This chapter aims to provide basic backgrounds of different types of machining processes and highlights on an understanding of important parameters which affects machining of metals with their chip removals.
Metal cutting or Machining is the process of producing workpiece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal. in the form of chips. This process is most important since almost all the products get their final shape and size by metal removal. either directly or indirectly.
The major drawback of the process is loss of material in the form of chips. In this chapter. we shall have a fundamental understanding of the basic metal process.
education is a key for everything so the objective of this slide is to share knowledge to the glob in my area of specialization.
This lecture note is basically designed for mechanical Engineering Manufacturing stream students and Instructors.
Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip, cutting tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool wear, tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and Machinability.
This presentation contains various aspects of metal cutting like mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, chip breakers, types of chips,etc
This chapter aims to provide basic backgrounds of different types of machining processes and highlights on an understanding of important parameters which affects machining of metals with their chip removals.
Metal cutting or Machining is the process of producing workpiece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal. in the form of chips. This process is most important since almost all the products get their final shape and size by metal removal. either directly or indirectly.
The major drawback of the process is loss of material in the form of chips. In this chapter. we shall have a fundamental understanding of the basic metal process.
education is a key for everything so the objective of this slide is to share knowledge to the glob in my area of specialization.
This lecture note is basically designed for mechanical Engineering Manufacturing stream students and Instructors.
Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip, cutting tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool wear, tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and Machinability.
This presentation contains various aspects of metal cutting like mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, chip breakers, types of chips,etc
N. N. Cutting Tools was established in the year of 2011. We are a leading Manufacturer, Supplier, Service Provider of CNC Cutting Tools Precision Works, CNC Tools, CNC Tool Holder, etc. Our company is highly quality oriented and maintains rigid quality standard.
N. N. Cutting Tools was established in the year of 2011. We are a leading Manufacturer, Supplier, Service Provider of CNC Cutting Tools Precision Works, CNC Tools,
Norton har introducerat en ny teknologi som revolutionerar tillverkningen av diamantsegment. Den nya tillverkningsmetoden, som har beteckningen iHD, har fördelar som bl.a. längre livslängd, snabbare kapning och större möjlighet att tillverka segment i olika former.
Norton har introducerat en ny teknologi som revolutionerar tillverkningen av diamantsegment. Den nya tillverkningsmetoden, som har beteckningen iHD, har fördelar som bl.a. längre livslängd, snabbare kapning och större möjlighet att tillverka segment i olika former.
Norton har introducerat en ny teknologi som revolutionerar tillverkningen av diamantsegment. Den nya tillverkningsmetoden, som har beteckningen iHD, har fördelar som bl.a. längre livslängd, snabbare kapning och större möjlighet att tillverka segment i olika former.
Manufacturing Technologies bibliography.for presentations.
Fabrikazio Teknologien aurkezpenetan erabilitako bibliografia.
Bibliografía empleada en las presentaciones de Tecnologías de Fabricación.
Manufacturing Technologies bibliography.for presentations.
Fabrikazio Teknologien aurkezpenetan erabilitako bibliografia.
Bibliografía empleada en las presentaciones de Tecnologías de Fabricación.
Microtechnologies: past, present and futureendika55
Microtechnologies description: past, present and future
Mikroteknologien deskribapena: lehena, oraina eta geroa
Descripción de las microtecnologías: pasado, presente y futuro
Microtechnologies: Past, present and futureendika55
Microtechnologies description: past, present and future
Mikroteknologien deskribapena: lehena, oraina eta geroa
Descripción de las Microtecnologías: pasado, presente y futuro
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
5. 5
The author would like to thank all the bibliographic references and videos that
have contributed to the elaboration of these presentations.
For bibliographic references, please refer to:
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763364 (PDF file)
• http://www.slideshare.net/endika55/bibliography-71763366 (PPT file)
For videos, please refer to:
• www.symbaloo.com/mix/manufacturingtechnology
BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Endika Gandarias
11. 11
Solid tool Brazed insert Mechanically clamped insert
TOOL GEOMETRY
Turning
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
12. 12
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
TOOL GEOMETRY
Turning RAKE FACE
Front Clearance (or end-relief) angle
Major (or side) cutting edge
Minor (or end)
cutting edge
Front or back rake angle
Nose (or corner) radius
MAJOR CLEARANCE (FLANK
OR RELIEF) FACE
Minor (or end)
cutting edge angle
MINOR CLEARANCE
(OR FLANK) FACE
Side rake angle
Major (or side or lead) cutting edge angle
Side clearance (or relief) angle
Major cutting
edge angle
Minor cutting
edge angle
RAKE FACE
CLEARANCE
FACEClearance angle
Rake angle
Side clearance
angle
Side rake angle
VIDEO
13. 13
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
TOOL GEOMETRY
Milling
Flat
End Mill
Ball nose
End Mill
Corner radius
End Mill
END MILLING CUTTERS PERIPHERAL AND FACE MILLING CUTTERS
Shell
End Mill
Side and Face
cutter
Single and double
angle cutter
14. 14
TOOL GEOMETRY
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Drilling
Solid carbide drill
Chisel edge
Main cutting
edge
Rake face
Major
flank faceMargin
Drill diameter
Web
thicknessMajor
flank face
Major
cutting edge
Rake face
Point angle
Minor cutting
edge
Helix
angle
Point angle
140°
High Speed Steel (HSS)
Point angle
118°
VIDEO
15. 15
TOOL INSERT
Main cutting edge
design
Cheap-breaker
macrogeometry
Geometry for small
cutting depths (ap)
Rake angle 20°
Main facet 5°
Tip cutting edge design
Cheap-breaker
macrogeometry
Cutting edge
reinforcement of 0,25 mm
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
Insert design
18. 18
TOOL INSERT
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Lead angle / Entering angle
Entering angle
Lead angle
Side Rake angle
Same advantage discussed for
rake angle, applies to side rake
angle.
