The whole world is under the threatens of respiratory disease caused by infections of coronavirus. The latest threat to global health is the ongoing outbreak of the respiratory disease that was recently given the name Coronavirus Disease This article trying to focus on the current outbreak of and explores the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, and prevention and control of the novel coronavirus. The aim of this article to provide valid and reliable information and increasing awareness about the COVID 19. Sameer Pawar | Sayali Budhwant | Ketan Shinde | Ashwini Sable "COVID-19: A Scoping Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30567.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/30567/covid19-a-scoping-review/sameer-pawar
Clinical Research Centre (CRC) Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) just released their new e-newsletter. This edition focused on COVID-19 experiences by health care providers.
Advanced age, having comorbidities, and vitamin D deficiency are three most important reasons for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 and also worsen complications and increase the risk of death. Despite the vast amount of information available and lessons learned, many countries are still not fully utilizing these to manage secondary peaks of COVID-19 infection. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include, older age, ethnicity, male sex, having comorbidities, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking; all these are associate with vitamin D deficiency. COVID-19 symptomatology varies from mostly asymptomatic, to, up to 2% fatality.
Advanced age, having comorbidities, and vitamin D deficiency are three most important reasons for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 and also worsen complications and increase the risk of death.
Despite the vast amount of information available and lessons learned, many countries are still not fully utilizing these to manage secondary peaks of COVID-19 infection. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include, older age, ethnicity, male sex, having comorbidities, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking; all these are associate with vitamin D deficiency. COVID-19 symptomatology varies from
mostly asymptomatic, to, up to 2% fatality. The latter is characterized by cytokine storm, an immune reaction, diffuse arterial thromboembolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary oedema,and death.
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[4] The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020.[5] As of 25 March, more than 422,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 190 countries and territories, resulting in more than 18,900 deaths and more than 109,000 recoveries.
The whole world is under the threatens of respiratory disease caused by infections of coronavirus. The latest threat to global health is the ongoing outbreak of the respiratory disease that was recently given the name Coronavirus Disease This article trying to focus on the current outbreak of and explores the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, and prevention and control of the novel coronavirus. The aim of this article to provide valid and reliable information and increasing awareness about the COVID 19. Sameer Pawar | Sayali Budhwant | Ketan Shinde | Ashwini Sable "COVID-19: A Scoping Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30567.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/30567/covid19-a-scoping-review/sameer-pawar
Clinical Research Centre (CRC) Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) just released their new e-newsletter. This edition focused on COVID-19 experiences by health care providers.
Advanced age, having comorbidities, and vitamin D deficiency are three most important reasons for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 and also worsen complications and increase the risk of death. Despite the vast amount of information available and lessons learned, many countries are still not fully utilizing these to manage secondary peaks of COVID-19 infection. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include, older age, ethnicity, male sex, having comorbidities, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking; all these are associate with vitamin D deficiency. COVID-19 symptomatology varies from mostly asymptomatic, to, up to 2% fatality.
Advanced age, having comorbidities, and vitamin D deficiency are three most important reasons for increased vulnerability to COVID-19 and also worsen complications and increase the risk of death.
Despite the vast amount of information available and lessons learned, many countries are still not fully utilizing these to manage secondary peaks of COVID-19 infection. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include, older age, ethnicity, male sex, having comorbidities, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking; all these are associate with vitamin D deficiency. COVID-19 symptomatology varies from
mostly asymptomatic, to, up to 2% fatality. The latter is characterized by cytokine storm, an immune reaction, diffuse arterial thromboembolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary oedema,and death.
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[4] The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020.[5] As of 25 March, more than 422,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 190 countries and territories, resulting in more than 18,900 deaths and more than 109,000 recoveries.
Corona virus was first identified as a cause of the common cold in 1960. Until 2002, the virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus.Over the last three decades there have been three attacks of three different coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS CoV and the recent one 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
The SARS-Cov2 is highly pathogenic and has spread very rapidly.
Here we have tried to present an overview of the prevailing COVID-19 situation in terms of health impact, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, emergency responses and preparedness.
The research literature is growing rapidly and hopefully it will help in finding an effective vaccine (many in trials) and the best practice for the management and treatment of symptomatic cases.
The health, social and economic impacts would be high by this global killer.
We should be able to learn lessons and hopefully we will be more prepared for any such event in future.
