This document provides information about different types of novelty and textured yarns. It defines novelty yarns as yarns made primarily for their appearance, which differ from simple yarns through irregularities added during formation. Various novelty yarn types are described, including slub, flock, spiral, ratine, boucle, and nub yarns. Textured yarns are defined as yarns processed to introduce durable crimps, coils or loops along filaments. Texturing methods and properties are outlined. Examples of textured yarns made using techniques like knitting-deknitting and true-false twisting are also provided, along with their potential end uses.
Fancy yarns are special products of spinning, twisting, wrapping, texturing and knitting, etc. The demand for yarns with structural and/or optical effects is due to the special aesthetic and high decorative appeal to the woven, knitted materials, and other textiles as well. Textile materials that are produced using yarns with effects find applications in normal and high fashion clothing.
In weft knitting, the loops are formed across width of the fabric Each weft thread is fed , more or less at right angles to the direction in which the fabric is produced.Weft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns.
This slide is about the historical development of loom
Weaving machine
Loom machine
History of loom
Horizontal loom
Vertical loom
Chronological loom
Pit loom
Frame loom
Automatic loom
Power loom
Modern loom
Air jet loom
Water loom
projectile loom
Rapier loom
Multiphase loom
Textile engineering
Fancy yarns are special products of spinning, twisting, wrapping, texturing and knitting, etc. The demand for yarns with structural and/or optical effects is due to the special aesthetic and high decorative appeal to the woven, knitted materials, and other textiles as well. Textile materials that are produced using yarns with effects find applications in normal and high fashion clothing.
In weft knitting, the loops are formed across width of the fabric Each weft thread is fed , more or less at right angles to the direction in which the fabric is produced.Weft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns.
This slide is about the historical development of loom
Weaving machine
Loom machine
History of loom
Horizontal loom
Vertical loom
Chronological loom
Pit loom
Frame loom
Automatic loom
Power loom
Modern loom
Air jet loom
Water loom
projectile loom
Rapier loom
Multiphase loom
Textile engineering
This is fundamental description , processing of fiber to fabric and their types. types of fiber, spinning process, techniques of fabric making ,
cover basic natural fibers and fabric ,
Two different systems are followed in wool processing, the woolen system, and the worsted system. In the woolen system, the fibers are carded and then spun It affects the processing efficiency as well as the quality of the product.This presentation has focused on wool spinning particularly woolen & worsted spinning process.
Fabric Manufacturing Technology for Shoe UpperTanvir Moin
Fabric is a plain sheet of cloth, which is made from natural or man-made fibres by weaving or knitting process. Most fabrics are knitted or woven, but some are produced by non-woven processes such as braiding, felting, twisting, etc. Fabric considers a major raw material in the footwear manufacturing process.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. Novelty Yarns:
Novelty yarns are made primarily for their appearance. They
differ from simple yarns that their structure is characterized
by irregularities. ASTM defines a fancy yarn as a yarn that
differs significantly from the normal appearance of single or
plied yarns due to the presence of irregularities deliberately
produced during its formation.
In single yarn the irregularities may be due to the inclusion of
knots, loops, curls, slubs and the like. In plied yarns the
irregularities may be due to a variable delivery of one or more
of its components or to twisting together dissimilar single
yarns.
The term fancy, complex and novelty are considered
synonymous. As noted from the definition most fancy yarns are
either single or plied. There can be endless variety of novelty
yarns. A typical novelty yarn has three basic parts: 1.The
ground or foundation or core. 2. The fancy or effect 3. The
binder.
4. Facts about novelty yarns:
Novelty yarns are usually ply yarns, but they are not used to add strength to the fabric.
If novelty yarns are used in one direction only, they are usually in the filling direction. They
'go further' and are subject to less strain and are easy to vary for design purpose.
Novelty yarns add interest to plain weave fabrics at lower cost. Novelty yarn effects are
permanent.
Novelty yarns that are loose and bulky give crease resistance to a fabric but they make the
fabric spongy and hard to sew.
The durability of novelty yarn fabrics is dependent on the size of the novelty effect, how
well the novelty effect is held in the yarn and on the firmness of the weave on the fabric.
Generally speaking, the smaller the novelty effect, the more durable the fabric is, since the
yarns are less affected by abrasion and do not tend to catch and pull out so readily.
5. Different types of Novelty Yarns:
1. Slub yarns
2. Flock yarns
3. Spiral yarns
4. Ratine yarn
5. Boucle yarn
6. Nub/spot/ knot or knob yarns
7. Seed or splash yarn
8. Chenille yarn
9. Metallic yarns
Applications of novelty yarns
When woven or knitted into fabrics, they produce an
altogether different look. They are also used in making
crochet and embroidery threads. Fabrics manufactured
from novelty yarns are not only used in apparel, but
also in upholstery.
