Manufacturing Technologies bibliography.for presentations.
Fabrikazio Teknologien aurkezpenetan erabilitako bibliografia.
Bibliografía empleada en las presentaciones de Tecnologías de Fabricación.
Manufacturing Technologies bibliography.for presentations.
Fabrikazio Teknologien aurkezpenetan erabilitako bibliografia.
Bibliografía empleada en las presentaciones de Tecnologías de Fabricación.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PLASTIC PARTS FROM PROTOTYPING TO FULL PRODUCTION
FROM PROTOTYPING
The specific characteristic of this service is the continuity of the NC chain, including inspection
Receipt of digital files (“native” or interfaced).
Finalization and analysis of the files so as to facilitate production start-up for the products (draft, shapes simplification…)
Manufacture of prototypes by stereolithography, polyamide powder sintering, direct metal laser sintering, vacuum moulding
TO PRODUCTION EXPERTISE
This service is characterised by the following technical and organisational assets:
design office and engineering department / mechanical workshop
Injection presses + 2D/3D blow moulding machines
3D measuring machine and polyarticulated scan arm
Saturn Electronics Corporation is a Top 10 U.S. domestic bare printed circuit board manufacturer providing low-to-high volume production as well as complex prototypes and advanced technologies such as blind and buried vias, heavy copper, PTFE hybrids for RFMW and metal core for LED thermal management.
IndiaMART TrustSealWe bring you the latest technology in Dimensional Metrology from the world leaders such as Zeiss and Phynix, Germany as well as from our own Research & Development Department which has created world class products like Welding Inspection Systems, Video Measuring Systems, Metallurgical Image Analyzer, Profile Projector & Microscopes.
Plates & Coils - Jindal Steel & Power Ltdjindal steels
Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) is one of India's primary & integrated steel producers with a significant presence in sectors like Mining, Power Generation and Infrastructure.With an annual turnover of over US$ 3.5 billion, JSPL is a part of the US$ 18 billion diversified O. P. Jindal Group and is consistently tapping new opportunities by increasing production capacity, diversifying investments, and leveraging its core capabilities to venture into new businesses.
Founded in 1954, we specialize in providing technical and decorative solutions for solar protection, metal ceilings and claddings that respect the environment and help to improve the energy efficiency, comfort and aesthetics of buildings.
Manufacturing Technologies bibliography.for presentations.
Fabrikazio Teknologien aurkezpenetan erabilitako bibliografia.
Bibliografía empleada en las presentaciones de Tecnologías de Fabricación.
Manufacturing Technologies bibliography.for presentations.
Fabrikazio Teknologien aurkezpenetan erabilitako bibliografia.
Bibliografía empleada en las presentaciones de Tecnologías de Fabricación.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PLASTIC PARTS FROM PROTOTYPING TO FULL PRODUCTION
FROM PROTOTYPING
The specific characteristic of this service is the continuity of the NC chain, including inspection
Receipt of digital files (“native” or interfaced).
Finalization and analysis of the files so as to facilitate production start-up for the products (draft, shapes simplification…)
Manufacture of prototypes by stereolithography, polyamide powder sintering, direct metal laser sintering, vacuum moulding
TO PRODUCTION EXPERTISE
This service is characterised by the following technical and organisational assets:
design office and engineering department / mechanical workshop
Injection presses + 2D/3D blow moulding machines
3D measuring machine and polyarticulated scan arm
Saturn Electronics Corporation is a Top 10 U.S. domestic bare printed circuit board manufacturer providing low-to-high volume production as well as complex prototypes and advanced technologies such as blind and buried vias, heavy copper, PTFE hybrids for RFMW and metal core for LED thermal management.
IndiaMART TrustSealWe bring you the latest technology in Dimensional Metrology from the world leaders such as Zeiss and Phynix, Germany as well as from our own Research & Development Department which has created world class products like Welding Inspection Systems, Video Measuring Systems, Metallurgical Image Analyzer, Profile Projector & Microscopes.
Plates & Coils - Jindal Steel & Power Ltdjindal steels
Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) is one of India's primary & integrated steel producers with a significant presence in sectors like Mining, Power Generation and Infrastructure.With an annual turnover of over US$ 3.5 billion, JSPL is a part of the US$ 18 billion diversified O. P. Jindal Group and is consistently tapping new opportunities by increasing production capacity, diversifying investments, and leveraging its core capabilities to venture into new businesses.
Founded in 1954, we specialize in providing technical and decorative solutions for solar protection, metal ceilings and claddings that respect the environment and help to improve the energy efficiency, comfort and aesthetics of buildings.