COVID 19 is a contagious disease caused by a betacoronavirus, which began in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Until now, this new illness has affected more than 6 million people worldwide, and has claimed more than 300 000 human lives. Governments around the globe were faced with the coronavirus pandemic crisis and designed strategies to slow or halt viral transmission. Measures undertaken included enforcing countrywide lockdowns, banning mass gatherings, closing schools and businesses and halting international travel.
Corona viruses are a group of RNA viruses. In late December 2019, Patients with pneumonia with unknown etiology was get admitted in health care facilities in Wuhan, China, and resulted in a pandemic disease which affected more than 200 countries and responsible for 182,989 deaths world wide. The disease is officially named as Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19, by WHO on February 11, 2020 . COVID 19 is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate estimated 2 -5 mortality rate. Currently, there is no definite treatment for COVID 19 although some trials are under investigation. Hence, appropriate use of PPE, regular hand hygiene, Respiratory and cough etiquettes, social distancing are some key elements to prevent the spread of disease. Ms. Pabalpreet Kaur | Ms. Eenu | Ms. Pooja Jaswal | Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Sarin "The Outbreak of COVID-19: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30859.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30859/the-outbreak-of-covid19-an-overview/ms-pabalpreet-kaur
Travel-related infectious diseases on the rise
International travel has an important role in the transmission of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases across geographical areas.
Since 1980, the world has been threatened by different waves of emerging disease epidemics.
In the twenty-first century, these diseases have become an increasing global concern because of their health and economic impacts in both developed and resource-constrained countries.
It is difficult to stop the occurrence of new pathogens in the future due to the interconnection among humans, animals, and the environment.
As many as 43%–79% of travelers to low- and middle-income countries become ill with a travel-related health problem.
Although most of these illnesses are mild, some travelers become sick enough to seek care from a health care provider.
This review study was conducted on the information of COVID-19 ethio-pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, complication and
Management, and we have compiled the most recent information on the methods and pharmacological agents used in the diagnosis
and treatment of Coronavirus disease, including pharmacological approaches, fluid therapy, oxygen therapy, Adoptive T cell therapy,
Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy, Nano medicine approaches in COVID-19 and Vaccination approaches.
The global Corona virus pandemic has brought in a lot of issues, concerns and challenges to humanity and the ecosystem. There is a medical emergency to take up strict measures to slow or stop the spread of this virulent pathogen SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 which is a new variant indicating its origin to the Wuhan city of China. People across nations have been experiencing all the economic and psychological consequences due to this outbreak, and the whole world has joined hands in eradicating this deadly disease. A lot of awareness schemes are being undertaken by many countries and organizations, to not only control the infection but also to revive normalcy. This article provides valuable information about the cause, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment protocols, counseling support systems, innovation strategies, etc., all to ensure that we overcome this crisis and spring back to our healthy routines.
Coronavirus Disease-19 and Reinfections: A Review of Casesasclepiuspdfs
Since first surfacing in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has led to a global pandemic with confirmed cases and death bells tolling in the millions with new cases still emerging daily. Despite sharing genetic similarities to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, the specific viral proteins found on the novel SARS coronavirus 2 and its structure seems to make this strain much more elusive and destructive. Based on peer-reviewed cases, there seems to be an increase in patient reinfection, but due to current testing and treatment limitations, it is yet to be determined if the new trend of reinfection is due to a persistent COVID-19 infection that involves a latent period, a recurrent infection due to the same strain of COVID-19, or a mutated strain of COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent reports of the development of reinfection in previously confirmed COVID-19 cases in an attempt to gain a further understanding of the mechanisms of virulence, the effects on the human immune system, and how current testing and treatment modalities are faring. While the virus seems to have a penchant for patients with existing comorbidities, newer data indicate that everyone may be susceptible to possible infection and that not all patients will present with typical respiratory symptoms, making it imperative to examine established cases of reinfection in an attempt to further help with developing drugs for treatment, vaccines, and protocols for prevention.
This presentation showed the impact and the challenges of facing COVID-19 Pandemic and how the world becomes morbid, while the healthcare workforce tries to flatten the "curve".