When rake angle is positive so is
side rake angle, and vice versa.
19. 19
TOOL INSERT
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Nose radius and Nose angle Chipbreaker
Each insert has an
appliation area.
Groove type Obstruction type
Nose radius Nose angle
21. 21
TOOL INSERT
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Insert fabrication
Raw material Crushed
Spray drying
Carbide powder
Ready to be pressed
Cobalt
Tungsten
carbide
Titanium
Tantalum
Niobium
Powder fabrication VIDEO
22. 22
TOOL INSERT
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Insert fabrication
Pressing force
20 - 50 t
Upper and lower
die
Die and
center pin
Pressing
23. 23
TOOL INSERT
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Insert fabrication Sintering
Sintering duration: 8 hours
Temperature between 1200 - 2200 °CInserts trays
Insert contraction
(18% in all directions,
50% in volume)
24. 24
TOOL INSERT
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Insert fabrication Insert grinding
Higer and lower face Free profiling Profiling
Beveling, negative facet Peripheral
Bisel
Faceta
neg.
25. 25
TOOL INSERT
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Insert fabrication Insert grinding
ER Treatment
(Edge Roundness)
W/H proportion depends on
the application
26. 26
TOOL INSERT
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Insert fabrication Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) coating
- Large coating thickness.
- Mechanical wear resistance (TiCN).
- Thermal & chemical resistance (Al2O3).
TiCN
Al2O3
Substrate
Inserts trays
CVD oven
27. 27
TOOL INSERT
CUTTING TOOLS
by Endika Gandarias
Insert fabrication Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating
PVD oven
TiN
Substrate
- Thin coating thickness.
- Sharp cutting edge.
- Good edge toughness.
- Used in all monoblock rotating tools.
- Can be used with soldered tips.
30. 30
SELECTION CRITERIA:
Make the highest profit considering the technical requirements.
OPERATIONS:
– ROUGHING: It aims to remove as much as possible material from the workpiece for as
short as possible machining time. Quality of machining is of a minor concern.
– FINISHING: The purpose is to achieve the technical requirements (i.e., dimensional,
surface and geometric tolerances). Quality is of major importance.
In order to make most profit the most relevant variables are:
• Cutting time.
• Cutting tool expenditure.
Machining parameters that most affect the above variables are:
• Cutting speed (Vc)
• Feed (fz, fn, F)
• Radial and axial depth of cuts (ap, ae)
ROUGHING FINISHING
Vc
fn
fz
F
CUTTING PARAMETERS
by Endika Gandarias
31. 31
DEFINITION: Relative linear speed at the contact point between tool and the workpiece.
Vc · 1000
N =
π · Dm
CUTTING PARAMETERS: TURNING
1. Cutting Speed (Vc)
by Endika Gandarias
N
Vc: Cutting speed (m/min)
N: Spindle speed (rpm)
Dm: machined diameter (mm)
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
32. 32
CUTTING PARAMETERS: TURNING
1. Cutting Speed (Vc)
Given the following parameters calculate
the spindle speed for each diameter:
Cutting speed Vc = 120 m/min
Diameter D1 = Ø 50 mm
Diameter D2 = Ø 80 mm
VC x 1000
π x d
N =
N1
N2
by Endika Gandarias
33. 33
F [mm/min]
DEFINITION: Relative movement between the workpiece and the tool.
