social studies notes for class 7th English Medium

1. 2016
FG PUBLIC SCHOOL NO. 2 (BOYS),
TARIQ ROAD, SIALKOT CANTT
Asif Ali Raza, TGT
[GEOGRAPHY]
This document contains brief and concise solution of the exercises of the text books of grade VII

2. CHAPTER 1: PHYSICAL STATE OF THE EARTH
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Explain the composition of Earth’s interior.
ANS. The internal part of Earth is divided into three important parts as under:
I. CRUST
The surface of Earth consists of water and dry land. Its thickness is not
uniform. The upper most and less thick sphere of Earth is known Crust. Its
thickness is 40km.
II. MANTLE
Mantle is below the crust. It consists of two layers. Upper mantle is 670km
thick. Lower mantle is 2230km thick.
III. CORE
The sphere present under mantle is called core. It consists of two parts i.e.
external and internal core. External is liquid in form and consists of mostly
of molten rocks. Its thickness is 2250km. Internal part is known as ‘Nife’
and its thickness is 1220km.
Q.NO.2. Describe the types of faults.
ANS. Following are the types of faults:
I. NORMAL FAULT
In normal fault, parts of the crust move in opposite direction. Due to the
removal of upper layers, lava comes out.
II. TRANSFORM FAULT
When pieces of plates move forward and backward, they rub against each
other.
III. REVERSE FAULT
Reverse fault occurs when plates move toward each other. In this fault,
mountains are formed.
Q.NO.3. Discuss the effects of earthquakes.
ANS. Effects of earthquakes are as under:
I. Buildings are destroyed.
II. People are injured or expired.
III. Source of irrigation is affected.
IV. System of electricity is disturbed.
V. Hurdle occurs in rescue.
VI. Threats of flood increases.
Q.NO.4. Discuss the instruments used to measure earthquakes.
ANS. The instrument used to measure the intensity of earthquakes is known as
seismograph. The intensity of earthquake is measured by a scale called
Richter Scale. Its measurement is from 0 to 9.
Q.NO.5. Analyze volcanism and its effects.

3. ANS. I. Volcanoes keep on growing by the depostion of lava layers and
repeated volcanism.
II. Matter coming out of volcanoes cause pollution.
III. High temperature melts almost everything around it.
Q.NO.6. Explain the types of volcanoes and their distribution.
ANS. Volcanoes are of three types as under:
I. ACTIVE VOLCANOES
The volcanoes in which the volcanism continues are known as active
volcanoes.
II. DORMANT VOLCANOES
A long period has gone since the eruption of lava from dormant volcanoes
but volcanism can occur anytime. This type is very dangerous.
III. EXTICNT VOLCANOES
In this type, eruption of lava has stopped and there are no chances of
eruption in future.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Give two reasons of earthquakes.
ANS. I. Movement of plates.
II. volcanism
Q.NO.2. Write down the names of internal parts of Earth.
ANS. I. Crust
II. Mantle
III. Core
Q.NO.3. Write down the names of big plates of Earth.
ANS. I. Pacific Plate
II. North American Plate
III. South American plate
IV. Eurasian Plate
V. African Plate
VI. Australian Plate
VII. Antarctica Plate
Q.NO.4. What is volcanism?
ANS. The eruption of a hot semi-solid matter from the surface of Earth is known
as volcanism.
Q.NO.5. What is the meaning of “Ring of Fire”?
ANS. Coastal areas of Pacific Ocean are formed due to volcanism. This is called
ring of fire.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) The thickness of the external core of Earth is:
A 1250KM B 1950KM C 2050KM D 2250KM

4. 2) The 70% of volcanoes are found on/in:
A Bed of sea B Rivers C Dry land D mountains
3) The thickness of upper mantle is:
A 570km B 670km C 770km D 870km
4) In 1985,volcanoism took place in Andes Mountain’s (Columbia) and the loss
of lives was about……………thousand:
A 20 B 30 C 40 D 50
5) The instrument to measure the intensity of earthquake is:
A Barometer B Hygrometer C Thermometer D Seismograph
CHAPTER 2: DENUDATION
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Write note on the types of denudation.
ANS. Types of denudation are as under:
I. WEATHERING
It is a process in which rocks are broken down into small pieces. This process
directly and indirectly depends upon weather conditions.
II. EROSION
The thinning and removal of the Earth surface is known as erosion. This process
is mostly done by rivers, glaciers, winds and coastal waves.
III. MASS WASTING
Due to gravitational force of Earth, the rocks stuff travels along the slopes
towards the lower areas. It is known as mass wasting.
Q.NO.2. Give reasons for the breakage of rocks.
ANS. Reasons of breakage of rocks are as under:
I. When water enters the minerals of rocks a chemical reaction takes place, known
as hydrolysis.
II. The rocks which have iron element are destroyed through process of oxidation.
III. The features of Earth surface are cut through erosion process.
IV. The rock stuff moves downward due to gravitational force. It is known as mass
wasting.
V. The sudden fall of rock material from high to low position is known as land
sliding.
Q.NO.3. Explain the types of weathering.
ANS. Types of weathering are as under:
I. PHYSICAL OR MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Physical weathering mostly occurs in cold and dry areas. In dry and hot
desert areas, temperature increases prominently at day time and decreases
at nights.
II. CHEMICAL WEATHERING