Archisman Nandy
The objective of this study is to make a comparison between five (5) most affected countries (USA, Brazil, U.K., Italy and India) of the world by Covid-19. The study is based on the secondary data. For conducting this study published data in online portal www.worldometers.info has been used. 4 months i.e. August 2020 to November 2020 has been chosen to carry out this study. For data analysis and interpretation Microsoft excel software (version 2019) has been used. Basic arithmetic technique and ratio analysis has been used in this study for data interpretation purpose. For measuring cyclical fluctuations in Covid-19 cases and its corresponding death cases, visual representation has been incorporated as bar diagram. Relevant images have been sourced from authentic sources and used in this study for satisfying the research objective. Finally the study has revealed that during the period of August 2020 to November 2020 Brazil is the most affected country and United States of America is the least affected country based on the mortality rate among the five countries taken as sample for this study
Here you will find: Fundamental information about Coronavirus or Covid-19. Facts and figures. Growth of the virus. Preventation from Corona Virus. Future protection against Covid-19.
COVID-19 is a virus caused by acute respiratory syndrome and also known as novel coronavirus or SARS, which was first discovered in late December 2019. It is an RNA virus that is related to influenza (H1N1) and can cause major respiratory issues in affected people. Diagnoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of symptoms may be similar to other viral and bacterial infections.
Corona virus was first identified as a cause of the common cold in 1960. Until 2002, the virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus.Over the last three decades there have been three attacks of three different coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS CoV and the recent one 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
The SARS-Cov2 is highly pathogenic and has spread very rapidly.
Here we have tried to present an overview of the prevailing COVID-19 situation in terms of health impact, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, emergency responses and preparedness.
The research literature is growing rapidly and hopefully it will help in finding an effective vaccine (many in trials) and the best practice for the management and treatment of symptomatic cases.
The health, social and economic impacts would be high by this global killer.
We should be able to learn lessons and hopefully we will be more prepared for any such event in future.
COVID 19 is a contagious disease caused by a betacoronavirus, which began in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Until now, this new illness has affected more than 6 million people worldwide, and has claimed more than 300 000 human lives. Governments around the globe were faced with the coronavirus pandemic crisis and designed strategies to slow or halt viral transmission. Measures undertaken included enforcing countrywide lockdowns, banning mass gatherings, closing schools and businesses and halting international travel.
Corona viruses are a group of RNA viruses. In late December 2019, Patients with pneumonia with unknown etiology was get admitted in health care facilities in Wuhan, China, and resulted in a pandemic disease which affected more than 200 countries and responsible for 182,989 deaths world wide. The disease is officially named as Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19, by WHO on February 11, 2020 . COVID 19 is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate estimated 2 -5 mortality rate. Currently, there is no definite treatment for COVID 19 although some trials are under investigation. Hence, appropriate use of PPE, regular hand hygiene, Respiratory and cough etiquettes, social distancing are some key elements to prevent the spread of disease. Ms. Pabalpreet Kaur | Ms. Eenu | Ms. Pooja Jaswal | Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Sarin "The Outbreak of COVID-19: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30859.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30859/the-outbreak-of-covid19-an-overview/ms-pabalpreet-kaur
Travel-related infectious diseases on the rise
International travel has an important role in the transmission of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases across geographical areas.
Since 1980, the world has been threatened by different waves of emerging disease epidemics.
In the twenty-first century, these diseases have become an increasing global concern because of their health and economic impacts in both developed and resource-constrained countries.
It is difficult to stop the occurrence of new pathogens in the future due to the interconnection among humans, animals, and the environment.
As many as 43%–79% of travelers to low- and middle-income countries become ill with a travel-related health problem.
Although most of these illnesses are mild, some travelers become sick enough to seek care from a health care provider.
This review study was conducted on the information of COVID-19 ethio-pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, complication and
Management, and we have compiled the most recent information on the methods and pharmacological agents used in the diagnosis
and treatment of Coronavirus disease, including pharmacological approaches, fluid therapy, oxygen therapy, Adoptive T cell therapy,
Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy, Nano medicine approaches in COVID-19 and Vaccination approaches.
The global Corona virus pandemic has brought in a lot of issues, concerns and challenges to humanity and the ecosystem. There is a medical emergency to take up strict measures to slow or stop the spread of this virulent pathogen SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 which is a new variant indicating its origin to the Wuhan city of China. People across nations have been experiencing all the economic and psychological consequences due to this outbreak, and the whole world has joined hands in eradicating this deadly disease. A lot of awareness schemes are being undertaken by many countries and organizations, to not only control the infection but also to revive normalcy. This article provides valuable information about the cause, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment protocols, counseling support systems, innovation strategies, etc., all to ensure that we overcome this crisis and spring back to our healthy routines.