fn [mm/rev]
IN
TURNING
FEED PER
REVOLUTION
(fn)
→
2. Feed
3. Cutting depth (ap)
FEED PER REVOLUTION
F = fn·N
CUTTING PARAMETERS: TURNING
FEED RATE
or
FEED PER MINUTE
by Endika Gandarias
F
ap
ap
ap
34. 34
MACHINE
WORKPIECE
MATERIAL
TOOL MATERIAL OPERATION
Vc
(m/min)
fn
(mm/rev)
Ap
(mm)
TURNING
MACHINE
STEEL
HIGH SPEED STEEL
(HSS)
Turning and facing
D 30 – 40
A 40 - 50
D 0.1– 0.25
A 0.02/ 0.1
D 0.75-2
A 0.2-0.8
Parting and grooving 10 – 15 0.02 – 0.1
Threading 10 Thread pitch According to formula
Drilling 18 Manual
Knurling 10
Boring
D 20 – 30
A 30 - 40
D 0.1– 0.25
A 0.02/ 0.1
D 0.75-2
A 0.2-0.8
HARD METAL
Turning and facing
D 80 – 100
A 100 - 120
D 0.1– 0.25
A 0.02/ 0.1
D 0.75-2
A 0.2-0.8
Parting and grooving 60 – 80 0.04 – 0.1
Threading 40 - 50 Thread pitch According to formula
Drilling 30 – 40 Manual
Boring
D 70 – 90
A 90 - 110
D 0.1– 0.25
A 0.02/ 0.1
D 0.75-2
A 0.2-0.8
ALUMINIUM
HIGH SPEED STEEL
(HSS)
Turning and facing
D 40 – 60
A 60 - 80
D 0.1– 0.25
A 0.02/ 0.1
D 0.75-2
A 0.2-0.8
Parting and grooving 20 – 30 0.02 – 0.1
Threading 15 Thread pitch According to formula
Drilling 30 Manual
Knurling 20
Boring
D 30 – 50
A 50 - 70
D 0.1– 0.25
A 0.02/ 0.1
D 0.75-2
A 0.2-0.8
HARD METAL
Turning and facing
D 150 – 180
A 180 – 200
D 0.1– 0.25
A 0.02/ 0.1
D 0.75-2
A 0.2-0.8
Parting and grooving 80– 100 0.04 – 0.1
Threading 50 – 60 Thread pitch According to formula
Drilling 60 – 80 Manual
Boring
D 140 – 170
A 170 - 190
D 0.1– 0.25
A 0.02/ 0.1
D 0.75-2
A 0.2-0.8
by Endika Gandarias
D: Roughing operation
A: Finishing operation
CUTTING PARAMETERS: TURNINGORIENTATIVECUTTINGTABLEFOREXERCISES
35. 35
SURFACE ROUGHNESS:
Surface finish depends on:
• Tool nose radius
• Feed per revolution (fn)
WIPER INSERTS:
Advantages:
Productivity ↑
CUTTING PARAMETERS: TURNING
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
37. 37
CUTTING PARAMETERS: TURNING
VIBRATION
_ +
Vibration
by Endika Gandarias
Round
R
90º
S
80º
C
80º
W
60º
T
55º
D
35º
V
_
+
Vibration
ER: Edge Rounding
GC: Ground coated inserts
VB: Flank wear
_
+
Strength
38. 38
CUTTING PARAMETERS: TURNING
VIBRATION
They can reduce machining vibration in turning,
milling or drilling.
VIDEO
– Diameters starting from Ø > 10mm.
– Maximum overhang value 14 × Ø.
by Endika Gandarias
Dampened tool
Undampened tool
SSV technique may reduce or eliminate chatter.
VIDEO
VIDEO
Dampened tools
Spindle Speed Variation (SSV)
39. 39
DEFINITION: Relative linear speed at the contact point between tool and the workpiece.
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
1. Cutting Speed (Vc)
by Endika Gandarias
N
N
Vc · 1000 Vc: Cutting speed (m/min)
N = N: Spindle speed (rpm)
π · Dc Dc: Tool diameter (mm)
VIDEO
40. 40
Feed per tooth (fz): It defines the chip thickness, and so, the load that
the tool is subjected to.
Feed per revolution (fn): It defines the tool displacement per tool
revolution.
Feed rate or Feed per minute (F): It defines the tool movement speed.
fn = fz·z z tooth number (flute number)
F = fn·N = fz·z·N N spindle speed
DEFINITION: Relative movement between the workpiece and the tool.