6. Chenille Yarn:
The chenille yarn is manufactured by placing short
lengths of yarn, called the "pile", between two
"core yarns" and then twisting the yarn together.
The edges of these piles then stand at right angles
to the yarn's core, giving chenille both its softness
and its characteristic look. Chenille will look
different in one direction compared to another, as
the fibers catch the light differently. Chenille can
appear iridescent without actually using
iridescent fibers. The yarn is commonly
manufactured from cotton, but can also be made
using acrylic, rayon and olefin.
This was made originally by the Leno weaving two
weft yarns are placed between each crossing of
the weft yarns. After weaving the weft, length
extended between the warp yarns is cut to
produce the pile effect.
Wool & Denim
7. Technique-
I have weaving two weft yarns are placed between each crossing of the weft yarns.
After weaving the weft, length extended between the warp yarns is cut to produce the
pile effect.
End Uses of Chenille Yarn
Dresses
Sweaters
Outerwear
Trims
Cuffs
Collars
Scarves
Scarf and Handkerchief
8. Spiral Yarn:
Plying technique used here. Typically, two single yarns of different thickness
and twist level are plied together with slight over feed of course yarn.
The spiral fancy yarn is a plied yarn with smooth spiralling of one component
around the others. Delivering one or more of its components at a greater
speed can produce fancy yarn with spirals, so the shorter length of the
component forms the core, while the greater length of the components
creates the spirals.
Copper Wire
9. Technique-
I have used two wires and twisted together by using plying technique.
End Uses of Spiral Yarn
Jewellery
Bag
Art and crafts
Home decoration
Frames
Bangles
Rings
Bag and Bangles
10. Nub yarn
Also known as knot or spot yarns, this novelty yarn is made by twisting
the ply around the core ply many times within a very short space. This
twisting process causes bumps or nubs to appear at intervals along the
length of the twisted yarn.
Wool
11. Technique-
I have use two yarn for making this and I have created this yarn by
tightly twisting an effect fiber around the base fiber.
End Use-
Cap
Sweaters
Scarf
Dress
Necklace
Band
Doormat
carpet
Sweater and shawl
12. Boucle Yarn
Boucle yarn is made from a length of loops of similar size which can
range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make boucle, at least two
strands of yarn are combined, with the tension on one strand being
much looser than the other as it is being plied, with the loose strand
forming the loops and the other strand as the anchor or “core” yarn.
•Hard twist core yarn or tight loops projecting from the body of the yarn at
nearly regular intervals.
•Made by air-jet texturization and the three yarns (core, effect and binder) are
used.
•The effect yarns have the loops wrapped around a core yarn then the binder is
wrapped over the effect ply in order to hold the loops in lace.
•Ultimate design effect is produced.
Wool
13. Technique-
To make this yarn, I have twisted two yarns and then created a loop with
the third yarn.
Boucle End Uses
Scarves, gloves, hats and bags made using this yarn are also very popular
all over the world. It is often used for making woven articles like blankets,
Afghans, ponchos, throws as well as carpets. The boucle yarn can even
be used for upholstery.
Hat and Gloves
16. Taxtured Yarn
What is textured yarn?
Textured yarn is one type of continuous
filament yarn produced by processing
through a texturing process. It has been
processed to introduce durable crimps,
coils, loops or other fine distortions
along the lengths of the filaments. It
have been made more extensible by
filament distortion through physical,
chemical or heat treatment or a
combination of these. Texturing
gives yarns a soft and woolly feel and
increases the warmth and comfort of
fabrics.
17. Textured yarns
•Textured is a general term for any continous filament yarn whose smooth straight fibers have
been displaced from their closely packed, parallel position by the introduction of some form of
crimp, curl, loop or coil.
•Textured yarns can be made from either filament fiber or staple fibers cut from filaments that
have been given textured configuration of some type. The majority of textured yarn are made
from filament fibers.
•Texturizing occurs following the spinning solution of the fiber material through the spinnerette. It
may be done immediately following fiber formation and be a part of a continous operation or it
may be done some time after the filaments have been made.
•Texturing yarns may be uniform in shape and smooth in appearance- like simple yarns, they may
be irregular so that they have some resemblance to complex yarn structure.
•Texturing gives slippery filaments the aesthetic properties of the spun yarns by altering the
surface characteristics and creating space between the fibers . This gives the fabric more
breathability , permeability to moisture more absorbency, more comfortable and has less static
buildup.
18. Purpose of texturing:
The prime purpose of texturing filament yarn is to create a bulky structure that is desirable for
the following reason; The voids in the structure cause the material to have good insulation
properties. The voids in the structure change the density of the material(Which makes possible
a lightweight yarn with good covering properties) The disorganized (or less organized) surface of
the yarn gives dispersed light reflections, which, in turn, give a desirable matte appearance. The
sponge like structure feels softer than a lean twisted flat yarn. The crimped or coiled filament
structure gives a lower effective modulus of elasticity to the structure when compare with that
of a flat yarn.