Coronavirus Disease-19 and Reinfections: A Review of Casesasclepiuspdfs
Since first surfacing in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has led to a global pandemic with confirmed cases and death bells tolling in the millions with new cases still emerging daily. Despite sharing genetic similarities to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, the specific viral proteins found on the novel SARS coronavirus 2 and its structure seems to make this strain much more elusive and destructive. Based on peer-reviewed cases, there seems to be an increase in patient reinfection, but due to current testing and treatment limitations, it is yet to be determined if the new trend of reinfection is due to a persistent COVID-19 infection that involves a latent period, a recurrent infection due to the same strain of COVID-19, or a mutated strain of COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent reports of the development of reinfection in previously confirmed COVID-19 cases in an attempt to gain a further understanding of the mechanisms of virulence, the effects on the human immune system, and how current testing and treatment modalities are faring. While the virus seems to have a penchant for patients with existing comorbidities, newer data indicate that everyone may be susceptible to possible infection and that not all patients will present with typical respiratory symptoms, making it imperative to examine established cases of reinfection in an attempt to further help with developing drugs for treatment, vaccines, and protocols for prevention.
This presentation showed the impact and the challenges of facing COVID-19 Pandemic and how the world becomes morbid, while the healthcare workforce tries to flatten the "curve".
Archisman Nandy
The objective of this study is to make a comparison between five (5) most affected countries (USA, Brazil, U.K., Italy and India) of the world by Covid-19. The study is based on the secondary data. For conducting this study published data in online portal www.worldometers.info has been used. 4 months i.e. August 2020 to November 2020 has been chosen to carry out this study. For data analysis and interpretation Microsoft excel software (version 2019) has been used. Basic arithmetic technique and ratio analysis has been used in this study for data interpretation purpose. For measuring cyclical fluctuations in Covid-19 cases and its corresponding death cases, visual representation has been incorporated as bar diagram. Relevant images have been sourced from authentic sources and used in this study for satisfying the research objective. Finally the study has revealed that during the period of August 2020 to November 2020 Brazil is the most affected country and United States of America is the least affected country based on the mortality rate among the five countries taken as sample for this study
Here you will find: Fundamental information about Coronavirus or Covid-19. Facts and figures. Growth of the virus. Preventation from Corona Virus. Future protection against Covid-19.
COVID-19 is a virus caused by acute respiratory syndrome and also known as novel coronavirus or SARS, which was first discovered in late December 2019. It is an RNA virus that is related to influenza (H1N1) and can cause major respiratory issues in affected people. Diagnoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of symptoms may be similar to other viral and bacterial infections.
60.Srinivasan S, Velusamy G, Munshi MAI, Radhakrishnan K, Tiwari RVC. Comparative Study of Antifungal Efficacy of Various Endodontic Irrigants with and without Clotrimazole in Extracted Teeth Inoculated with Candida albicans. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020 Dec 1;21(12):1325-1330. PubMed PMID: 33893253.
Mathew P, Kattimani VS, Tiwari RV, Iqbal MS, Tabassum A, Syed KG. New Classification System for Cleft Alveolus: A Computed Tomography-based Appraisal. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020 Aug 1;21(8):942-948. PubMed PMID: 33568619
Sahu S, Patley A, Kharsan V, Madan RS, Manjula V, Tiwari RVC. Comparative evaluation of efficacy and latency of twin mix vs 2% lignocaine HCL with 1:80000 epinephrine in surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Feb;9(2):904-908. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_998_19. eCollection 2020 Feb. PubMed PMID: 32318443; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7113948.
65.Izna, Sasank Kuntamukkula VK, Khanna SS, Salokhe O, Chandra Tiwari RV, Tiwari H. Knowledge and Apprehension of Dental Health Professionals Pertaining to COVID in Southern India: A Questionnaire Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S448-S451. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_551_20. Epub 2021 Jun 5. PubMed PMID: 34447131; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8375944.
Vohra P, Belkhode V, Nimonkar S, Potdar S, Bhanot R, Izna, Tiwari RVC. Evaluation and diagnostic usefulness of saliva for detection of HIV antibodies: A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 May;9(5):2437-2441. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_138_20. eCollection 2020 May. PubMed PMID: 32754516; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7380795
Mittal S, Hussain SA, Tiwari RVC, Poovathingal AB, Priya BP, Bhanot R, Tiwari H. Extensive pelvic and abdominal lymphadenopathy with hepatosplenomegaly treated with radiotherapy-A case report. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Feb;9(2):1215-1218. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1125_19. eCollection 2020 Feb. PubMed PMID: 32318498; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7113973.
