Coronavirus is the virus which is responsible for causing the disease COVID-19, and it has been declared pandemic by WHO and it is the virus which has been emerged from the bats.

1. Name – Kajal Sharma
Course – B.Pharmacy (8th sem)
College- K.R. Mangalam University

2. INDEX
1. History
2. Introduction
3. About
4. Symptoms
5. Patients Category
6. Complications
7. Treatment
8. Laboratory Abnormalities
9. Precautions
10. References

3. HISTORY
 It was first reported by Tyrrell and Bynoe, they named the virus as
B814.1
 In late 1960s, it is named as corona virus ( corona denoting the
crown-like appearance of the surface projections).
 Coronavirus is responsible for upper respiratory tract infections.
 7 types of coronaviruses have been identified till now.
i. 229 E : is a type of alpha coronavirus.
ii. NL63 : alpha coronavirus found in Netherlands in 2004.
iii. OC43 : is a type of beta corona virus.
iv. HKU1 : beta coronavirus found in Hong Kong in 2005.
v. SARS : found in southern china in 2003, a type of beta
coronavirus.
vi. MERS : form of beta coronavirus found in camels in Saudi Arabia
in 2012.2
vii. SARS-CoV2 : is responsible for causing the COVID-19 disease, is
a type of beta corona virus and has emerged form Wuhan, China
in 2019.

4. INTRODUCTION
 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by
a newly discovered coronavirus.
 WHO named SARS-CoV2 as COVID-19 in 11 February 2020.
 It is commonly known as novel coronavirus throughout the world.3
 COVID-19 has a features representative to the beta coronavirus
family and has classified in 2b lineage.
 It is closely related to the bat coronavirus and it has been postulated
that bats are the primary source of this virus.
 It firstly occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.4
 Now this disease is spreading widely all over the world, by majorly
affecting the older age patients, pregnant women and children.
 According to the WHO report 575,444 are the confirmed cases,
26,654 deaths throughout in 202 countries, areas or territories with
cases are been discussed till now.
 Director-General of WHO has declared COVID-19 pandemic on 11
March 2020.3

5. ABOUT
 COVID-19 has homotrimer structure which contain spike
glycoprotein in both closed (ligand-free) and open (ligand-bound)
conformation, which helps it to get involved in host cell adhesion.
 Scientists also predicted that the COVID-19 has unique N- and O-
linked glycosylation sites of spike glycoprotein which distinguish it
from the SARS. And this also helps it from the host defence system
by covering and shielding the virus.5

6. SYMPTOMS
 Mild symptoms include : Headache, Dizziness, Abdominal pain,
Diarrhea, Nausea and Vomiting
 Moderate symptoms include : Fever, non-productive or dry cough,
Dyspnea, Myalgia, Fatigue, normal or decreased Leukocyte count
and radiographic evidence of pneumonia.
 Extreme symptoms include : Organ dysfunction ( eg., shock, acute
respiratory distress syndrome[ARDS], acute cardiac injury, acute
kidney injury), most severe lymphopenia and Death can occur in
severe cases.4
REFERENCES
Pictures are taken from www.WHO.org.

7. PAITENTS CATEGORY
 Older age people ( age more than 80 or in between 79-51)
 Pregnant women and children
 And youth age with underlying comorbidities like hypertension,
diabetes, COPD, malignancy, asthma or other respiratory infections,
chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, HIV infection,
cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease.
 These comorbidities are common in old age people.4
 21.9% death rate of confirmed cases of old age people due to
COVID-19, according to WHO, till now.3
COMPLICATIONS
 Shock
 Arrhythmia
 Acute cardiac injury
 ARDS
 ARI [Acute respiratory infection]

8. TREATMENT
 Anti-viral Therapy : Oseltamivir, Lopinavir,
Ritonavir.6
 Glucocorticoid Therapy : Methylprednisolone7
 Oxygen Inhalation
 Noninvasive Ventilation
 Intermittent mandatory Ventilation
 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
 Anti-bacterial Therapy : Moxifloxacin, Ceftriaxone,
Azithromycin.

9. LABORATORY
ABNORMALITIES
 There are various laboratory abnormalities such as :
Depressed total lymphocytes, Prolonged prothrombin
time and lactate dehydrogenase levels are seen elevated.
 Studies have shown that large number of laboratory
abnormalities in those people who have received ICU
care.
 Some studies also postulated that 2019-nCoV infection
can be associated with cellular immune deficiency,
coagulation activation, myocardia, hepatic injury and
kidney injury.4

10. PRECAUTIONS
 Wash hands frequently with alcohol based sanitizer or soap and
water.
 Maintain social distancing
 Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth
 Practice respiratory hygiene
 Consume properly cooked food only
 Avoid unprotected contact with farm animals such as: Pigs, hen etc.
 Stay home if not necessary
 If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing seek medical care
early.3
NOTE:
Till now, we don’t have a proper medication and any vaccine against novel corona virus

11. REFERENCES
1. Tyrrell DA, Bynoe ML. Cultivation of viruses from a high proportion of patients
with colds. Lancet. 1966;1. p76–77.
2. Kahn, S. Jaffery. History and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. The
Pediatric Infectious Disease J. November 2005; 25(1). p S223-S227.
3. www.WHO.org
4. Wang D., Hu Bo., et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with
2019 Novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. March
2020; 323(11). p 1061-1069.
5. Vankadari N., Wilce A. Jacqueline. Emerging Wuhan(COVID-19) coronavirus:
glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction
with human CD26. Taylor and Francis Online. March 2020. p 601-604.
6. Cao B., Wang Y., et al. A trail of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in adults hospitalized with
severe COVID-19. The New England J. of Med. March 2020. p 1-13.
7. Zhou H. Yi., et al. Effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with severe
novel coronavirus pneumonia: Protocol of a randomized controlled trail. Chin
Med J; 2020.