PPT - Tsunami Vs. Storm Surge

Tsunami Vs.
Storm Surge
Group Exodus
Members:
1.Benj P. Almojuela
2.Angelo A. Asoy
3.Jaymz Rainiel C. Bacho

12/9/2013

PPT - Tsunami Vs. Storm Surge

2

Preface
Dear Readers,
This power point presentation has been designed how to
learn what to do when you are hit by this disaster.
In this power point presentation you will find the the
disaster that struck the world. In this power point you’ll find
the study, history and the plan how to do if you are hit by this
disaster.
This power point contains the study, history and
circumstances happens in earth in the past years until now.

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Introduction
Greetings On Readers,

The purpose of my presentation is to introduce the
importance of preparedness in case of severe accidents
impacting your area and what would make when it hits your
area. and you still see the 2 types of movement of water and
how they occur more why they are moving and how strong is
it when you hit the ground. The two types is Tunami and
Storm Surge and you will see the meaning and difference of
two movement of water.
The one you will see in this presentation are examples
only. It took only internet.
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Table of Contents
Page
•

•
•
•
•
•

Chapter 1
History & Background of
Tsunami and Storm Surge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6-13
Chapter 2
Tsunami - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 - 41
Storm Surge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42 - 70
Chapter 3
Similarities and Difference Between
Tsunami and Storm Surge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 71 – 84
Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85
References - - - - - - - - - - PPT --Tsunami-Vs. Storm-Surge - - - - - - 86 - 87
-- -- --- -12/9/2013

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CHAPTER 1 – History and background
of Tsunami and Storm Surge

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CHAPTER 1

HISTORY OF TSUNAMI
The word tsunami comes from the Japanese language. In that language the word
means harbor wave. Long ago, Japanese fishermen created the word tsunami. They would
return from the sea to find that their villages had been destroyed by large waves. They had
not been aware of waves large enough to wash away a village while at sea. The waves had
traveled through the sea until they reached a point near the land and the water became
shallower. The shallow water had caused the wave to be pushed to the surface. In the open
water of the ocean, this type of wave could not be detected.
These destructive waves are sometimes mistakenly called tidal waves. As the waves
approach the land without warning, they can look like a particularly violent tide rushing to
the shore. But these waves really have nothing to do with the tide. Scientists don't like to
hear people call tsunamis "tidal waves" because of this wrong idea.
The "normal" waves that you can see crashing onto the shore are caused by the action
of wind on the ocean. Tsunamis are many times caused by an earthquake. Earthquakes are
caused when pieces of the earth's crust shift. Energy released by the earthquake causes the
water in the ocean to be displaced or moved. You can see this kind of action for yourself. If
you bring your hands quickly together underwater in a pool or bathtub, you will see the
water above your hands start to form a wave. It has been displaced. The same thing will
happen if someone cannonballs into a pool of water. The water will splash out over the
sides of the pool. It has been displaced. Tsunamis can also be caused by landslides where
large chunks of land suddenly slide into the sea. A meteor landing in the ocean can cause
tsunamis, too.

Recent tsunami
Date
Cause
Height Location
1883 Volcanic eruption
35 m
1896 Earthquake
29 m
1933 Earthquake
30 m
1946 Earthquake
15 m
1960 Earthquake
10 m
1964 Earthquake
6m
1992 Earthquake
26 m
1992 Earthquake
26 m
1993 Earthquake
31 m
1994 Earthquake
14 m
1998 Landslide
15 m
2004 Earthquake
30 m
2010 Earthquake
10 m
2011 Earthquake
51.51
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Country
Deaths
Indonesia - - - - - 36,000
Japan - - - - - - - 27,000
Japan - - - - - - - 3,000
Alaska - - - - - - - 175
Chile - - - - - - - - 1,250
Alaska - - - - - - - 125
Nicaragua - - - - - 170
Indonesia - - - - - - 1,000
Japan - - - - - - - - - 239
Indonesia - - - - - 238
Papua - - - - - - - - 2,200
Sumatra - - - - - 245,000
Chile - - - - - - - - 214+
Japan - - - - - - - 15,883
88