36.Kesharwani P, Hussain SA, Sharma N, Karpathak S, Bhanot R, Kothari S, Tiwari RVC. Massive radicular cyst involving multiple teeth in pediatric mandible- A case report. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Feb;9(2):1253-1256. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1059_19. eCollection 2020 Feb. PubMed PMID: 32318508; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7113959.
More from CLOVE Dental OMNI Hospitals Andhra Hospital (20)
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...
58th Publication -JFMPC- 4th Name.pdf
1. Official Publication of the Academy of Family Physicians of India
Volume 9 / Issue 7 / July 2020
www.jfmpc.com
ISSN 2249-4863
Journal of
Family Medicine
and Primary Care
Journal
of
Family
Medicine
and
Primary
Care
•
Volume
9
•
Issue
7
•
July
2020
•
Pages
****-****
Spine 13 mm
Name of the authors of the painting: Gaby and Marc Gomez,Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Spain
Event Date: April 7, 2020
Submitted by Elena Klusova N.
Specialist in Family and Community Medicine, Spain
3. Nair, et al.: Novel coronavirus- review
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 3201 Volume 9 : Issue 7 : July 2020
almost 210 countries are affected, with close to 29 lakh people
suffering from this viral disease and with 200,568 deaths, thus a
pandemic has been declared with the United States of America
being the current hotspot for this outbreak where more than 9
lakh people are CoV positive and there is around 52,000 deaths
reported [Table 1].
Epidemiology of Covid‑19
The local outbreak from exposure to the above wholesale food
market marks the first phase. From the first case in December
2019 the epidemiological analysis showed that already at this
early stage, the person‑to‑person transmission had taken place
through close contact. The second phase began on 13 January,
characterized by the rapid expansion and spread of the
virus within hospitals (nosocomial infection) and by family
transmission (transmission by close contact). As of January 23,
29 provinces of China, plus six foreign countries, had reported a
total of 846 confirmed cases, an increase of about 20 times since
the first phase. The third phase started on January 26, which is
characterized by the rapid increase in cases of conglomerates.[7]
Li and his colleagues described the first 425 cases found in
Wuhan, which was the epicenter of this outbreak and defined the
earliest known detailed clinical and epidemiological description
about the spread of COVID‑19. In this study, it was found that
the elderly population who are above 60 years of age and had
other comorbid conditions were more seriously affected than
the younger and healthier population with severe breathlessness
being most common. Surprisingly children who were less than
14 years of age were less affected with only mild symptoms
which would, later on, affect the balance ratio of population
between young and old people in a community.[4]
Italy suffered
from significant mortality with a rate of not less than 8–9%
due to this disease, and another reason is that it has the second
largest population of older people, who generally have weaker
immunity and others associated pathological conditions, such as
heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, etc.,
While in comparison, China, where the disease actually started,
suffered only 2–3% of mortality. Most countries suffer from the
shortage of medical staff, ventilators, and personal protective
equipment, which also contributes to the increased mortality and
morbidity of this viral disease. The countries affected by it suffer
a total block; therefore stage III (person‑to‑person contact) is
controlled to interrupt the viral load chain in their population.
Natural history and clinical features of Covid‑19
Mostly coronavirus causes respiratory and enteric diseases in
human beings. SARS and MERS caused major outbreaks in
the human population in the years 2003 and 2012 respectively
which had mortality rates between 10 and 40%. Current
coronavirus (SARS‑CoV‑2) has a lot of genomic similarity with
the main SARS virus but the former has a higher spread.[8]
The
disease starts when a human inhales the viral particles through
infected droplets or fomites and the virus travels down to lower
respiratory airways. In the respiratory system in order to enter the
alveolar epithelial cell, the virus binds to the cell through ACE2
enzyme receptors.[9]
Virus alters the normal respiratory cell and
induces a massive cytokine release which induces inflammatory
damage and it also activates other inflammatory chemokines
from surrounding vascular endothelial cells of the alveolar
capillaries, which then continue this inflammatory damage
cycle. This excess of inflammation causes lung damage through
severe pneumonia and spreading to involve other organs with
time leading to multi‑organ failure.[2]
Researchers also found out
that the novel coronavirus originated from wild bats, which was
also responsible for the SARS epidemic. Modes of transmission
include a person‑to‑person transmission especially respiratory
droplets due to sneezing or coughing by an infected individual
as well as fomites where coronavirus can persist for a few hours
to few days.[10]
Even in hospitals, person‑to‑person transmission
can occur easily leading to the spread of this infection.[11]
Social
distancing as well as washing hands with soap or using hand
sanitizers having around 70% concentration of alcohol prove
to be effective in controlling the spread of this infection. For
health professionals; adequate masks, gloves as well as personal
protective equipment are essential.[12]
Researchers like Huang et al.
conducted a study on 41 confirmed COVID patients. The major
clinical features which were visible in patients were fever, myalgia,
dyspnea, dry cough. The uncommon symptoms noticed were
anosmia, cough with sputum production, headache, and diarrhea.