IN
MILLING
FEED PER
TOOTH
(fz)
→
2. Feed
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
by Endika Gandarias
fn
F
VIDEO
41. 41
As there are greater tooth breakage chances
during tooth entry and exit, in facing operations
the following tool size and positioning are
recommended. ap: axial depth of cut
ae : radial depth of cut
3. Cutting depth
Better size
Better positioning
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
42. 42by Endika Gandarias
MACHINE
WORKPIECE
MATERIAL
TOOL MATERIAL OPERATION
Vc
(m/min)
fz
(mm/tooth*rev)
Ap
(mm)
Ae
(mm)
MILLING
MACHINE
STEEL
HIGH SPEED
STEEL
(HSS)
Face milling
D 20 - 25
A 25 - 30
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
D 1-2
A 0.2-0.5
D (~2/3)Ø
A (~2/3)Ø
Side milling
D 20 - 25
A 25 - 30
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
D (50%-80%)Ø
A (50%-80%)Ø
D (10%-25%)Ø
A (5%-10%)Ø
Other milling
D 15 - 20
A 20 - 25
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
HARD METAL
Face milling
D 80 - 100
A 100 – 120
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
D 1-2
A 0.2-0.5
D (~2/3)Ø
A (~2/3)Ø
Side milling
D 80 - 100
A 100 – 120
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
D (50%-80%)Ø
A (50%-80%)Ø
D (10%-25%)Ø
A (5%-10%)Ø
Other milling
D 70 - 90
A 90 – 100
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
ALUMINIUM
HIGH SPEED
STEEL
(HSS)
Face milling
D 50 - 70
A 70 - 90
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
D 1-2
A 0.2-0.5
D (~2/3)Ø
A (~2/3)Ø
Side milling
D 50 - 70
A 70 - 90
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
D (50%-80%)Ø
A (50%-80%)Ø
D (10%-25%)Ø
A (5%-10%)Ø
Other milling
D 40 - 60
A 60 - 70
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
HARD METAL
Face milling
D120 - 150
A 150 – 180
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
D 1-2
A 0.2-0.5
D (~2/3)Ø
A (~2/3)Ø
Side milling
D120 - 150
A 150 – 180
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
D (50%-80%)Ø
A (50%-80%)Ø
D (10%-25%)Ø
A (5%-10%)Ø
Other milling
D100 - 130
A 130 – 150
0.05 – 0.1
0.01 – 0.05
Other milling: slot milling, t-shape milling, dovetail milling, form milling.
D: Roughing operation
A: Finishing operation
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
ORIENTATIVECUTTINGTABLEFOREXERCISES
43. 43
DOWN MILLING or CLIMB CUTTING
Same cutter rotation and feed
UP MILLING or CONVENTIONAL MILLING
Opposite cutter rotation and feed
The insert starts cutting with a large chip thickness:
It is more suitable.
Backlash elimination is necessary. Vibration tendency ↑.
Fc tend to pull the workpiece into the cutter.
Not recommended when using ceramic inserts (fragile).
The insert starts cutting at zero chip thickness:
Rubbing Friction ↑, Fc ↑, Machine power ↑
Temperature ↑, work-hardened surface, Ra ↓
Fc tend to: lift the workpiece from the table, push the
cutter and workpiece away from each other.
Tensile stresses ↑ when teeth exit, tool life ↓
Mc
Ma
MILLING: Discontinuous cutting process
Ma
Mc
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
MILLING DIRECTION
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO VIDEOVIDEO
44. 44
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
HIGH SPEED MACHINING (HSM)
by Endika Gandarias
HSM: Feed faster
than heat propagation.
Traditional milling: time for
heat propagation.
In comparison with traditional milling:
Spindle speed (N) ↑, feed rate (F) ↑ and axial cutting depth (ap) ↑.
Radial cutting depth (ae) ↓ and feed per tooth (fz) ↓.
F F
VIDEO
45. 45
CHARACTERISTICS:
More productive cutting process in small sized components.
Possible to be used with high-alloy tool steels up to 60-63 HRc (EDM process can be avoided).
Excellent surface roughness can be achieved (Ra ~ 0.2 µm).
Machining of very thin walls is also possible.
Typical applications: dies and moulds, difficult to machine materials,…
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
HIGH SPEED MACHINING (HSM)
by Endika Gandarias
Trochoidal milling
(typical HSM technique)
Progressive cutting
(constant stock)
Constant peripheral
cutting speed (Vc)
46. 46
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
HIGH SPEED MACHINING (HSM)
by Endika Gandarias
DISADVANTAGES:
Higher maintenance costs: Faster wear of guide ways, ball screws and spindle bearings.
Specific process knowledge, programming equipment and interface for fast data transfer is needed.
It can be difficult to find and recruit advanced staff.
Human mistakes, hardware or software errors give big consequences. Emergency stop is practically
unnecessary.
Good work and process planning necessary.
Safety precautions are necessary:
Machines with safety enclosing (bullet proof covers).
Avoid long overhangs on tools.
Do not use “heavy” tools and adapters.
Check tools, adapters and screws regularly for fatigue cracks.
Use only tools with posted maximum spindle speed.
Do not use solid tools of HSS.
47. 47
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
by Endika Gandarias
MILLING STRATEGY
When using a ball nose end mill, tilting the cutter
10 to 15 degrees can improve tool life and chip
formation and provide a better surface finish.
VIDEO
ROLL-IN TECHNIQUE
49. 49
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
by Endika Gandarias
MILLING STRATEGY
THIN WALLS
ae sould be minimized (20% Dc).
ap should not exceed 100% Dc
Big entry-exit radii should be programmed.
Sharp and positive cutting edges should be used.
