Organic matter
Extractable potassium
Available phosphorus
1- Saturated Soil paste formation:
Apparatus:
Container of 250 - ml capacity or beaker.
Spatula.
Distilled water.
Procedure:
Saturated soil paste was prepared by adding distilled water to the soil sample while
stirring continuously with spatula. The soil water mixture was consolidated from time to time
during stirring process by tapping the container on a workbench. The properties that indicated
the preparation of paste were,
Glistens as it reflect light.
Flow slightly when beaker is tipped.
Slides freely and clean the spatula for all soils except those with high clay content.
Free water should not stand on the surface.
Paste should not lose its glistening appearance on standing.
After preparation the sample were kept for an hour and then criteria was rechecked.
9. 9
2-Soil water extracts:
Apparatus:
Richards or Buechner funnels.
Filter rack or flask.
Filter paper.
Vacuum pump.
Extract containers such as tubes, bottles.
Procedure:
Saturated soil paste was transferred to the filter funnel with a filter paper in place and vacuum
was applied. Extract was collected in bottles or test tube. (If the initial filtrate is turbid, it can
be re-filtered through the soil or discarded). Vacuum extraction was completed when air begun
to pass through the filter. For carbonate and bicarbonate determinations, a solution containing
1,000 p. p. m. of sodium hexametaphosphate was added at the rate of one drop per 25 ml. of
extract before stoppering or storing.
3- pH determination:
Apparatus:
pH meter with glass electrode.
Wash bottle.
Procedure:
Saturated soil paste was prepared with distilled water and allowed to stand for at least one hour.
The electrode was inserted in the paste and pH was recorded. Similarly the pH of water,
solutions and soil extracts was recorded by inserting the electrode in the respective liquid.
4- Electrical Conductivity:
Apparatus:
EC meter
Conductivity cell
Reagents:
Potassium chloride solution,0.01 N.
Procedure:
EC meter was standardized with KCl solution of 0.01 N having known conductivity EC 25.After
this the cell was rinsed with the solution to be measured and the sample was transferred in
conductivity cell to note reading through EC meter. (If only small amount of sample is available
then rinse the tube with acetone and ventilated as it is dry). The resistance of the cell and
10. 10
temperature of solution was recorded at which bridge was balanced. Cell constant was
calculated by method.
K = [ 1.4118 (standard reading)/ EC of 0.01 N KCl solution][observed ECe]
(Cell constant (K) can be changed if platinization is failed, but it can be determined by the
geometry of the cell and is independent to temperature. Keep the cell filled with water when
not in use).
5- Calcium + Magnesium by titration with Ethylene diamine tetra
acetate.
Reagents:
Ammonium Chloride- ammonium hydroxide buffer solution.
Sodium hydroxide, approximately 4 N.
Standard Calcium chloride solution, o.o1 N.
Eriochrome Black T indicator.
Ammonium purpurate indicator.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (versenate ) solution.
Procedure:
The substantial quantity of ammonium acetate and dispersed organic matter present was
removed from soil extract before titration with versenate solution. 5 - 25 ml. aliquot was
transfered in 25 ml. Erlenmeyer flask. It was diluted to a volume approximately 25 ml. 10 drops
of reagent A and 3 – 4 drops of reagents D were added, than titrated with F, using 10 – ml.
microburet. The color change was from wine red to blue or green.
6- Organic matter:
Apparatus:
Erlenmeyer flasks, 500 – ml.
Thermometer, 200 ˚C.
Reagents:
Potassium dichromate, 1 N.
Sulfuric acid concentration containing silver sulfate.
Ferroin indicator (ortho-phenolphthaline ferrous sulphate, 0.025 M)
Ferrous sulfate, 0.5 N.
Procedure:
One gram of sample was transferred in Erlenmeyer flask. 10 ml of reagent A followed by 20
ml of reagent B was added in it. Thermometer was inserted in flask after spinning it. Sample
was heated gently upto 150 ̊C temperature. To protect overheating, flask was kept in motion,
which resulted in error caused by thermal decomposition of dichromate. When 150 ̊C
11. 11
temperatures was attained, the flask was allowed to cool down. 200 ml. of distilled water and
4 or 5 drops of reagent C were added in it, then titrated with D until the color changes from
green to red.