Chest X‑ray showed opacities bilaterally in the lung region which
could be further persuaded in computed tomography (CT scan).
CT scan was also helpful in detecting early cases which were
not evident in chest X‑ray. The serious cases ended up in septic
shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, kidney damage,
etc.[13]
Therefore, the categorization of COVID‑19 was based
on the severity of infection from asymptomatic, mild, moderate,
and severe viral infection.[5]
It was also dependent on CT scan
findings which denoted the level of severity of spread in the lungs
resulting in mild to severe pneumonia cases [Table 2]. Another
study carried out by Chen et al. inferred that older people with
other co‑debilitating conditions like diabetes, hypertension,
cardiovascular diseases, etc., were more susceptible to a serious
form of COVID‑19 disease due to less immunity.[14]
Radiology of lesions in Covid‑19
Chest CT scan usually gives a much better visualization of
the lung pneumonia and its spread. Initially, it is diffuse
opacities affecting different airways.[14]
Later on, ground‑glass
opacities were noticed in mild cases whereas bilateral lung
involvement with consolidation was seen in the intensive care
unit patients.[13]
Another study in 21 patients revealed, that
initial chest CT showed bilateral lung involvement in 86% of
patients.[15]
Predominantly ground‑glass opacity was seen in
58% cases whereas consolidation is seen in 28% cases.[16]
The
major differences in the chest CT findings between COVID‑19
and other epidemics like SARS and MERS, was the bilateral
lung involvement in the former as compared to later cases
had unilateral involvement [Table 3]. Other features of
pneumonia‑like pleural effusion, lymphadenopathy, or alveolar
space cavitation was not seen in CVID‑19 affected patients.[14]
4. Nair, et al.: Novel coronavirus- review
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 3202 Volume 9 : Issue 7 : July 2020
Pathogenesis of Covid‑19
Virus entry to the human cells is initiated by binding of the viral
spike protein to the affected human cell particularly alveolar
epithelial cells. After entering the cell, the viral genome causes
an alteration in the genetic expression of the host cell so as
to generate accessory proteins which help the coronavirus to
further develop and spread to other host cells. Earlier similar
viral epidemics like SARS and MERS affected the cells by
binding to their Angiotensin‑converting enzyme receptor‑2 on
the cellular membrane in case of SARS infection and dipeptidyl
peptidase ‑4 enzyme receptor in case of MERS, which facilitated
the entry as well as the propagation of the viral particles.[13]
Viral RNA after entering the cell starts using host machinery
in the cytoplasm to make new viral proteins. Genomic RNA is
encapsulated and polyadenylated and encrypts various structural
and non‑structural polypeptide genes. These polyproteins are
fragmented by proteases that display chymotrypsin‑like activity.[15]
The resulting complex drives (‑) RNA production through both
replication and transcription to encoding structural proteins.[16]
Virions are formed by the combination of the viral nucleocapsid
as well proteins which are synthesized by the host cell (which
in COVID‑19 is the alveolar epithelial cell). They enter the
endoplasmic reticulum from where the virions bud off the
cytoplasm of the host cell by exocytosis and are released into
the bloodstream. These virion particles later infect other organs
like the liver, kidney, intestine, and other parts of the respiratory
tract.[1]
COVID‑19 has a higher rate of transmission as compared
to the MERS and SARS infections as the former shows a higher
replication rate (R0) which leads to its faster spread in the human
population.[7]
Recently, it has been suggested that a spillover of
the viral particles from Bats with Pangolin as an intermediate
host has led to the viral outbreak in the human population. This
depends upon the ACE2 receptor similarity in these animals and
some resemblance to the human population.[7]
Diagnosis of Covid‑19
Various tests have been in place to diagnose COVID‑19 with
precision. Serological tests usually comprise enzyme‑linked
immunoassay or in some cases, western blot can also be used.
