Coronavirus disease was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread globally, infecting over 2.7 million people and causing over 206,000 deaths. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and spreads mainly person to person via respiratory droplets when people cough, sneeze or talk. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. There is no specific treatment, but prevention measures like hand washing and social distancing can help reduce transmission.

1. Corona Virus Disease
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Corona Virus Disease
Coronavirus disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 is an
infectious disease was firstly reported in Wuhan, Hubei province china in December
2019. More than 2.7 million cases have been testified in 185 countries and territories
resulting more than 206000 deaths and 865000 people have recovered. Since 2019 this
disease has spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019-20 corona virus disease.
Sign and Symptoms
Symptoms are of two types
1. Common symptoms
2. Mild symptoms
Common symptoms:
Some of the common symptoms include Fever, Cough, and Shortness of breath Lose of
smell Persistent chest pain Bluish skin
Mild symptoms:
Some of the mild symptoms include Pneumonia, Multi-organ failure, Cytokine storm
Neurological symptoms. Onset of symptom is usually around five days but may range
from two to fourteen days after the time of exposure.
Transmission:
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2. According to WHO and recent researches, when people come in close contact within
approximately 1–2 m (3–7 ft) with those people who cough, sneeze and talk cause major
spreading by small droplets Both sputum and saliva can carry large viral loads. Cough
can lead to droplets travelling upto 4.5 meter.
National academy of science suggested that transmission may be possible through
aerosols. It may also spread by fomite transmission, one touches with contaminated
surface and touches one mouth, nose and eyes. Risk through feces may also possible.
There is percentage of individuals present with coronavirus lack symptoms.
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) says one person
generally infects two or three other individuals
Other animals:
Recent studies shows that humans are capable of spreading virus to some animals like,
cat, Tigers, minks, ferrets and dog. The study fail to find evidence of viral replication in
pig, ducks and chickens.
Survival time for viruses:
Survival time for viruses varies with different surfaces. It was found to be detected
specifically hours to a days at different surfaces. The virus was found to be detectable for
up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and stainless steel (AISI 304), for one day
on cardboard, and for up to four hours on 99% copper and may varies with humidity
and temperature
Surface Decontamination:
Surface may be decontaminated with different solution including, 78–
95% ethanol (alcohol used in spirits), 70–100% 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol), the
combination of 2-propanol 45% with 1-propanol 30% sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
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3. 0.21%, hydrogen peroxide0.5% , povidone-iodine 0.23–7.5%. The virus protective layer
deactivate and freeze by using soap products but some surgical disinfectants such as
benzalkoniumchloride and chlorhexidine gluconateare less effective
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis protocols for disease have been published by WHO. Techniques for the testing
of disease include, Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR),
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Antibody test
Sample for testing:
The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab;
however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used. Blood sample and genetic
sequence of virus isolate from the strain of corona virus may also be used for diagnostic
purpose. Recent studies showed that Saliva sample produced by cough into sterile
container can aslo be used for testing. Saliva technique has the potential being quicker
than the swab and low risk for health care workers. Chest CT scan may also be helpful
for Coronavirus disease individuals with high clinical suspicion of infection but
recommended in severe case
Prevention:
Reduce the chances of infection by measure the steps include , Stay at home , Avoid
crowded place , Keep the distance from others, Washing hands with soap for at least
20 seconds , Social distancing Avoid touching the eyes nose and mouth , Using hand
sanitizer, Vaccination ( not expected until 2021)
Protective measure:
Protective measure must be taken to reduce the risk of virus transmission especially
during administration by the healthcare that can generate aerosols such
as intubation or hand ventilation. The CDC recommends placing the person in an
Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) in addition to using standard precautions,
contact precautions, and airborne precautions for the healthcare worker during the care
of Coronavirus disease patients. The recommended gear is and medical gloves, eye
protection, respirator or facemask, PPE gown.
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4. Medication:
There is no specific treatment for Coronavirus disease, some medical
professionals recommended paracetamol (acetaminophen)
over ibuprofen for first-line use. After symptoms ibuprofen a non- steroid
anti-inflammatory drug may also be recommended. Steroids, such
as methylprednisolone, are not recommended unless the disease is
complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome. Medications to prevent
blood clotting have been suggested for treatment, and anticoagulant
therapy with low molecular weight heparin appears to be associated with
better outcomes in severe Coronavirus disease showing signs of
coagulopathy (elevated D-dimer). Several other prescriptions are being
evaluated for the administration of Coronavirus disease including
Remdesivir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Lopinavir
Ritonavir combined with interferonbeta, Nitazoxanide, Tocilizumab,
Passive Antibodies:
Non- vaccine method of passive immunization is another tool for the
treatment of Coronavirus disease. Purified Concentrated antibodies
produced by the immune system of those have recovered from disease to
those patients who need them. Mechanism of action by passive antibody
therapy can facilitate the resistance against SARS-CoV-2, such mechanism
of action include Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity , Phagocytosis,
Using manufactured monoclonal antibodies are under trial.
Sex difference:
The mortality rate for men and women is being observed during
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5. pandemic. In China and Italy mortality rates are higher in males than
females. The highest risk for men in their 50s and death rates in china
was 1.7 percent in women and 2.8 percent in men due to genetic and
behavioral factors but exact reasons are not known. In Europe, the death
rate in men is 72% but in women it's 57% of the total mortality rate those
who infected with Coronavirus disease. Researches have shown that viral
illnesses like Ebola, HIV, influenza and SARS affects men than women
differently
Propaganda:
After the primary outburst of Coronavirus disease, conspiracy
theories, misinformation, and disinformation materialized regarding the
treatment, prevention origin, scale, and other sides of the disease and
rapidly spread online
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