WEAK FIXTURE
50. 50
CENTER-LINE OF THE CUTTER
OUTSIDE THE WORKPIECE
CENTER-LINE OF THE CUTTER
IN LINE WITH THE WORKPIECE
CENTER-LINE OF THE CUTTER
INSIDE THE WORKPIECE
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
hex = fz cutter hits, no shearing
CUTTERENTRY
MILLING STRATEGY
by Endika Gandarias
ae > 70% x Dc ae < 25% x Dc
hex < fz high productivity
CVD coating inserts recommended
(better thermal protection)
hex < fz F ↑ to mantain productivity
PVD coating inserts recommended
(sharper cutting edge)
Carbide handles the compressive stresses at the impact of entering well.
VIDEOVIDEOVIDEO
51. 51
CENTER-LINE OF THE CUTTER
OUTSIDE THE WORKPIECE
CENTER-LINE OF THE CUTTER
IN LINE WITH THE WORKPIECE
CENTER-LINE OF THE CUTTER
INSIDE THE WORKPIECE
Chip thickness is at its maximum
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
At exit, chip bends and generates tensile forces on the carbide increasing fracture possibilities.
VIDEO
by Endika Gandarias
MILLING STRATEGY
CUTTEREXIT
52. 52
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
• Best for shoulder face milling
& where 90° form is required.
• Low axial forces Thin walls,
weak fixtured components,…
• Best for face milling & plunge milling.
• Excellent for ramping operations.
• Lower radial forces Lower vibration.
• Chip thickness ↓ feed ↑ to keep productivity.
• Best for face milling & profiling operations.
• Excellent ramping capabilities.
• Strongest cutting edge with multiple
indexes.
• The chip load and entering angle
vary with the depth of cut.
: Cutting edge angle affects the cutting force direction and the chip thickness.ENTERING ANGLE (Kr)
VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO VIDEO
_ +
Chip thickness _+ Length of contact
by Endika Gandarias
90º 45º 10º VIDEO
53. 53
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
The pitch is the distance between the effective cutting edges.
Different pitches:
Differential pitch: A very effective way to minimize vibration tendencies.
PITCH (u)
_ +
Productivity
Machine power consumption
by Endika Gandarias
Vibration
VIDEO
54. 54
TOOL HOLDER ALIGNMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:
Finishing
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
by Endika Gandarias
< 0.006 mm
Roughing
Tool overhang (A) and total length (B)
should be minimized.
Attention to the max. allowable torque.
It depends on the tool holder type and tool diameter.
55. 55
Surface finish, i.e. Surface Roughness, is mainly determined by the distance between the
contiguous toolpaths, tool radius and surface slope.
How to calculate the axial (ap) and radial (ae) cutting depths to
achieve a certain theoretical roughness?
In this type of milling; Ra ≈ Rmax/4
ae = Radial depth of cut
ap = Axial depth of cut
Rmax = Rz = Max. roughness
Rhta = Tool radius
α = Surface slope
Rmax ↓
ae ↓
ap ↓
Rhta ↑
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
SURFACE ROUGHNESS:
by Endika Gandarias
56. 56
In ball end mills, cutting happens at points with different diameters. Thus, as the whole tool rotates at
the same spindle speed, the cutting speed varies along the ball end.
Effective radius in ascending toolpaths Effective radius in descending toolpaths
EFFECTIVE TOOL RADIUS
CUTTING PARAMETERS: MILLING
by Endika Gandarias
57. 57
CUTTING PARAMETERS: DRILLING
1. Cutting Speed (Vc)
DEFINITION: Relative linear speed at the contact point between tool and the workpiece.
by Endika Gandarias
vc
N Vc · 1000 Vc: Cutting speed (m/min)
N = N: Spindle speed (rpm)
π · Dc Dc: Tool diameter (mm)
N
VIDEOVIDEO
58. 58
2. Feed
DEFINITION: Relative movement between the workpiece and the tool.
IN
DRILLING
FEED PER
REVOLUTION
(fn)
→
3. Cutting depth (ap)
F [mm/min]
FEED RATE
or
FEED PER MINUTE F = fn·N
CUTTING PARAMETERS: DRILLING
by Endika Gandarias
ap
VIDEO
59. 59
DRILL ALIGNMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:
by Endika Gandarias
CUTTING PARAMETERS: DRILLING
0.02 mm 0.02 mm
Rotary drill Stationary drill
B
A
Feed force
Better B than A tool position
(lower torque).
Tool alignment method.
VIDEOVIDEO
60. 60
fn ⅓ fn ⅓fn ⅓fn
A B C D
ENTRY AT NON-PLANAR SURFACES:
by Endika Gandarias
CUTTING PARAMETERS: DRILLING
MACHINE
WORKPIECE
MATERIAL
TOOL MATERIAL OPERATION
Vc
(m/min)
fn
(mm/rev)
DRILLING
MACHINE
STEEL
HIGH SPEED STEEL
(HSS)
Spot drilling 18 0.04 – 0.1
Drilling 18 0.04 – 0.1
Counterboring 9
Countersinking 9
ALUMINIUM
HIGH SPEED STEEL
(HSS)
Spot drilling 30 – 40 0.04 – 0.1
Drilling 30 – 40 0.04 – 0.1
Counterboring 15 – 20
Countersinking 15 – 20
ORIENTATIVECUTTINGTABLE
FOREXERCISES
61. 61
Excellent Acceptable
Start chip
Chip jamming
The start chip from entry into the workpiece is always
long and does not create any problems.