The clinical samples which are taken from the suspected cases
are Nasal secretions, oral swabs, sputum, bronchoalveolar
lavage, blood, etc., Pool testing is also being considered as an
alternative method for assessing community spread easily and
cost‑effectively. But as of now, the researchers have shown that
the gold standard for identifying the COVID‑19 viral particles
is real‑time polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) which is
specific for the viral RNA. Northern blot hybridization, as well
as immunofluorescent assay, has also been used to detect viral
RNA and other viral antigenic components.[17]
Many countries
are in the process of developing rapid detection kits that detect
viral exposure after around 7–10 days after viral contact. But
they are less reliable as compared to RT‑PCR.
Treatment options and strategies
There is no specific treatment as of now for the novel
coronavirus infection. Usually, the symptomatic patients are
given supportive care with adequate hydration as well as the use
of antipyretics for fever. Severe cases need mechanical intubation
and ventilation so that the regular supply of oxygen is maintained
in debilitated lungs affected by the coronavirus. Clinical trials
for the possible drugs have also begun in many countries for
regulatory approval. Some researchers also link to a promising
co‑relation between Bacillus Calmette‑Guérin vaccine and its
beneficial effect on increasing immunity against coronavirus
however, WHO has yet to verify this claim. Research is going
on related to many antivirals that can prove effective in tackling
coronavirus like‑ remdesivir, lopinavir, ritonavir, favipiravir, etc.,
Table 1: Stages of pandemic
Stage 1 When cases of infection are imported into a country which
wasn’t the source of the infection.
Stage 2 The second stage of an epidemic is when there are cases of
local transmission within the country.
Stage 3 Community transmission where it becomes hard to track the
chain of transmission of the virus in a large number of cases.
Stage 4 When an infection becomes endemic in some countries and
keeps resurfacing round the year.
Table 2: The severity of COVID-19 with their diagnostic
criteria[5]
Asymptomatic
infection
Chest X-ray is normal but the RT-PCR shows positive
viral infection.
Mild Cases show low-grade fever, cough, pharyngitis,
sneezing. Few cases also show nausea, diarrhea, etc.
pharyngeal congestion is noted on physical examination
of the suspected case.
Moderate Productive cough with developing pneumonia and
increased episodes of fever and cough. At this stage,
the CT image of the lungs starts showing opacities.
Severe Respiratory distress is evident with full-blown
pneumonia, hypoxia, cyanosis along with fever, cough,
and diarrhea. Oxygen saturation is also affected.
Critical Acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, heart
failure, kidney failure can occur in end-stage cases.
Table 3: Patterns seen in CT scan of the lungs in
COVID-19 affected patients who were diagnosed with
pneumonia[3]
Ground-glass opacities +/-consolidation Prominent
Pure consolidation Rare
Multiple lesions Prominent
Bilateral involvement Prominent
Posterior part/lower lobe predilection Prominent
Peripheral/subpleural distribution Prominent
Ground-glass opacity with superimposed thickening
of interlobular septa
Can be present
Air-filled bronchi on a background of airless lung Can be present
Atoll sign with dense crescent formation on high-
resolution CT
Rare
Pleural effusion Rare
Cavitation, calcification, lymphadenopathy Absent
5. Nair, et al.: Novel coronavirus- review
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 3203 Volume 9 : Issue 7 : July 2020
Trials are also going on regarding hydroxychloroquine in the
treatment of coronavirus affected patients. Recently in China, a
randomized human trial was carried out in relation to remdesivir,
which failed to improve the condition in many patients.[18]
FDA, as well as other regulatory agencies, are still working on
the development of a vaccine for the general public against
this virus.[19]
Plasmapheresis is also being carried out for using
the convalescent serum antibodies of the coronavirus healed
patients and providing it to serious patients, which has met with
some success rate in a few nations.[20]
It is extremely important
that different types of pneumonia as well as respiratory distress,
for example, associated with influenza, bacteria’s as well
mycoplasma, etc., are also differentiated from coronavirus acute
respiratory distress syndrome since the treatment for them will
be entirely different which is vital for the physicians especially
working in intensive care units. For handling coronavirus
epidemic all the medical health professionals should be aware
of proper barrier technique as well they should be equipped
with rapid diagnostic methods which have high specificity as
well as sensitivity since it has been reported that around 40%
of cases are asymptomatic who turn out to be positive later
on but are infectious in the early stages also. It is imperative
to understand the importance of pathogenesis and modes of
transmission of coronavirus before treatment is devised. This
review presented important points that will help in diagnosing
and in turn handling serious as well as susceptible patients in
a better manner by our primary health care officials who are
facing this crisis in the frontline. As of now human trials for a
vaccine for COVID‑19 is still in progress, it will be all the more
critical to reduce the morbidity as well as mortality associated
with this disease by early diagnosis and quarantine. It is also
important to keep in mind about the comorbid conditions of
the elderly since those make them vulnerable to the viral attack
and subsequent mortality. This article also provides a clue to the
replication rate as well as genomic know‑how of this particular
virus which is important in assessing the community spread of
the outbreak as well as the importance of polymerase chain
reaction, which currently is the only technique that is providing
a specific result using CoV genomic sequences and describes the
relation between other similar outbreaks of SARS and MERS,
which will help the frontline medical professionals in developing
treatment strategies in similar lines to these epidemics which
happened in the past.