HISTORY OF STORM SURGE
This article is about the meteorological terminology. For the fictional
character, see Storm Surge (Transformers).
A storm surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low
pressure weather system, typically tropical cyclones and strong extratropical
cyclones. Storm surges are caused primarily by high winds pushing on
the ocean's surface. The wind causes the water to pile up higher than the
ordinary sea level. Low pressure at the center of a weather system also has a
small secondary effect, as can the bathymetry of the body of water. It is this
combined effect of low pressure and persistent wind over a shallow water
body which is the most common cause of storm surge flooding problems. The
term "storm surge" in casual (non-scientific) use is storm tide; that is, it refers
to the rise of water associated with the storm, plus tide, wave run-up, and
freshwater flooding. "Tidal surge" is incorrect since there is no such thing.
When referring to storm surge height, it is important to clarify the usage, as
well as the reference point. The U.S. National Hurricane Center defines storm
surge as water height above predicted astronomical tide level, and storm tide
as water height above NGVD-29, a 1929 benchmark of mean sea level. Most
casualties during a tropical cyclone occur during the storm surge.
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In areas where there is a significant difference between low tide and high tide, storm surges are
particularly damaging when they occur at the time of a high tide. In these cases, this increases
the difficulty of predicting the magnitude of a storm surge since it requires weather forecasts to
be accurate to within a few hours. Storm surges can be produced by extratropical cyclones,
such as the Night of the Big Wind of 1839 and the Storm of the Century (1993), but the most
extreme storm surge events typically occur as a result of tropical cyclones. Factors that
determine the surge heights for landfalling tropical cyclones include the speed, intensity, size
of the radius of maximum winds (RMW), radius of the wind fields, angle of the track relative
to the coastline, the physical characteristics of the coastline and the bathymetry of the water
offshore. The SLOSH(Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) model is used to
simulate surge from tropical cyclones. Additionally, there is an extratropical storm surge model
that is used to predict those effects.
The Galveston Hurricane of 1900, a Category 4 hurricane that struck Galveston, Texas, drove a
devastating surge ashore—between 6,000 and 12,000 lives were lost, making it the
deadliest natural disaster ever to strike the United States. The deadliest storm surge caused by a
tropical cyclone in the twenty-first century is from Cyclone Nargis which killed more than
138,000 people in Myanmar in May 2008. The next deadliest this century is from Typhoon
Haiyan in 2013. Haiyan (Yolanda) killed more than 3,600 people in the central Philippines and
resulted in economic losses estimated at $14 billion (USD).
Extreme storm surges may occur more often due to the effects of global warming. For
example, the Marshall Islands are threatened by the potential effects of storm surges as well
as sea level rise. A U.S. Geological Survey study found that the Midway Atoll, Laysan,
and Pacific islands like them could become inundated and unfit to live on during this century.
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Date
1933
1935
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1945
1947
1948
1949
1954
1954
1955
1956
1957
1959
1960
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1961

RECENT STORM SURGE IN AMERICA
Height location
Country
6-10 feet
Washngton DC
18-20 feet
South Florida
9.3 feet
N.Carolina
19-20 feet
New England
10.7 feet
Georgia N/S.Carolina
14.7 feet
Texas
12.28 feet
Florida-Cuba
15 feet
Texas
16 feet
Mississippi GC/New Orleans
12 feet
Florida/Georgia/S.Carolina
11.4 feet
Texas
10-15 feet
Long Island New York
17 feet
N/S.Carolina
5-8 feet
N.Carolina-Morehead City
7.4 feet
Mississippi/New Orleans
12 feet
Texas-Louisiana Border
10 feet
South Carolina
15-20 feet
Florida Keys
18.5 feet PPT - Tsunami Vs. Storm Surge
Port o’Connor ,TX

Deaths
18
423
1
564
50
8
18
3
51
1
2
60
95
25
15
416
10
50
11
46

1964
1964
1965
1966
1969
1970
1972
1979
1980
1983
1985
1985
1989
1991
1992
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
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1996

10-12 feet
NorthernEast Florida
10 feet
Central Louisiana Coast
10-12 feet
Southern Florida
10 feet
Cuba-Florida Keys
15-32 feet
Bay St.Louis,MS
11.4 feet
Corpus Christi, Texas
6-7 feet
Cape San Blas Florida
8-12 feet
Dauphin Island , AL
15-20 feet
Brownsville, TX
10-12 feet
Continental US-S.Texas
10 feet
Biloxi, MS
4-8 feet
Morgan City, LA
13-20 feet
N/S.Carolina
8-17 feet
Rhode Island
16.9 feet
Florida
30 feet
Hawaii
10.2 feet
N.Carolina
3-5 feet
Florida
5-14 feet
Pensacola Beach, FL
5-6 feet
Wilmington, NC
PPT
8-12 feet - Tsunami Vs. Storm Surge
N.Carolina Coast