5. Rocks are composed of minerals. Chemical changes occur in these minerals
when they interact with water, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
III. ORGANIC OR BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
When the roots of trees and bushes reach the cracks and joints of rocks,
rocks face unbearable force by their growth. As a result, rocks breakdown into
small fragments.
Q.NO.4. Write down the reasons for erosion process.
ANS. Reasons are as under:
I. Erosion process mostly is done by rivers, glaciers, winds and coastal waves.
II. Erosion starts with weathering.
III. The upper part of surface separates from the lower surface.
IV. This debris is washed away by glacier etc.
V. Mass wasting is also cause of this.
Q.NO.5. What are the impacts of erosion process and mass wasting on
agriculture, irrigation, human settlement and transportation.
ANS. Impacts are as under:
I. The irrigation system consists of unpaved canals and small streams which faces
continuous erosion due to water. The fertile part of land faces gradual erosion as
well.
II. The crop yield reduces.
III. Huge amount of soil piles up in beds of canals which causes storage of water
decrease.
IV. Due to flow of soil and mud and land sliding in hilly area, there is usually a loss of
lives and economy.
Q.NO.6. Suggest the ways to minimize the impacts of erosion and mass wasting.
ANS. By following certain precautions, impact of erosion can be minimized:
I. Plant trees on the banks of canals etc.
II. Water should be irrigated to leveled soils.
III. Stop deforestation.
IV. Retaining walls should be constructed along hilly roads.
V. Dangerous slopes should be abolished.
VI. Huge building construction should be banned in hilly area.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Define denudation.
ANS. Destruction of Earth’s upper surface in known as denudation.
Q.NO.2. What is the meaning of weathering?
ANS. Weathering is a process in which rocks are broken down into small pieces.
Q.NO.3. Define erosion process.
ANS. The thinning and removal of the Earth surface is known as erosion process.

6. Q.NO.4. What is the meaning of mass wasting?
ANS. The rock stuff moves downward due to gravitational force. It is known as mass
wasting.
Q.NO.5. Differentiate among weathering, erosion process and mass wasting.
ANS. Weathering is a process in which rocks are broken down into small pieces. The
rock stuff moves downward due to gravitational force. It is known as mass wasting. The
thinning and removal of the Earth surface is known as erosion process.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) Important in soil creep:
A Frost B Snow C Sun blazing D water
2) After destruction by weathering, the rocks:
A Don’t
transfer from
one place to
another
B Transfer from
one place to
another
C Disappear D rise
3) Which action is mostly performed by rivers, glaciers and coastal waves?
A Erosion B Mass wasting C Biological
wasting
D Physical
weathering
4) Types of denudation:
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5
5) Making artificial things through chemical process:
A Reduces air
pollution
B Provides
water for
irrigation
C Creates air
pollution
D Increases
agricultural
production
CHAPTER 3: INRTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERE
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Explain the importance of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen.
ANS. Carbon dioxide is necessary for life. This gas interacts with other gases and
makes carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are necessary for life of plants and
animals. Carbon dioxide absorbs heat and moderates the temperature.
Q.NO.2. Explain the composition of atmosphere.
ANS. Atmosphere is surrounding our earth from all sides in the form of cover. Due to
gravitational force of earth, atmosphere is attached to earth from all sides. The life on
our planet is due to this atmosphere. Atmosphere is composed of three basic elements,
i.e. 1) Regular gases, 2) variable gases, 3) pollutants. These are found in the lowest
part of atmosphere.
Q.NO.3. Discuss in detail the layers of atmosphere.
ANS. On the basis of temperature, atmosphere is divided into following layers:

7. I. Troposphere: the layer near the surface of earth is troposphere. It is
very necessary for all kinds of living things on earth. All activities on earth are
due to it. All climatic changes appear in this layer.
II. Stratosphere: this layer is present above the troposphere. In this layer, the
temperature rises with height instead of decreasing. At its boundary, temperature
reaches about 0 degree centigrade. Huge amount of ozone gas is present here.
III. Mesosphere: this layer is present above stratosphere. In this portion,
temperature again decreases with height.
Q.NO.4. Discuss in detail the change in climate on the Earth surface.
ANS. The atmosphere of earth changes due to the activities of human beings. Humans
make roads, buildings and dams etc. to fulfill their needs. In 2009, an international
conference was held in Copenhagen on the issue of climate changes. Many decisions
were taken including; increase in CO2 and other dangerous gases and material should
be checked and minimized.
Q.NO.5. Describe the importance of Ozone layer.
ANS. One of the atmospheric gases is ozone. Ozone is produced and destroyed
naturally. It is present in the upper portion of atmosphere. It absorbs ultraviolet rays and
sends other sunrays to earth after filtration. In this way, life is protected from ultraviolet
rays.
Q.NO.6. Suggest the measures to control reduction of Ozone.
ANS. Use other gases in place CFCs. For example, HCFC gas is used which is mixture
of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine gases. This gas is less injurious as compared
to CFCs. Let it be hoped that we will save ozone layer till the middle of this century.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. What is atmosphere?
ANS. Atmosphere is surrounding our earth from all sides in the form of cover. Due to
gravitational force of earth.
Q.NO.2. Explain the difference between weather and climate.
ANS. The whole conditions of temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, air
humidity and precipitation of a particular place at a specific time is weather, while
climate is the average weather conditions of a particular place for a long time.
Q.NO.3. What is mesosphere?
ANS. This layer is present above stratosphere. In this portion, temperature again
decreases with height.
Q.NO.4. Write down the two reasons for reduction in ozone.
ANS. Use other gases in place CFCs. For example, HCFC gas is used which is mixture
of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine gases. This gas is less injurious as compared
to CFCs. Let it be hoped that we will save ozone layer till the middle of this century.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) The layer of atmosphere near Earth is known as:

8. A Mesosphere B Stratosphere C Thermosphere D Troposphere
2) What is the distance of atmosphere from the surface of sea?
A 60000km B 70000km C 80000km D 90000km
3) Which gas is used for cooling in refrigerator?
A Oxygen B Nitrogen C Carbon
Dioxide
D CFC
4) The main ingredients for atmosphere are:
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6
5) What is temperature of air at the boundary of mesosphere?
A 900
C B 1000
C C 1500
C D 2000
C
CHAPTER 4: ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Explain the horizontal distribution of temperature.
ANS. Equatorial region remains hot throughout the year and average temperature is
32o
C. On the contrary arctic regions remain very cold and temperature remains below
freezing point. Such unequal distribution is called horizontal distribution of temperature.
In this, temperature is divided into three zones.
I. TROPICAL ZONE: it is a hot region which extends on both sides of
equator.
II. TEMPERATURE ZONE: temperature zone extends from the tropic of
cancer to mid of of Arctic Circle.
III. TORRID ZONE: in northern hemisphere, Frigid Zone extends between
Arctic Circle and North Pole. In southern hemisphere, it extends between
Antarctic Circle and South Pole.
Q.NO.2. Explain the vertical distribution of temperature.
ANS. Earth heats the lower portion of atmosphere. Then this heat reaches the upper
portion of atmosphere. It proves why the lower atmosphere is hotter and as we move
upwards temperature keeps on falling. This is known as vertical distribution of
temperature.
Q.NO.3. Elaborate factors which change temperature.
ANS. Surface of earth is not uniform. Somewhere there is water and somewhere there
is dry land. The dry places become hot and cold more rapidly than the wet places. So
the continents become hot during summer and cold during winter. Sun rays heat earth
surface without heating atmosphere. Earth sends this heat back to atmosphere. As this
heat is transferred from lower side, the lower portion of atmosphere becomes hotter and
lower portion gets colder.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Define temperature.