Conclusion
This coronavirus pandemic has posed a great threat to mankind
and worldwide more than 29 lakh people have been affected
by this viral disease and the numbers are still increasing every
day. Therefore, it is the need of the hour, for rapid diagnosis
and constant surveillance as well as social distancing to halt
the progression of this deadly virus spread in the near future
especially in developing countries where there are insufficient
medical facilities and personnel as well as promote pool testing
which is more cost‑effective approach. It is vital to understand
the biology of this virus so that vaccine or treatment strategies
can be developed at the earliest so that further community
spread is averted.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References
1. Sahin AR, Erdogan A, Mutlu Agaoglu P, Dineri Y, Cakirci AY,
Senel ME, et al. 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID‑ 19) outbreak:
A review of the current literature. EJMO 2020;4:1‑7.
2. Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z. Review
of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID‑19). J Gen Intern Med 2020. doi: 10.1007/
s11606‑020‑05762‑w.
3. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, et al.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19): A perspective
from China. Radiology 2020:200490. doi: 10.1148/
radiol.2020200490.
4. Fauci AS, Lane HC, Redfield RR. Covid‑19 — Navigating the
uncharted. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1268‑9.
5. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al.
Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients
with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics 2020.
doi: 10.1542/peds. 2020‑0702.
6. Hosseiny M, Kooraki S, Gholamrezanezhad A, Reddy S,
Myers L. Radiology perspective of coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID‑19): Lessons from severe acute respiratory
syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome. AJR Am
J Roentgenol 2020;214:1078‑82.
7. Sun J, He W‑T, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, et al. COVID‑19:
Epidemiology, evolution, and cross‑disciplinary perspectives.
Trends Mol Med 2020;26:483‑95.
8. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic
characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel
coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor
binding. Lancet 2020;395:565‑74.
9. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al.
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus
of probable bat origin. Nature 2020;579:270‑3.
10. Gralinski LE, Menachery VD. Return of the Coronavirus:
2019‑nCoV. Viruses 2020;12:E135.
11. Phan LT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC, Nguyen TV, Nguyen HT,
Le HQ, et al. Importation and human‑to‑human transmission
of a novel coronavirus in Vietnam. N Engl J Med
2020;382:872‑4.
12. Lu CW, Liu XF, Jia ZF. 2019‑nCoV transmission through the
ocular surface must not be ignored. Lancet 2020;395:e39.
13. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical
features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus
in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497‑506.
14. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases
of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China:
A descriptive study. Lancet 2020;395:507‑13.
15. Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, et al.
CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‑nCoV).
6. Nair, et al.: Novel coronavirus- review
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 3204 Volume 9 : Issue 7 : July 2020
Radiology 2020;295:202‑7.
16. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al.
A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019
novel coronavirus indicating person‑to‑person transmission:
A study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020;395:514‑23.
17. Coronavirinae in Viral Zone. Available from: https://
viralzone.expasy.org/785.
18. Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, et al. In vitro
antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design
of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). Clin
Infect Dis 2020. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa237.
19. DRAFT landscape of COVID‑19 candidate vaccines —
18 February 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Available from: https://www.who.int/blueprint/
priority‑diseases/key‑ac tion/list‑of‑candidate‑vacc
ines‑developed‑against‑ncov.pdf.
20. WHO R&D blueprint: Informal consultation on prioritization
of candidate therapeutic agents for use in novel coronavirus
2019 infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, January
24, 2020. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/
bitstream/handle/10665/330680/WHO‑HEO‑RDBlueprint
%28nCoV%29‑2020.1‑eng.pdf.