1
38
81
6
256
13
122
11
2
21
4
12
21
2
26
7
3
30
9
12
12
26

1996
1998
1998
1998
1998
1999
2000
2002
2002
2002
2003
2003
2004
2004
2005
2008
2010
2011
2012
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6-9 feet
5-8 feet
3-8 feet
6-8 feet
5-12 feet
3-5 feet
9-10 feet
5-6 feet
8.3 feet
10-12 feet
6-9 feet
6-10 feet
6 feet
6-7 feet
24-28 feet
15-20 feet
19 feet
8-11 feet
4-6 feet

Georgia
0
Wilmington, NC
3
Panama City
3
Corpus Christi, TX
1
Key West, FL-Biloxi, MS
602
N.Carolina-Florida
4
Cape Fear, NC
56
N.Carolina
1
Cuba
4
Louisiana Coast
0
Texas
1
N.Carolina-E.Central Virginia
16
N.Caolina
1
S,E.Florida
10
Buras, LA-New Orleans-Mississippi 1500
Galveston-Bolivar
20
Canada
5
Cape,Lookout, NC-New England
41
Louisiana
3


13

CHAPTER 2 – Tsunami and Storm Surge
Information

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TSUNAMI
A view from the beach in Thailand

Tsunami produced by earthquake
displacement of ocean floor.

Important points:
In deep ocean, tsunami has
small amplitude and travels
with speed of jet airliner.
When approaching land, speed
slows and amplitude
increases dramatically.

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Properties of
ocean waves & tsunami.
Periods
Lengths
Wind-blown
short: 5 seconds
39 meters (130 ft)
Ocean waves medium: 10 seconds 156 meters (510 ft)
long: 20 seconds 624 meters (2050 ft)
Tsunami superlong: 3600 seconds >800 kilometers
(60 minutes)
(520 miles)
LONG period:
Wind waves wash on shore for < 5 seconds. Tsunami can wash on
shore for 10 - 15 minutes!

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Lithospheric plates

What type(s) of plate tectonic boundaries are capable of producing
tsunami?
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Convergent Plate Boundaries

Ocean /Ocean convergence

(Marianas)

Ocean /Continent convergence (Cascades)

Tsunami are often generated by large and shallow earthquakes at subduction zones
where oceanic plates descend into the deeper mantle. These types of earthquakes
can produce the rapid displacements of the ocean floor that generate tsunamis.

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Lithospheric plates

Tooth pattern shows the convergent plate boundaries. Notice that convergent
plate boundaries form a large portion of the Pacific Ocean perimeter.
The Java Trench is the only area of the Indian Ocean capable of producing
tsunami.
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The generation of a tsunami by storage and release of
elastic energy at a subduction zone.

Between earthquakes, rocks near fault bend and store elastic energy. During
earthquake, that energy is rapidly released.
The displacement of the seafloor produces a mound of water that spreads out into
the tsunami.

Lithospheric plates

Now examine the plate tectonic boundary at the Java Trench in
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PPT
the eastern Indian Ocean. - Tsunami Vs. Storm Surge

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December 26, 2004
M 9.1 Main shock and
aftershocks
Largest earthquake since
1964. Fourth largest
earthquake since 1900.
~1200 km of the plate boundary
moved; maximum displacement
~ 20 m

Banda Aceh, Sumatra
Satellite Images Indicate Land Subsidence

Before
After
Some areas that were above sea level on December 25 dropped below sea level on
December 26.
This also happened along the Washington - Oregon coast during the 1700 AD great
Cascadia earthquake.

Surface waves circling the Earth

Paths of surface waves

March 28, 2005 M 8.7 Main shock and aftershocks

7th largest earthquake since 1900! NOT an aftershock. Main shock was
outside zone of aftershocks of Dec 26 earthquake. Probably the result of stress
changes following 26 December earthquake.