Chip jamming can cause radial movement of the drill
and affect hole quality, drill life and reliability, or
drill/insert breakages.
A hole affected by chip jamming.A hole with good chip evacuation.
CHIP CONTROL
The chip formation is acceptable when chips can be
evacuated from the drill without disturbance.
The best way to identify this is to listen during drilling:
A consistent sound = chip evacuation is good.
An interrupted sound indicates chip jamming.
CUTTING PARAMETERS: DRILLING
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
62. 62
PECK DRILLING
CUTTING PARAMETERS: DRILLING
by Endika Gandarias
Peck drilling may be necessary if chip evacuation is difficult due to a deep hole or the
use of external lubricant.
VIDEO
63. 63
CUTTING PARAMETERS
VARIABLE UNIT DESCRIPTION
HOW TO
CALCULATE?
TURNING MILLING DRILLING
Vc m/min Cutting speed TABLES
N rpm or rev/min Spindle speed N=(Vc*1000)/(π*Ø)
fz mm/tooth*rev Feed per tooth TABLES
fn mm/rev
Feed per
revolution
TABLES
fn = fz * z
F mm/min
Feed rate or
feed per minute
F = fn * N
Ap mm
Axial cutting
depth
TABLES
Tool radius
Ae mm
Radial cutting
depth
TABLES
Parameter introduced into the machine.
Parameter NOT introduced into the machine.
by Endika Gandarias
SUMMARY TABLE
65. 65
Cutting fluid is any liquid or gas that is applied to the chip or cutting tool to improve cutting performance.
Cutting fluids serve 4 principle functions:
1. To remove heat in cutting (=COOLING): The energy used in the cutting process is almost
exclusively transformed into heat that goes to the workpiece, tool and chip. The effective cooling
action depends on the method of application, type of fluid, fluid flow rate and pressure.
2. To lubricate the chip-tool interface (=LUBRICATION): It reduces friction forces and
temperatures.
3. To wash away chips (=CHIP REMOVAL): This is only applicable to small and discontinuous
chips.
4. To avoid part oxidation (=ANTI-CORROSION): The environment humidity in combination with
the high temperatures (500-900ºC) obtained during machining may cause part oxidation. Thus,
the cutting fluid must contain anti-corrosion additives.
Use of cutting fluids contributes to:
Diminish tool wear (longer tool life).
Produce workpieces of accurate sizes (reduce thermal expansion).
Achieve proper surface quality of the workpiece.
Support chip removal.
Reduce thermal stress on machine tool.
CUTTING FLUIDS
by Endika Gandarias
66. 66
CUTTING FLUIDS
- METHODS OF APPLICATION
LUBRICATION
TYPE
CONTENT
USED
VOLUME
CHARACTERISTICS
Wet machining
(using coolant)
Manual application
10 to 100
l/min
Used for manual tapping. Cutting fluids are used as
lubricants.
Flooding supply
Lubricating system of machine tools need to be cleaned
from time to time to eliminate microorganisms.
Coolant-fed tooling
or internal cooling
Some tools (typically drills) are provided with axial holes
so that cutting fluid can be pumped directly to the cutting
edge. Coolant pressures up to 80 bars.
Coolant-fed tool
holders
Special tool holders required for milling, turning or
drilling operations. Coolant pressures up to 30 bars.
Reduced
lubrication
Minimum quantity
llubrication (MQL)
50 ml/h up
to 1-2 l/h
Cutting fluid is deposited as drops or air-oil mix. Valid for
not very demanding machining operations.
It can be external or internal.
Without
lubrication
Dry machining without
It shows economic and environmental benefits. Under
research.
Novel cooling methods are under research: high pressure cooling (> 70bar), criogenic cooling (N2, CO2),...
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
VIDEO
68. 68
CUTTING FLUIDS
by Endika Gandarias
Cutting oils are based on mineral or fatty oil mixtures. Commonly used for heavy cutting operations.
Soluble oils is the most common (95% of the time), cheap and effective form of cutting fluid. Oil droplets
suspended in water in a typical ratio water to oil 30:1. Emulsifying agents are also added to promote stability
of emulsion, as well as anticorrosive additives.
Chemical fluids (synthetic) consists of chemical diluted in water. They may have harmful effects to the skin.