7- Sodium by flame photometer:
Apparatus:
Perkin – Elmer model 52 flame photometer with acetylene or propane burner.
Reagents:
Ammonium acetate, approximately 1 N.
Sodium chloride, 0.04 N.
Sodium chloride, 0.04 N in 1 N ammonium acetate.
Lithium chloride, 0.05 N.
Procedure:
An aliquot of solution to be analyzed, (containing less than 0.2 meq. of sodium) was transferred
into 50 ml. volumetric flask. Reagent D was added in it up to the amount that when diluted to
the volume of 50 ml., gave concentration of lithium chloride exactly equal to that in the
standard sodium chloride solutions. Then it was diluted upto volume with water or with reagent
A, if ammonium acetate extracts were being analyzed. The solution was mixed and the sodium
concentration was determined by using flame photometer and calibration curve.
8- Potassium by flame photometer:
Apparatus:
Perkin – Elmer model 52 flame photometer with acetylene or propane burner.
Reagents:
Ammonium acetate, approximately 1 N.
Potassium chloride, 0.02 N.
Potassium chloride, 0.02 N in 1 N ammonium acetate.
Lithium chloride, 0.05 N.
Procedure:
An aliquot of solution to be analyzed, (containing less than 0.1 meq. of potassium), was
transferred into 50 ml. volumetric flask. Reagent D was added in it up to the amount that when
diluted to the volume of 50 ml., gave a concentration of lithium chloride exactly equal to that
in the standard potassium chloride solutions. It was diluted upto volume with water or with
reagent A, if ammonium acetate extracts were being analyzed. The potassium concentration
was determined after mixing by using flame photometer and calibration curve.
12. 12
9- Olsen or available p:
Apparatus:
Erlenmeyer flask.
mechanical shaker.
Whatman No. 42 filter paper.
spectrophotometer
Reagents:
0.5 M NaHCO3 solution.
Color developing reagent (ammonium hepta molybdate + potassium antimony tartarate
dissolved in 5 N H2SO4 + L Ascorbic acid)
Procedure:
5g of air dried soil was weighted into 250 ml. Erlenmeyer flask and 100 ml of 0.5 M NaHCO3
solution was added whose pH was adjusted at 8.5. The flask was shaken for half an hour on
mechanical shaker at 180 rpm (revolution per minutes). A blank sample was also run along
with other which had all the reagents without soil. The solutions were filtered with Whatman
No. 42 filter paper. 5 ml. of this filtrate was taken into 50 ml. volumetric flask. 5 ml. color
developing reagent was added in it and volume was made upto the mark. The samples were
allowed to stand for 15 minutes. After this, reading was recorded on Apel PD-303 S
spectrophotometer at 880 nm wave length.
Growth parameters:
Total biomass:
Data regarding total biomass of the plants was recorded after harvesting the crop at
maturity.
Grain yield (t ha-1
):
Seed were separated from the straw and grain yield was recorded.
Straw yield (t ha-1):
Straw yield was noted by weighing the straw after separation of seeds.
Number of tillers per m2
:
Number of tillers were counted and recorded.
Plant height (cm):
The height of the plant was recorded from the surface of the soil to the tip of the plant.
Number of seeds per pod:
Number of seeds per pod are counted and recorded separately.
1000 grain weight (g):
1000 seeds are counted and weighed on the balance.
13. 13
Statistical analysis:
All the collected data was subjected to statistical analyzes using statistics 8.1 program. The
difference among means was detected by least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level of
probability.
Experiment layout :
T1R1 T2R1 T3R1 T4R1 T5R1
T1R2 T2R2 T3R2 T4R2 T5R2
T1R3 T2R3 T3R3 T4R3 T5R3
T1R4 T2R4 T3R4 T4R4 T5R4
T1R5 T2R5 T3R5 T4R5 T5R5
T1R6 T2R6 T3R6 T4R6 T5R6
T1R7 T2R7 T3R7 T4R7 T5R7
T1R8 T2R8 T3R8 T4R8 T5R8
References:
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