March 28 Event Recorded by UPOR

Event occurred at 16:09 UT.
First waves at UP ~16:31 UT.

Sumatra earthquakes FAQs

Question: What other great (M > 8) earthquakes
have occurred in the region?
Answer: From Southern Sumatra to the Andaman Islands
1. 1797 Magnitude 8.4
AND March 28, 2005 Magnitude 8.7

Question: What other significant tsunami have occurred in the region?

Answer:
1. 1833 South coast of western
Sumatra. Southern part of the
western Sumatra flooded.
2. 1843 West of central Sumatra.
Wave from the south-east
flooded coast of the Nias Island.
3. 1861 Strong earthquake
affected western Sumatra.
Several thousand fatalities.
4. 1883 Krakatau eruption
36,000 fatalities.

2004
1843
1861

1833

Tsunami travel time (hours; simulation)

NOAA

Animation of Dec 26,2004 tsunami

NOAA

Largest earthquakes, 1900 - 2004

Sumatra 12/26/04 is 4th largest; Sumatra 3/28/05 is 7th.
9 of the 13 largest earthquakes since 1900 around the perimeter of the
Pacific Ocean.

Pacific tsunami travel times

Travel times are predictable and provide time for warnings, except near the
earthquake. Amplitudes are not predictable but are now measurable by
Pacific tsunami warning system.
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Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART)
Pacific Tsunami Warning System

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Great Cascadia earthquake of 1700 AD

Drowned Sitka spruce at
Young’s Bay near Astoria.

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1700 AD tsunami sand.


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Compare Sumatra EQ to
Cascadia Subduction Zone
A great earthquake on the Cascadia
Subduction Zone would be
frighteningly similar to the Sumatra
earthquake!
Resulting tsunami would also be
comparable!

See notes below for
“Killer Wave”
Video of
Cascadia - Puget Sound
tsunami evidence.

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Cascadia tsunami animation.

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Time between earthquake and tsunami along Pacific NW coast?

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Seaside Tsunami Evacuation Plan
Note the scale.

Difficulties:
Bays
Rivers
Bridges

Public education required is VERY challenging.
Let’s develop evacuation plans from three perspectives:
Mayor; Police Chief; Hotel owner.
Include a quantitative analysis in your plan.

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STORM SURGE

Hurricane Storm Surge Modeling

Now this is the storm surge compilation of the
storm surge events happen in earth long time
and current time and how to avoid storm
surge.

Objectives
• Define the characteristics of a hurricane and
the hazards associated with a hurricane storm
surge.
• Explain the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
• Clarify the uses, capabilities, limitations and
outputs of the SLOSH Storm Surge Modeling
Program

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A Hurricane
• Is a tropical cyclone
• Originates over warm tropical waters
• Has sustained winds of at least 74 mph (64
knots) or greater for a duration of six to eight
hours.
• Occurs in the Northern Hemisphere

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Major U.S. Landfalling Hurricanes
1899 - 2000
• Areas in the U. S. vulnerable to
hurricanes include the Atlantic and
Gulf coasts from Texas to Maine,
the territories in the Caribbean, and
tropical areas of the western
Pacific, including Hawaii, Guam,
American Samoa, and Saipan.

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Factors Impacting Storm Surge
• Meteorological
Parameters
–
–
–
–
–

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• Physical characteristics
of the basin

Intensity of storm
Atmospheric pressure
Tract of storm
Forward speed
Radius of maximum
winds

–
–
–
–

Slope of coast
Roughness of coast
Coastline
Natural or man made
barriers


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Meteorological Parameters
• The intensity of the hurricane is measured by the
central barometric pressure and maximum surface
winds at the center of the storm.
• Storm surge begins to build while the hurricane is still
far out at sea over deep water.
• The low pressure near the center of the storm causes
the water to rise.
• The storm size or radius of maximum winds can vary
from as little as 4 miles to over 50.
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Characteristics of the Basin
• A shallow slope off the
coast shown in the
Figure below will allow a
greater surge to inundate
coastal communities.
• As the water depth
decreases closer to the
shore, the excess water
is not able to dissipate.
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Hurricane Uncertainty
• Uncertainty about how intense the storm will
be when it makes landfall
• Uncertainty associated with the hurricane
storm tract.