- TYPES OF CUTTING FLUID
Lubrication
Refrigeration
Cutting oils
Soluble oils
Chemical fluids
Water
Dry machining
Low speed applications
(broaching, threading,…)
↓
High friction
↓
Maximum lubrication
High speed applications
(turning, milling,…)
↓
Low friction
↓
Maximum refrigeration
70. 70
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
Productivity is a combination of factors that really make a difference, such as:
• Increased cutting conditions = more parts per hour
• Predictable tool life = machining security
• Fewer tool changes = less down time
• Fewer rejects = higher quality – more valuable end product
• Product availability = less inventory
• Technical training of employees = better understanding and less scrap
by Endika Gandarias
Important to identify the most relevant factors that influence the FINAL COST:
≈ 31%
≈ 27%
≈ 22%
≈ 3%
≈ 17%
71. 71
Important to identify the most relevant factors that influence MACHINE-TOOL UTILIZATION TIME:
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
by Endika Gandarias
72. 72
Machining efficiency suggests that good quality parts are produced at reasonable cost and at high
production rate.
Most relevant cutting parameters that affect machining costs and productivity are:
1. Depth of cut
2. Feed
3. Cutting speed
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
It is predetermined by workpiece geometry and final part shape.
In Roughing operations As large as possible (max. 6-10 mm).
It depends on machine tool, cutting tool strength and other factors.
In Finishing operations A single pass to achieve the final dimensions.
Finishing pass in a turning operationRoughing passes in a turning operation
1. Depth of Cut (ap, ae)
by Endika Gandarias
73. 73
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
In Roughing operations As large as possible (max. 0,5mm/rev).
It depends on cutting forces and setup rigidity.
In Finishing operations Small to ensure good surface finish (~ 0,05-0,15 mm/rev).
Cutting at high cutting speed involves...
Reduction of tool life Increase of production costs
as more cutting tools are needed.
Increase of productivity less time consumption.
Hence, optimal cutting speed range has to be calculated for:
Cutting speed for minimum cost per unit (Vmin).
Cutting speed for maximum production rate (Vmax).
3. Cutting Speed (Vc)
2. Feed (F, fn, fz)
by Endika Gandarias
74. 74
Production cost
Fixed costs
Economic
Vc
Tooling cost
Cutting speed Vc
Costperpart
Parts per hour
Vc for
max. productivity
High efficiency
range
Machinery costs
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
by Endika Gandarias
75. 75
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
- HOW TO CALCULATE THOSE VALUES?
Several limitations need to be considered:
1. MACHINE
2. TOOL
3. GEOMETRY
4. MATERIAL
1. MACHINE: The machinery usually exists in the workshop, and it may be a limiting factor.
Anyway, either an existing or a new machine is used, attention should be paid to
the following machine features:
General characteristics: number of axes, machine configuration type, general
dimensions and weight,…
Axes: traversing range, power, accuracy, max. workpiece weight, max.
acceleration and feed.
Workholder system: Forces, vibrations,…
Spindle head: power, speed range, run-out, stiffness, clamping system,
automation possibilities, internal cooling.
Toolholder system: Run-out, torque,…
Tool changer: chip to chip time, max. number of tools, tool length and diameter,…
Cooling unit system: internal or external, MQL, HPC
CNC controller: capabilities
…
by Endika Gandarias
76. 76
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
2. TOOL: Tool wear will occur.
There are five main wear mechanisms which dominate in metal cutting:
1. Abrasion.
2. Diffusion.
3. Oxidation (corrosion).
4. Fatigue (thermal).
5. Adhesion.
These wear mechanisms combine to attack the
cutting edge in various ways depending upon
the tool material, cutting geometry, workpiece
material and cutting data.
Flank wear is the most common type of wear
(abrasion) and the preferred wear type, as it
offers predictable and stable tool life.
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
77. 77
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
2. TOOL
by Endika Gandarias
In the case of pasty
materials, layers / new
edges are formed.
Adhesive
SiC inclusions of Fe
foundry materials may
create cutting edge wear.
Abrasive
Chemical reaction
between tool carbides
and the machining part
create wear.
Chemical
Temperature variations
create cracks in the
cutting edge.
Thermal
Mechanical efforts on the
cutting edge create tool
failures.
Mechanic
CauseWear descriptionSymbolLoad type
FA
FA = Filo de
aportación
78. 78
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
1. Flank wear
2. Crater wear
3. Plastic deformation
4. Notch wear
5. Thermal cracks
6. Mechanical fatigue cracks
7. Chipping on edge
8. Tool breakage
9. Built-up edge (BUE)
TOOL WEAR TYPES
Inappropriate cutting conditions
Inappropriate tool features
Material properties
Too low or high cutting temperature
…
by Endika Gandarias
80. 80
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
3. GEOMETRY: Part geometry will define:
Dimensional tolerances, expected surface roughness values and geometrical
tolerances to be obtained.
Process limitations such as vibration, chatter,…
Tool geometry will be chosen according to the process operations to be accomplished.
4. MATERIAL: Tool-workpiece material combination is very important.
According to that, tool manufacturers usually offer customers cutting condition tables for
free. These tables are the result of many experiments carried out.