9. ANS. The degree of hotness and coldness of a particular place is known as
temperature.
Q.NO.2. Give names of instruments and scales to measure temperature.
ANS. I) Celsius Scale, II) Fahrenheit Scale
Q.NO.3. What is the meaning of Isotherm.?
ANS. Isotherms help to mention the horizontal distribution of temperature.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) What indicates the horizontal distribution of temperature?
A Isotherm B Latitude C Longitude D equator
2) On heating, the matter:
A expands B Contracts C Increases D decreases
3) After every thousand meters, average……….o
C temperature decreases
about:
A 4.5 B 5.5 C 6.5 D 7.5
4) The ratio of dryness on the surface of Earth is:
A 29% B 66% C 33% D 28%
5) What is the atmosphere of Fridged Zone?
A Hot B Moderate C Less cold D Too much
cold
CHAPTER 5: ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE & CIRCULATION
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1.Explain the air pressure belts on Earth.
ANS. There are four air pressure belts are as under:
I. Equatorial Belt of Low Pressure: this is a belt of low air pressure. It is
formed due to heat at about 5o
north and south of equator. This belt has summer
throughout the year.
II. Sub-Tropical Belts of High Pressure: These belts have high air pressure. One
of them extends in mid southern hemisphere about 35o
latitude and other about
30o
latitude in mid northern hemisphere.
III. Sub-Polar Belts of Low Pressure: When cold air strikes with humid air, the
air moves upward. Due to this, sub-polar belts of low press are formed.
IV. Polar Belts of High Pressure: These belts are on both sides in Polar
Regions. Temperature remains below freezing point all the year. So belts of high
pressure are formed which are known as polar belts of high pressure.
Q.NO.2. Explain the types of cyclone.
ANS. The whirlpools formed due to low air pressure are known as cyclone. Types are
as under:
I. Tropical Cyclone: Tropical cyclones are formed on oceans. These are mostly
formed between 8-15 degrees latitude in North and South of equator.

10. II. Temperature Cyclone: Temperature cyclone flows from north to south in 40-
70 degree latitude. They occasionally cover large area. They blow among
western winds.
III. Tornadoes: Tornado is a small cyclone whose central part consists of a small
area. In this central part, winds flow very fast.
Q.NO.3. Explain the difference between temperature and air pressure.
ANS. The temperature and air pressure are related. The areas where air pressure is
low have high temperature and vice versa. Air spreads and becomes light on heating.
Air pressure descends when air becomes light in weight. On the other hand, when air is
cooled it contracts and becomes heavy. Air pressure increases when air becomes
heavy.
Q.NO.4. Explain the wind system.
ANS. Air always travels from area of high pressure to low pressure along the surface of
earth. Types are explained in the following lines.
I. Permanent Winds: The winds which blow between the belts of air pressure in
the same direction throughout the year are known as permanent winds.
a. Eastern Winds: These winds blow from sub-tropical regions towards
equators.
b. Western Winds: these winds travel from sub-tropical belts of high
pressure to sub-polar belts of low pressure.
c. Polar Winds: Third type winds travel from the polar belts of high pressure
to sub-polar low pressure.
II. Seasonal Winds: the winds which change their direction with season are known
as seasonal winds. In geographical terms, monsoon winds are the winds which
travel from sea to dry area during six months of summer and from dry to sea
during six months of winter.
III. Local Winds: Local winds are specific and limited. Land breeze, sea breeze,
valley breeze and mountain breeze are important local winds.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Define cyclone.
ANS. The whirlpools formed due to low air pressure are known as cyclone.
Q.NO.2. What do you mean by Tornado?
ANS.n Tornado is a small cyclone whose central part consists of a small area.
Q.NO.3. What is meaning of air pressure?
ANS. Air pressure is important for the study of weather and climate. Like every matter,
air has weight. This weight of air is called air pressure.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) A small cyclone is known as:
A Tropical B Tornado C Temperature D typhon
2) The air belts are:
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6