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Saffir-Simpson Damage Potential Scale
Category 1

Winds 74-95 mph Surge 1.2-1.6 meters

Category 2


Category 3


Category 4


Category 5

Winds > than 155 mph Surge > 5.5 meters

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SLOSH (Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes)
• One of the sophisticated mathematical models used by
NHC to calculate potential surge heights from hurricanes;
• Used by NHC for determining storm surge warnings and
hurricane evacuation
• Used by NHC all over the eastern seaboard of the U.S
• Represents a tropical cyclone and its environment and
forecasts the future motion and intensity of a cyclone.

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SLOSH Model
• Simulates inland flooding from storm surge
• The model permits the overtopping of barriers and flow
through barrier gaps.
• The results from a SLOSH flooding and hazards analysis
can help estimate the extent and timing of an evacuation
(Allenstein 1985).
• SLOSH is not a prediction model rather, SLOSH requires
that specific hurricane boundary conditions be externally
provided to the model (Allenstein 1985).

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SLOSH helps in Decision-making
• What is the nature of the approaching natural
threat?
• Who is at risk and to what extent?
• Where should these people go for safety?
• How much time is there to evacuate?

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SLOSH Model Requirements
• A hurricane track,
• Central sea level pressure, and
• Radius of maximum wind into a distribution of sea
surface wind stress and pressure forces.

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NHC Models
• Statistical Models: forecast the future by using current
information about the hurricane and comparing it to historical
knowledge about the behavior of similar tropical cyclones

• Dynamical Models: use the results of global atmospheric
model forecasts, taking current wind, temperature, pressure and
humidity observations to make forecasts of the actual atmosphere in
which the cyclone exists.

• Combination Models: incorporate numerically forecast data
into a statistical prediction framework

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Uses of SLOSH
• Real time forecasting of surges from actual hurricanes
within selected Gulf and Atlantic coastal basins
– Furnishes surge heights for open coast,
– Computes the routing of storm surge into bays, estuaries, or coastal river
basins as well as calculating surge heights for over land locations

• Evacuation planning
– Flood areas are determined by combining peak model surge values using
input parameters from 200 to 300 hypothetical hurricanes
– SLOSH is able to estimate the overland tidal surge heights and winds that
result from hypothetical hurricanes
– Model tidal surge outputs are applied to a specific locale's shoreline

• SLOSH model is also designed for use in an operational
mode
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Use of SLOSH with Hurricane Evacuation
Study

• If a local jurisdiction has a
Hurricane Evacuation Study
(which combines SLOSH model
results with traffic flow
information), the jurisdiction
does not need information about
storm surge heights in a real
hurricane situation.
• Local officials only need to know
the forecast of the storm's
intensity (Cat 1 etc.) at landfall
and the tide at that time to be
able to make an appropriate
evacuation decision.
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SLOSH Data Requirements
• Storm positions
• The lowest atmospheric sea level
pressure in the eye of the hurricane
• The storm size measured from the center
to the region of maximum winds
• Initial height of the water surface
– Tidal fluctuations (low or high tide) immediately
prior to landfall have not been accounted for in
SLOSH

• Characteristics of the basin
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SLOHS Outputs
• A grid representing a natural
basin or large geographical
area
– Surface envelope of the
highest surges for each cell in
the grid
– Time histories of surges at
selected grid points
– Computes wind speeds at
selected grid points;
– determines wind directions at
selected grid points

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• Graphical output from the SLOSH model displays colorcoded storm surge heights for a particular area in feet.
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Potential Peak Surges for a Regional Hurricane Study

• The highest surge is
called the maximum
envelope of water
(MEOW).
– These peak surges or the
highest surge (for each of
the modeled storms in a
study) reached at all
locations within an area
are included in the
MEOW.
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Limitations of the MEOW
• The MEOW does not predict the limits of inundation from a single
storm
• Delineates the areas that are threatened by storm surge from all
hurricane scenarios modeled in the study.
• The multiple storms included in a MEOW do not necessarily occur at
the same time.
• The maximum surge for one location may differ by several hours
from another location.
• The MEOW does not represent a ―snapshot‖ of the storm surge at a
given instant of time.
• It represents the highest water level at each grid cell during a
hurricane irrespective of the actual time of occurrence.
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SLOSH Model Accuracy
• The SLOSH model is generally accurate within plus or
minus 20 percent.
– For example, if the model calculates a peak 10 foot storm surge
for the event, you can expect the observed peak to range from 8
to 12 feet.