INTRODUCTION: The Turbo-Finish process (also referred to as Turbo-Abrasive Machining )imparts beneficial compressive residual stress to edges and surfaces. and as all critical features of the part are processed simultaneously, it can produce a stress equilibrium throughout the entire part. One of the signature advantages of the process is that it is capable of producing peening like metal surface improvement effects, while simultaneously developing isotropic surfaces and deburring and edge-contouring sharp edged features This combination of edge and surface effects can help extend part life on components by mitigating crack propagation.
Presentation: How to make a robot that moves differerntly depending on how cl...Neil Winterburn
This presentation is used to support the 'How to make a robot that moves differently depending on how close you are' activity developed for FACT's 2016 SLICE project 'Robots Have taken over our school.'It features stimulus images showing how distance sensors are used to display emotion in art and how animals behave differently depending if other animals are close or far away. It was created by artist Neil Winterburn & teachers in schools in St.Helens as part of FACT's SLICE project.
FACT is the Liverpool based foundation for art and creative technology. SLICE is the specialist leaders in cultural education program initiated by Curious Minds to support arts organisations to improve their educational offer to schools.
Microtechnologies: past, present and futureendika55
Microtechnologies description: past, present and future
Mikroteknologien deskribapena: lehena, oraina eta geroa
Descripción de las microtecnologías: pasado, presente y futuro
UNCONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESS CLASSIFICATION-MECHANICAL ENERGY METHODS-ELECTRICAL ENERGY METHODS-CHEMICAL ENERGY METHODS-ELECTRO CHEMICAL ENERGY METHODS-THERMALENERGY METHODS.
this topic comes under manufacturing engineering or particularly machine tools.it gives brief information on non conventional machining which includes total six no of machines.
Microtechnologies: Past, present and futureendika55
Microtechnologies description: past, present and future
Mikroteknologien deskribapena: lehena, oraina eta geroa
Descripción de las Microtecnologías: pasado, presente y futuro
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGBACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIESMANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
NON-TRADITIONALNON-TRADITIONAL
TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
by Endika Gandarias
2. 2by Endika Gandarias
Dr. ENDIKA GANDARIAS MINTEGI
Mechanical and Manufacturing department
Mondragon Unibertsitatea - www.mondragon.edu
(Basque Country)
www.linkedin.com/in/endika-gandarias-mintegi-91174653
Further presentations: www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
5. 5
The author would like to thank all the bibliographic references and videos that
have contributed to the elaboration of these presentations.
For bibliographic references, please refer to:
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763364 (PDF file)
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763366 (PPT file)
For videos, please refer to:
• www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias
7. 7
INTRODUCTION
• Non-traditional technologies refer to a group of processes that remove material NOT using a sharp
cutting tool like in conventional machining. In contrast, non-traditional technologies use other type of
energies to remove material:
IMPORTANCE OF NON-TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
• To machine newly developed difficult to cut materials: high strength, high hardness and high toughness.
• When workpiece is too flexible or slender to support conventional cutting/grinding forces.
• To machine complex part geometries which are difficult or impossible to machine by traditional methods.
• To avoid surface damage, such as stresses, created in conventional processes.
MECHANICAL
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
THERMO-ELECTRICAL
CHEMICAL
by Endika Gandarias
11. 11
ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM)
Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,0025mm
Surface finish: Ra ~ 0,1-0,8µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM)
12. 12
ULTRASONIC MACHINING (USM)
A vibrating tool oscillates at ultrasonic frequencies (f=20-30kHz & A=15-50µm).
The tool never contacts the workpiece, and the abrasive slurry flows freely between the tool and
the workpiece (20-50 µm gap).
Abrasive grains (100-800 grit size) – SiC, Al2O3, CBN, diamond
Abrasive slurry – abrasive grains (20-60%) + usually water
PRO:
Low HAZ.
Suitable for hard and brittle non-conductive materials: ceramics, glass or carbides
(otherwise EDM or ECM is used).
Holes and cavities with various shapes can be produced.
Excellent surface finish.
CON:
Low MRR (Material Removal Rate).
Small depth of holes and cavities can be produced.
Tool wear rate is fast (tool is usually softer than the
workpiece as it needs to be tough: soft steel or
stainless steel).
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEOVIDEOVIDEO
15. 15
JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM)
It is an abrasive blasting machining process that uses abrasives (SiC, Al2O3 or glass bead of
Ø15-40µm) propelled by a high velocity (150-300m/s) gas (air or inert gas) to erode material from the
workpiece.
It is mainly used for finishing operations: deburring, cleaning and polishing (cutting thin plates too).
PRO:
Low HAZ.
It can be easily automated for high production volumes.
Ability to machine hard and brittle materials.
Good surface finish.
CON:
Low MRR.
Tends to round off sharp edges
and it produces tapered cut.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
BLASTING
VIDEO
16. 16
JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
Water Jet Machining (WJM)
It uses a fine, high pressure, high velocity (540-1400m/s) stream of water (~ Ø0.1-0.4mm) directed at
the work surface to cause cutting of the workpiece.