11. 3) Tropical cyclones are originated in:
A Sea B Lakes C Dry area D Mountains
4) In Pakistan, the summer rainfall is due to:
A Intense sun
rays
B Cold winds C Wind storms D Monsoon
winds
5) At some place instead of moving along Earth surface, air moves vertically
upwards. In is known as:
A Density B Heat C Current D Mass
CHAPTER 6: ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY & PRECIPITATION
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Write down detailed note on types of precipitation.
ANS. The fall of water drops on the surface of earth in liquid or solid form is known as
precipitation. Types of it are as follows:
I. Rainfall: when air moves up from the earth surface in the form of water vapors,
the water vapors gather in the form of clouds. These drops get bigger and fall in
the form of rain.
a. Orographic Rainfall: The rain which is because of mountains is known as
orographic rainfall.
b. Conventional Rainfall: The rain due to conventional currents is known as
conventional rainfall.
c. Cyclonic Rainfall: when air travels from the areas of high pressure to the
areas of low pressure then due to the intermingling of hot and cold wind a
cyclone is created. Then it causes rain which is cyclonic rainfall.
II. Snowfall: Sometimes, humid air reaches the point in atmosphere where the
temperature is even below freezing point. They fly in air and eventually fall on the
Earth.
III. Hailing: Air takes the water vapors to such cold areas in atmosphere where
temperature is below freezing point. Here, water vapors freeze and form hail.
IV. Sleet: The combination of rainfall and snow fall is called sleet.
Q.NO.2. Explain the importance of precipitation.
ANS. Importance is given in the following points.
I. Precipitation is the source of fresh water.
II. Water is important component of humans and animals etc.
III. The life of plants is at the verge, if they are not watered.
IV. Survival is impossible with water.
V. Water acts as a backbone in the field of agriculture.
Q.NO.3. Explain the types of clouds.
ANS. Clouds are divided into four types.

12. I. Low Level Clouds: Low level clouds are found about 2000 meters above sea
level.
II. Mid Level Clouds: Mid level clouds are formed at about 2000-3000 meters
above sea level.
III. High Level Clouds: These clouds are formed at 6000meters of sea level.
IV. Vertically Developed Clouds: They tend to expand toward height.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Define precipitation.
ANS. The fall of water drops on the surface of earth in liquid or solid form is known as
precipitation.
Q.NO.2. What is the meaning of Humidity?
ANS. The presence of water in atmosphere is called as humidity.
Q.NO.3. Give reasons for snowfall.
ANS. Sometimes, humid air reaches the point in atmosphere where the temperature is
even below freezing point. They fly in air and eventually fall on the Earth.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) The height of Stratus from the surface of Earth is:
A 1000m B 2000m C 6000m D 12000m
2) The lines joining the points having equal quantity of precipitation are:
A Longitude B Latitude C Isobars D Isohytes
3) Precipitation provides:
A Snow B Clouds C Deserts D Fresh water
reservoir
4) Orographic Rainfall is on:
A Mountains B Rivers C Deserts D Sea
5) The instrument to measure rain is:
A Anemometer B Barometer C Rain guage D galvanometer
CHAPTER 7: AGRICULTURE
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Explain why agriculture is important?
ANS. Cultivation of crops and farming of cattle is called agriculture, or husbandry. Most
of the world population is linked with it directly or indirectly. Agriculture sector provides a
major raw material to industries of the world. Its importance is described with the
following sectors:
I. Source of income
II. Source of food
III. Main source of National Income
IV. Source of Foreign Exchange Earning
V. Supply of Raw Material

13. VI. Maintenance of Balance of Payment
Q.NO.2. Describe different types of agriculture.
ANS. Types of agriculture are as under:
I. Subsistence Agriculture: it is self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus
on growing enough food crops to feed themselves and their families.
II. Intensive Agriculture: in this type of agriculture, better production is obtained
from a small area by using good fertilizers, water and pesticides.
III. Extensive: this type of agriculture is practiced in the countries where agricultural
land is in abundant.
IV. Commercial Agriculture: it is for commercial purpose.
V. Plantation Agriculture: Crops grown on plantation include sugarcane, banana,
coconut etc.
VI. Truck Farming:Perishable fruits and vegetables are brought to the market in
truck, this is truck farming.
VII. Mixed Farming: in this, crop growing and cattle breeding is done
simultaneously.
VIII. Cereal crops: this is done to meet local needs.
Q.NO.3. Describe irrigated agriculture, rain-shed agriculture and mountainous
agriculture.
ANS. Types are as under:
I. Irrigated Agriculture: Cultivation of cropjs by using irrigation system is called
irrigated agriculture.
II. Rain-shed Agriculture: in the areas where underground water is not suitable for
cultivation and canals water cannot reach, agriculture is mainly dependant on
rain water.
III. Mountainous Agriculture: Stepped fields are formed by cutting hill slopes to
cultivate crops.
Q.NO.4. Analyze the distribution of major crops in Pakistan.
ANS. Major Crops of Pakistan:
I. Rice: Rice is an important kharif crop in Pakistan. Hot humid climate, abundant
rains and rich soft soil is best for this.
II. Wheat: wheat is the most important Rabi crop of Pakistan. Leveled soil is
necessary for it so that watering may be easy.
III. Maize: Maize is used for food and animal fodder. It is an important crop of kharif.
IV. Cotton: Pakistan produces 5% of the world’s total cotton. Land with good
drainage facilities is the most suitable for its cultivation.
V. Sugarcane: sugarcane is another cash crop of Pakistan. Dry weather and winter
is unfavorable for this crop,
Q.NO.5. Point out the main agricultural problems in Pakistan.
ANS. Problems of Agriculture in Pakistan:

14. I. Cultivators are in financial troubles.
II. Natural disasters are a source of considerable disturbance for cultivators.
III. A large part of our farmland has turned uncultivable because of salinity.
IV. Poor means of transportation causes production bring to market.
V. Our irrigation resources are insufficient.
Q.NO.6.Describe the problems of means of irrigation.
ANS. Problems of Means of Irrigation:
I. A great amount of water is absorbed because of unpaved watercourses.
II. No arrangement of storing water
III. Because of silt in unpaved watercourses and delay is silt clearing, water cannot
reach the tail ends.
IV. Level of underground water is dropping down.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. What is meant by agriculture?
ANS. Cultivation of crops and farming of cattle is called agriculture, or husbandry.
Q.NO.2. Describe Karez and spring.
ANS. Underground watercourses are dug which are called Karez. Spring is natural
source where water flows to the surface of the earth from underground.
Q.NO.3. Name important crops of Pakistan.
ANS. Cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize are important crops of Pakistan.
Q.NO.4. List means of irrigation.
ANS. List of Means of Irrigation:
I. Spring
II. Wells
III. Karez
IV. Tube well
V. Canals
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) Pakistan produces percent of total world cotton:
A 2% B 3% C 4% D 5%
2) Which crop is used for food and animal fodder purposes?
A Wheat B Maize C Tobacco D Cotton
3) Crops are grown in stepped fields in:
A Plains B Mountain
slopes
C Desert area D Coastal area
4) In which province of Pakistan Karez are used for irrigation?
A KPK B Sindh C Punjab D Balochistan
5) A natural source from which water flows to the surface of the Earth from
underground is called?
A Tube-well B Karez C Spring D Well

15. CHAPTER 8: MINING AND POWER
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Mention ten minerals and their use, also point out where the reserves of
those minerals are located.
ANS.
I. OIL: Mineral oil and its products have gained dominating economic importance.
They found in Dhallian, Khor, Balksar in Pakistan.
II. Natural Gas: is a cheap source of energy. It is found in Sibbi, Baluchistan, Uch,
Zan, Khairpur.
III. Copper: Copper is used for electricity. Reserves of copper are found in
Balochistan.
IV. Coal: Coal is used for thermal power production. It is found in Khost, Sharag,
Digari, Sherin, Aab.
V. Iron Ore: its reserves are in Kalabagh, Domal, Nisar, Langrial.
VI. Rock Salt: it is used in chemical industry. It is found in Khewra, Kalabagh,
Warcha.
VII. Chromite: It is used in steel mill. It is found in 25 places in Pakistan.
VIII. Gypsum: it is used as a raw material in phosphate fertilizer. It is found in
Daudkhel, Qadirabad, Rohri and Kohat.
IX. Lime Stone: it is used in glass, soap, steel and bleeching powder. It is found in
Daudkhel, Wah,Rohri, Hyderabad, Sibbi.
X. Marble: it is used for surfacing floors etc. it is found in Chagi, Hazara, Gilgit.
Q.NO.2. Point out necessary conditions for mining.
ANS. To get an access to mineral treasures and mining industry, it is necessary to get
the services of mining experts. Miner should be well trained and best means of transport
should be available to send these mineral to industries. Modern machinery is also
needed. Moreover, financial resources are also needed.
Q.NO.3. Explain the role of minerals and power in the economy of a country.
ANS. In present industrial age, minerals have an essential role in the industrial and
economic development of a country. They are important for economic development and
affluent society. What is important is to take full advantage of them to steer the national
economy towards opulence.
Q.NO.4. Describe the different types of mining.
ANS. Types of Mining:
I. Hand-Panning Mining: Sometimes, precious metal deposits like gold etc are
found in alluvial deposits. When deposits are dried up, they are collected in a
pan.
II. Shaft Tunnel Mining: It is a method of extracting mineral from great depth.
III. Adit Tunnel Mining: In this method, horizontal passages or tunnels are dug
between slops in hilly areas.