• To account for inaccuracies in forecasting the behavior of
approaching hurricanes, the National Hurricane Center
recommends that public officials faced with an eminent
evacuation prepare for the evacuation as if the approaching
hurricane will intensify one category above the strength
forecast for landfall (Mercado 1994).
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Model Limitations and Use
• SLOSH accounts for astronomical tides
• SLOSH does not account for rainfall amounts, riverflow, or wind-driven waves. This information is however,
combined with the model results in the final analysis of
at-risk-areas.
• The point of a hurricane's landfall is crucial to
determining which areas will be inundated by the storm
surge. Where the hurricane forecast track is inaccurate,
SLOSH model results will be inaccurate.
• The SLOSH model, therefore, is best used for defining
the potential maximum surge for a location.
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Slosh Calibration and Verification
• Verification is performed in a ―hind-cast‖ mode, using the real-time
operational model code and storm parameters and an initial
observed sea surface height.
• The computed surge heights are compared with those measured
from historical storms.
• The computed surge heights are compared with those measured
from historic storms.
• Adjustments are not made to force agreement between computed
and measured surge heights from historical storms.
• When necessary, further analysis and subjective decisions are
employed to amend the track or other parameters of the historic
storms used in the verification process.

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Calibration and Verification (continued)
• Ideally there would be a large number of actual
storm events with well documented meteorology
and storm surge histories.
• Hurricanes are rare for any given region.
• It is even rarer to find adequate, reliable
measurement of storm surge elevations.

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Radius of LANDFALL
Maximum Winds
9 nm

Secondary
Wind Maximum
52 nm

SOLOSH Modeling Verification: Hurricane Lili September
4, 2002, Brian Jarvinen, National Weather Service, Interdepartmental
Hurricane Conference March 1-5, 2000 Charleston, SC
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SLOSH STORM
TIDE PROFILE

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TIDE GAGE
HIGH WATER MARK

68

DAUPHIN ISLAND

BILOXI

GULFPORT

WAVELAND

RIGOLETES

GRAND ISLE
INDUSTRIAL CANAL
BAYOU BIENVENUE
BAYOU DUPRE

GOLDEN MEADOW

COCODRIE

ATCHAFALAYA BAY

WAX LAKE OUTLET

BURNS POINT

CYPREMORT PT.

INTRA COASTAL CITY

PECAN ISLAND

SLOSH Model Verification Conclusions
• The values or functions for the coefficients within
the SLOSH model are generalized to serve for
modeling all storms within all basins and are set
empirically through comparisons of computed and
observed meteorological and surge height data
from numerous historical hurricanes.

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Possible Sources of Error in SLOSH
Noise in surge observations often exceeding = or – 20%.
The bathymetry given to SLOSH is not accurate.
The topography given to SLOSH is not accurate.
Errors in the initial water height.
Wind wave effects, astronomical tidal effects, storm rainfall,
and riverine flooding.
• Noise in observed meteorological parameters or the storm
track which is a source of error.
•
•
•
•
•

Mercado (1994). On the use of NOAA's storm surge model, SLOSH, in managing coastal hazards - the
experience in Puerto Rico. Natural Hazards.

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CHAPTER 3

Similarities and difference between Tsunami and
Storm Surge

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Conclusion
Now, to sum up my presentation the main points of my presentation is about
Tsunami Vs. Storm Surge. The difference between Tsunami and Storm Surge is big
because Tsunami is very destructive wave of water that afffects big cities and/or in
some case it affects some country and tsunami is very big wave of water it can destroy
Houses, buildings, parks etc. while storm surge is also a wave of water but storm surge
is only affect short distance and height but it can destroy houses near Seas and/or Lake.
But don’t worry because this abnormal wave of water is not happens fast for
example a tsunami is not easy to create is only created by earhtquakes in water, volcanic
eruption or sometimes if theres a meteor trike in water.
For Storm Surge it only happens if a storm is in the Water. Storm Surge is created
by storm because the wind pulls the water and creates big waves of water.
In conclusion, my recommendations are : your mind should be active in calamities
you have to be ready if theres any calamities written in this conlusion.

Many thanks for your attention.

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