Cutting of all non-metallic materials (food, composites, plastics, fabrics, rubber, wood, paper,…).
PRO:
Low HAZ.
It can be easily automated.
Ability to machine flexible materials.
Burr produced is minimum.
CON:
Limited number of materials can be cut economically.
It produces tapered cut.
Noisy.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEOVIDEO
17. 17
JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM)
The water jet contains abrasive particles (quartz sand, SiC or Al2O3 at 60-120 grit size, up to 900
m/s) to increase the material removal rate and enable cutting of thick and hard materials.
Cutting of metallic and non-metallic materials (marble, granite, stone, composites, wood, titanium
alloys,…).
Same PROs and CONs as WJM.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEO
18. 18
JET MACHINING (AJM / WJM / AWJM)
Various non-metallic parts (WJM) 5-axis waterjet cutting head (WJM)
Cutting food (WJM) Marble waterjet cutting
(AWJM)
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL CHEMICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEO
19. 19
CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM)
CHEMICAL
Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,08mm
Surface finish: Ra ~ 0,1-6,3 µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM)
20. 20
CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM)
This process is also called etching.
The metal is removed by the chemical attack of an acidic or alkaline etchant (FeCl3, H2SO4,
HNO3). The portion of workpiece where no material is to be removed is masked (maskant: polymer
or rubber) before chemical etching. The process is usually carried out at high temperature.
Steps: Cleaning masking etching demasking
PRO:
No HAZ and no forces.
It is not workpiece hardness dependent.
Complicated shapes can be produced.
Good surface quality.
Simple to implement, low tooling and equipment cost.
Suitable for low production runs.
No burr formation.
CON:
Very low MRR, limited to thin layers.
Difficult to get sharp corners.
Low dimensional accuracy.
by Endika Gandarias
CHEMICAL THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
VIDEOVIDEOVIDEO
21. 21
CHEMICAL MACHINING (CM)
Missile skin-panel section contoured by
chemical milling to improve the stiffness-to-
weight ratio of the part.
Weight reduction of space-launch vehicles
by the chemical milling of aluminum-alloy
plates.
by Endika Gandarias
CHEMICAL THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICAL
23. 23
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM)
Electrochemical machining removes material from an electrically conductive workpiece by anodic
dissolution. Workpiece geometry is obtained by a formed electrode tool which is in close proximity
but separate.
An electrolyte acts as a current carrier, and high electrolyte movement in the tool-workpiece gap
washes metal ions away from the workpiece (anode) before they are deposited on the tool (cathode).
Tool – generally made of bronze, copper, brass or stainless steel.
Electrolyte – salt solutions in water.
Power – DC supply 5-25V & 1000A.
PRO:
High MRR
No HAZ & no mechanical distortion.
There is almost no tool wear.
It is not workpiece hardness dependent.
Complex shapes with deep cavities.
Burr free surface.
CON:
Workpiece electrically conductive.
Expensive tooling and equipment.
High power consumption.
by Endika Gandarias
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL THERMO-ELECTRICALCHEMICALMECHANICAL
VIDEOVIDEOVIDEO
24. 24
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL MACHINING (ECM)
by Endika Gandarias
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL THERMO-ELECTRICALCHEMICALMECHANICAL
Its industrial application has been extended to:
•ECM machining
•ECM drilling
•ECM deburring
•ECM grinding
•ECM polishing
VIDEO
VIDEO
26. 26
A plasma is a ionized gas typically formed when heating the gas at high temperatures (>5000ºC).
Plasma state: Molecules are separated into atoms, and atoms are disaggregated into free electrons
and positive atom nucleus.
It uses a high velocity jet of high temperature gas (Ar, N, H, He or mixtures of them) called
plasma that melts the metal and then removes the molten material to form a kerf.
The electrode (W) and nozzle of the gun create a strong electric arc gases collide the arc and
become into plasma.
It is used to cut flat metal sheets and plates and it can
be used manually or by CNC.
PRO:
Highest MRR among non-traditional processes.
Very hard and brittle metals can be machined.
CON:
Relatively large HAZ.
Generally used for conductive materials (Plasma is
highly conductive).
High cost equipment.
Safety precautions are needed.
Rough surface finish.
PLASMA ARC MACHINING (PAM)
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
27. 27
PLASMA ARC MACHINING (PAM)
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
29. 29
LASER BEAM MACHINING (LBM)
LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
It uses the light energy from a laser to remove material by vaporization and ablation. Laser
beam melts the material by focusing a coherent beam of monochromatic light on the workpiece.
Energy of the coherent light is concentrated not only optically, but also in terms of time.