Textured yarns are used for manufacturing a wide variety of textile products: hosiery, knitted un
derwear
and outer wear, and shaperetaining knitted fabrics for men’s and women’s suits and overcoats. T
hey are
also used in the production of artificial fur, carpets, blankets, and drapery and upholstery fabrics
.
19. Classification of textured yarn:
Textured yarns are divided into three groups:Highly extensible and stretchable materials. For
example, continuous filament yarns which have been textured either by false twist method
or by edge crimping procedure.
Materials with relatively low stretch but with high bulk-e.g. textured continuous filament
yarns which have been first false twist textured and then given an additional heat treatment.
Materials with normal stretch ability but with durable bulk-e.g. continuous filament yarns
which have been treated mechanically by the formation of loops on individual filaments.
20. Classification of textured yarn:
Textured yarns are divided into three groups:Highly extensible and stretchable materials.
For example, continuous filament yarns which have been textured either by false twist
method or by edge crimping procedure.
Materials with relatively low stretch but with high bulk-e.g. textured continuous filament
yarns which have been first false twist textured and then given an additional heat
treatment.
Materials with normal stretch ability but with durable bulk-e.g. continuous filament yarns
which have been treated mechanically by the formation of loops on individual filaments.
21. Featured of textured yarn:
• At a similar weight (e.g. grams per square meter, gsm) products made of textured yarns are
bulker.
• They have higher thermal insulating power.
• Textured yarns can absorb moisture better and faster.
• They have high covering power.
• Products made of textured yarns have better air permeability.
• Lusture is high.
• Cost is high.
• Texturization:
It is a thermo-mechanical process by which man-made fibers are transferred with different
effects for producing stretch, bulk and modified yarn.
22. During texturization the following effects are given:
CRIMP
CURL
LOOP
COIL
Objects of texturization:
For better comfort and appearance.
For better strength of fiber by improving molecular chain orientation.
To increase bulkiness of the yarn.
To increase inter fiber cohesion and abrasion resistance
Advantages
Cohesiveness increases.
Stretch increases (depends upon the method of processing)
Bulk increases.
Cover increases.
Insulation properties improves because of enclosed air.
Wrinkle resistance is better.
Pill less readily than spun yarn.
Soil more easily than smooth filament yarn.
Fabric made are softer and are more comfortable.
23. Modern methods of texturization:
Twist-heatest-untwist
Knit-deknit
Stuffer box
Gear box
Knife edge crimping method
Air jet
False-twist method
Real twist Texturising
False twist Texturising
Draw Texturising
Knit de knit
Gear crimping
24. Properties of textured yarns
As already pointed out,textured yarns are characterized by
higher extensibility,elasticity and bulkiness than flat yarns.
Schematic longitudinal view of textured yarns.
Among the various properties ,generally assessed with
methods similar to those used for other types of yarn,there
is a method of particular importance and for specific
use,termed crimp contraction (or crimp elasticity).This
property is essentially assessed on false-twist yarns and is
defined as “the contraction of a textured yarn due to crimp
development,expressed as percentage rate of the stretched
out(not crimped)yarn length.
25. Curled Texture
I took two strips of fabric and twisted one end to the right
side and the other to the left side,so that the curly texture
was automatically created in it.And spiral the second strip on
it.
End Use- For manufacture of furnishing( sofa cover,
upholstery, curtain, doormat, towel) fabrics and trimmings,
fashion knitwear(sweater) and decorative threads in many
types of broad.
Fabric Strips
Scarf Band(Bracelets)
26. Wool
Rounded Crimp Yarn
To make this yarn,I have used a knitting
niddle.And kept on coiling to make ring
shape.And Steam it for better texturing.
End Use-wall hanging,doll
hair,garment,jwellery, hand-knotted.
Macrame wall hanging
27. Copper Wire
Knit-de-Knit Method
To make this yarn,I have used a knitting
niddle.And kept on wrapping to make
loom shape.
End use-Jwellery,decoration,art and
craft,pen stand,Jewellery Hooks,chain
,sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving,
embroidery. Belts.
Hair Band
Bangle
Ring
28. Fabric strip and Jute
Knitting and Deknitting
To make this yarn,I have used a knitting niddle.First
knit it on loom and left for a while then dknit it for
texture outcome.
End Term-sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving,
embroidery, or ropemaking,hand-knotted. Roofing and floor
covering apparel,Footwear lining, Fashion accessories.
Jewellery and Rug
29. Fabric strip and Tissue
Paper
True false twist
I took two strip and twisted it,And twist one
end to the left and the other to the right.
End Use- embroidery,Apperal,home
furnishing,fashion accessories.
Hat/Cap Flower Pot