16. IV. Open Pit Mining: This method is used for minerals which are found near the
surface of earth.
V. Drilling Mining: this is a method of extracting the minerals from deeper layers by
drilling a hole.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Write the names of five non-metal minerals.
ANS. 1) Iron Ore, 2) Rock Salt, 3) Gypsum, 4) Marble, 5) Chromite
Q.NO.2. How wind-electricity is generated?
ANS. Use of wind for power generation is called wind electric power. Windmill consists
of three or four blade fans fixed on high poles, these fans are called turbines. Wind
moves these fans and their energy is converted to electric power.
Q.NO.3. Define mining.
ANS. Extraction of valuable minerals and other materials from the earth is called
mining.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) First atomic plant of Pakistan was installed at:
A Chashma B Lahore C Islamabad D Karachi
2) Reserves of which mineral in Pakistan are approximately more than 185
million ton?
A Coal B Salt C Gypsum D iron
3) Extraction of valuable minerals and other materials from the earth is called?
A Mining B Earth crust C Agriculture D Geography
4) Biggest natural gas reserves in Pakistan are located in the province of?
A KPK B Sindh C Balochistan D Punjab
5) In Pakistan, oil and gas development corporation limited was established in:
A 1965 B 1971 C 1973 D 1975
CHAPTER 9: INDUSTRY
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Describe the factors for locating an industry.
ANS. Industry is a place where investors provide different raw materials and natural
resources to produce different items. To promote the industry of a country man power
and capital is required. Moreover, following factors also affect it.
I. Raw material
II. Manpower
III. Capital
IV. Energy
V. Means of Transportation and Communication
VI. Market
VII. Government policies

17. Q.NO.2. Describe the textiles, sugar, cement and automobile industries of
Pakistan.
ANS. Different Industries:
I. Textile Industry: Textile industry is playing most important role in the economy
of Pakistan. This is the largest industry of Pakistan. This industry has big share in
Pakistan’s exports.
II. Sugar Industry: at the time of independence, Pakistan had two sugar mills. Now
its number has increased to 79.
III. Cement Industry: Limestone and gypsum are necessary for cement industry.
Reserves of these raw materials are abundant in Pakistan.
IV. Automobile Industry: In this sector may big units are engaged in the production
of vehicles.
Q.NO.3. Point out the problems of industry.
ANS. Problems are as under:
I. Cost of production is too high in Pakistan.
II. Because of low income levels in Pakistan, savings are too low. Resultantly,
adequate capital is not available which is essential for any industry.
III. Shortage of skilled labour in our country is a problem.
IV. Export based industry is less profitable now.
V. Shortage of electricity.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Define industry.
ANS. Industry is a place where investor provides different raw material and natural
resources to produce different items.
Q.NO.2. Name five heavy industries.
ANS. 1)Textile, 2) Sugar, 3) Cement, 4) Automobile, 5) Electrical Goods
Q.NO.3. Name ten cottage industries of Pakistan.
ANS. 1) furniture, 2) dairy, 3) farming. 4) honey, 5) carpet, 6) sports, 7) printing, 8)
marble articles, 9) chemical, 10) shoe making
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) At the time of independence, there were sugar mills in Pakistan.
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5
2) Which industry has the biggest share in Pakistan’s exports.
A Automobiles B Sugar C Textile D Cement
3) Important centre of textiles in Pakistan are:
A Lahore B Faisalabad C Islamabad D Peshawar
4) Which is necessary for cement industry?
A Chromite
and Sulphur
B Fireclay and
Iron
C Limestone
and
Gypsum
D Rock Salt and
China Clay

18. 5) According to 2011-12 statistics, total number of sugar mills in Pakistan has
increased to:
A 85 B 79 C 99 D 108
CHAPTER 10: TRADE
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Describe the major factors that affect international trade.
ANS. Factors which affect international trade:
I. Markets: Every country is always in search of new markets to sell its goods and
earn foreign exchange.
II. Means of Transportation: Dependable and fast means of transportation are
essential for international trade.
III. Population: Population is also one of the factors which influence international
trade. A country having low population can export more and more.
IV. Quota System and Government Policies: Quota system is imposed to balance
the trade which affect trade.
Q.NO.2. Describe the major exports of Pakistan.
ANS. Major Exports of Pakistan:
I. Cotton: Cotton is the backbone of Pakistani economy. a considerable part of
foreign exchange is earned through it.
II. Rice: Second biggest export item is rice which is causing a continuous increase
in foreign exchange.
III. Cotton Yarn and Cotton Cloth: this is another important export item of
Pakistan.
IV. Carpets: Pakistani carpets are most favorite because of their high quality texture
and designs.
V. Leather products: Leather and its products from Pakistan are rapidly gaining
worldwide demand.
Q.NO.3. Describe the major imports of Pakistan.
ANS.Major Imports of Pakisan:
I. Petroleum and its Products: Production of petroleum in Pakistan is not
sufficient, so Pakistan is to spend a large amount on its imports.
II. Machinery and Raw Material: Pakistan is forced to import machinery and raw
material for the development of different industrial sectors.
III. Iron, Steel and Its Products: Pakistan is endowed with vast reserves of iron.
Although, Karachi steel mill is working, it is unable to meet the needs. So,
Pakistan has to import iron, steel and its products.
IV. Chemical Fertilizers: Pakistan is an agricultural country. Chemical fertilizers
play an important role in it. To meet the needs, Pakistan has to import most of
the fertilizers.

19. SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. What is meant by domestic and international trade?
ANS. Exchange of goods and services within the boundaries of a country is called
domestic trade, while across boundaries is called international trade.
Q.NO.2. Write the name of three major imports and exports of Pakistan.
ANS. 1) Iron, steel and its products, 2) Petroleum and its Products, 3) Chemical
Fertilizers
Q.NO.3. Define balance trade.
ANS. It means imports and exports are equalized.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) Reason of trade between different countries is:
A Location of
industries
B Increase and
decrease of
resources
C Economic
development
D Production
enhancement
2) The exchange of capital, goods and services across international borders is
called:
A International
trade
B Balanced
payment
C Balance of
trade
D Domestic
trade
3) Import of which item is high in Pakistan:
A Paper B Paint C Petroleum D Silk
4) Pakistan imports most of tea from Bangladesh and:
A UK B Iran C USA D Sri Lanka
5) Which crop is the backbone of Pakistani economy?
A Wheat B Cotton C Sugarcane D Rice
CHAPTER 11:TRANSPORTATION
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Why advanced means of transportation are necessary for a country?
ANS. Means of transportation play an important role in the development of a country.
Inexpensive and fast means are must for the development of a country. Since ancient
time man has adopted different modes of transportation like horses, camels, ponies,
oxen and elephants etc. means are evolving gradually. Now there are very fast means
available throughout the world. Prosperity and development of a country depends upon
fast and advanced means of transportation.
Q.NO.2. Explain the means of transportation in Pakistan.
ANS. Means of Transportation in Pakistan:
I. Road: there is a network of roads in the country which connects fat flung areas.
Road transportation in Pakistan is cheaper and more popular. In rural areas
motorbikes, carts, tongas etc whereas in urban areas buses, trucks, wagons etc
are used greatly.

20. II. Railways: Headquarters of Pakistan Railways is located in Lahore. Railways is a
fast and most important means of transportation in Pakistan. It is very helpful in
conveying people and goods from one place to another.
III. Air Routes: in 1955, Pakistan International Airlines was established to provide
safer and standard travelling facility to the people. Now it is operating
international flights.
IV. Water Routes: Water routes are most ancient means of transportation. Many
merchants and travelers adopt these routes. They are used to transport
merchandize to other countries. Many countries have been discovered through
this.
Q.NO.3. Describe the importance of means of transportation.
ANS. Means of transportation play an important role in the development of a country.
Inexpensive and fast means are must for the development of a country. Since ancient
time man has adopted different modes of transportation like horses, camels, ponies,
oxen and elephants etc. means are evolving gradually. Now there are very fast means
available throughout the world. Prosperity and development of a country depends upon
fast and advanced means of transportation.
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.NO.1. Write down the names of means of transportation.
ANS. 1)Road, 2)Railways, 3)Air plane, 4) Ship
Q.NO.2. List down the important highways of Pakistan.
ANS.1)GT Road, 2)Indus Highways, 3)Super Highway, 4) Coastal Highway, 5) Silk
Road
Q.NO.3. Describe the commercial importance of port in three lines.
ANS. Water routes are most ancient means of transportation. Many merchants and
travelers adopt these routes. They are used to transport merchandize to other countries.
Many countries have been discovered through this.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1) Mughalpura railway workshop is located in:
A Islamabad B Multan C Karachi D Lahore
2) M2 motorway connects Islamabad with:
A Lahore B Faisalabad C Kalat D Quetta
3) Fastest means of transportation is:
A Bus B Air plane C Railway D Car
4) Silk Road connects Pakistan with:
A China B India C Iran D Afghanistan
5) Pakistan International Airlines was established in:
A 1955 B 1965 C 1975 D 1985