The type of laser used in LBM is typically the CO2 gas laser.
It is used to perform cutting, drilling, slotting or scribing.
PRO:
Unlimited range of materials: high hardness metals,
ceramics, glass, rubber, wood, cloth, food,…
Does not require a vacuum.
No tool wear.
Easy to be automatized.
CON:
Low MRR.
HAZ exists.
High reflectivity materials (mirror) may be a problem.
Expensive equipment.
High energy consumption.
It produces tapered cut.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEOVIDEO
30. 30
LASER BEAM MACHINING (LBM)
Sheet metal cutting
by Endika Gandarias
PHB stent
Coronary Stent
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
Tube cutting VIDEO
VIDEO
32. 32
The workpiece is removed by a series of sparks that cause localized melting and
evaporation of the material in the presence of a dielectric fluid.
The workpiece is typically submerged in a dielectric bath of deionized water or oil.
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
33. 33
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
A formed electrode tool produces the shape of the workpiece.
Electrode – copper, tungsten, graphite or brass.
PRO:
It is one of the most widely used non-traditional processes.
It is not workpiece hardness dependent.
Complex geometries can be produced.
CON:
Low MRR.
HAZ exists.
Workpiece needs to be electrically conductive.
Not capable to produce sharp corners.
Tool wear affects dimensional accuracy.
Sinking EDM
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
34. 34
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
Wire EDM
It uses a small diameter wire (Ø0,08-0,3mm) to cut a narrow kerf in the work.
Wire – brass, copper, tungsten or molybdenum
PRO:
It is one of the most widely used non-traditional processes.
It is not workpiece hardness dependent.
It is well-suited to produce: gears, dies, cams,…
CON:
HAZ exists.
Workpiece needs to be electrically
conductive.
Expensive equipment.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO VIDEO
35. 35
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING (EDM)
by Endika Gandarias
Sinking EDM dieWire EDM parts
Sinking EDM:
screw thread
Sinking EDM:
cavities produced by
shaped electrodes
Sinking EDM:
fuel injection nozzle
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
36. 36
ELECTRON BEAM MACHINING
(EBM)
Dimensional tolerance: ± 0,08mm
Surface finish: Ra ~ 0,2-6,3µm
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
ELECTRON BEAM MACHINING (EBM)
37. 37
ELECTRON BEAM MACHINING (EBM)
It is a metal removal process that uses a high velocity focused stream of electrons (Ø~25µm).
Electrons are created when high voltage is applied to a Wolframium filament Accelerated by a
strong electric field (200.000km/s) Focused by magnetic fields Kinetic energy of the electrons is
transformed into thermal energy which melts and vaporizes the material.
Vacuum chamber is necessary to avoid electron-air molecules collisions.
It is used for drilling small holes, cutting, engraving, heat treatments, and improving surface roughness.
PRO:
Works on any material.
It is not workpiece hardness dependent.
Very small holes and slots can be machined
No tool wear.
CON:
Low MRR.
HAZ exists.
Vacuum requirements limit part size.
Expensive equipment.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
38. 38
ELECTRON BEAM MACHINING (EBM)
EBM in a vacuum
EBM in ambient air
by Endika Gandarias
Surface roughness improvement
Material: 316L SS
Hole: Ø~0,1mm
Thickness: ~1,5mm
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
VIDEO
39. 39
ION BEAM MACHINING (IBM)
THERMO-ELECTRICAL
Dimensional tolerance: ± ??mm
Surface finish: Ra ~ <0.0001 µm
by Endika Gandarias
MECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
ION BEAM MACHINING (IBM)
40. 40
ION BEAM MACHINING (IBM)
This process is also called Focused Ion Beam (FIB).
A stream of charged atoms (ions) of an inert gas (Ar, He, Ga) is accelerated in a vacuum
chamber by electrical means and directed toward the workpiece to remove (or add) atoms.
When an atom strikes a cluster of atoms on the workpiece, it dislodges between 0.1 and 10 atoms
from the workpiece material. Spot size Ø~2-20nm
Electrons are created when high voltage is applied to a Wolframium filament (high temperature)
Accelerated by a strong electric field those interact with inert gas atoms to produce ions:
Ar + e−
→ Ar+
+ 2e-
It is used in micro/nanofabrication for smoothing of laser mirrors, polishing optical & shaping
surfaces,…
PRO:
Capable of modifying any material at
micro/nano scale.
CON:
Low MRR.
HAZ exists (< 1 μm).
Vacuum chamber is required.
High cost equipment.
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO
VIDEO
41. 41
ION BEAM MACHINING (IBM)
Photonics
by Endika Gandarias
THERMO-ELECTRICALMECHANICAL ELECTRO-CHEMICALCHEMICAL
VIDEO