Usually these values correspond to a tool life of 15 minutes and should be regarded as
starting values. They are obtained according to Taylor’s equation.
Taylor’s Tool life formula: Vc * Tn = C
Expanded Taylor`s Tool life formula: Vc * Tn * fn
a * ap
b = C
Vc : Cutting speed [m/min]
fn : Feed per revolution [mm/rev]
ap : Cutting depth [mm]
T : Tool life [min]
a, b, n, C: Constants
by Endika Gandarias
VIDEO
81. 81
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
Vc
fn
ap
Workpiece
material hardness
Tool
material
R: Roughing
M: Medium machining
F: Finishing
by Endika Gandarias
INSERT GRADE
83. 83
Select geometry and grade
depending on the type of the
workpiece material and type of
application.
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
by Endika Gandarias
84. 84
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
CUTTING DATA ON DISPENSERS
by Endika Gandarias
TURNING INSERTS
86. 86
SELECTION OF CUTTING CONDITIONS
When increasing the cutting speed (vc), feed rate (fn) should be
decreased and vice versa.
Cutting speed and feed data compensation for turning
by Endika Gandarias
88. 88
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Alignment Alineación Alineazio
Alloy Aleación Aleazio
Aluminium casting Fundición de aluminio Aluminio burdinurtua
Axial cutting depth Profundidad de pasada axial Sakontze sakonera
Backlash Desajuste Desdoitze
Ball nose end mill Fresa de punta esférica / punta de bola Boladun fresa
Bend Doblar Tolestu
Beveling Biselado Alakaketa
Brass Latón Letoia
Brazed Soldado Soldatua
Breakdown Averiar Matxuratu
Broaching Brochado Brotxaketa
Bronze Bronce Brontzea
Built-up edge Filo de aportación Aportazio ertza
Carbide Metal duro Metal gogorra
Carbon steel Acero al carbono Karbono altzairua
Cast-iron Fundición Burdinurtu
CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride) Nitruro de Boro Cúbico Boro nitruro kubikoa
Cheap breaker Rompevirutas Txirbil hauslea
Chip Viruta Txirbil
Chip Viruta Txirbil
Chipping Astillado Zati
Chisel edge Filo central Erdiko sorbatz
Clamp Abrazar Lotu
Clearance face Cara de incidencia Eraso aurpegia
Climb cutting Concordancia Konkordantzia
Coarse Basto Baldar
Coat Recubrimiento Estaldura
89. 89
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Contiguous Contiguo Alboko
Conventional milling Contraposición Kontrajartze
Coolant Lubricante Lubrifikatzaile
Corner radius end mill Fresa tórica Fresa torikoa
Crush Machacar Birrindu
Cutting edge Arista de corte Ebaketa ertz / Sorbatz
Cutting speed Velocidad de corte Ebaketa abiadura
Cutting tool Herramienta de corte Ebaketa erraminta
Dampened tool Herramienta antivibratoria Bibrazioen aurkako erraminta
Die Molde Molde
Diminish Disminuir Gutxitu
Dispenser Dispensador Kaxa
Dovetail Cola de milano Mirubuztan
Down milling Concordancia Konkordantzia
Drilling Taladrado Zulaketa
Drop Gota Tanta
Edge rounding Redondeo de arista Ertz biribiltze
EDM Electroerosión Elektro-higadura
Enclosing Cerramiento Itxitura
End mill Fresa plana Fresa laua
Engagement Empañe Lausotua
Fatty Graso Oliotsu
Feed per revolution Avance por vuelta Aitzinamendua birako
Feed per tooth Avance por diente Aitzinamendua hortzeko
Feed rate Avance por minuto Aitzinamendua minutuko
Finish Acabado Akabera
Flank Flanco / Lateral Albo
Flooding Inundación Gainezkatze
90. 90
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Friction Fricción Marruskadura
Gauge Calibrar Kalibratu
Gear Engrane Engranai
Grinding Rectificado Artezketa
Hard metal Metal duro Metal gogorra
Hardening Endurecimiento Gogortze
Hardness Dureza Gogortasuna
Harmful Dañino Kaltegarri
Heat Calor Bero
Height Altura Altuera
High Speed Machining Mecanizado a alta velocidad Abiadura azkarreko mekanizazioa
High Speed Steel (HSS) Acero rápido Altzairu lasterra
Hit Golpear Kolpe
Insert Plaquita intercambiable Plakatxo trukagarria
Jamming Atasco Trabatze
Labelling Etiquetado Etiketa jarri
Load Carga Karga
Major Mayor Nagusi
Margin Faja guia Faxa gidaria
Marking Marcado Markaketa
Milling Fresado Fresaketa
Minor Menor Txiki
Nose radius Radio de punta Muturreko erradioa
Notching Entallado Hozkaketa
Oven Horno Labe
Overhang Voladizo Hegalkin
Overhead Gastos generales Gastu orokorrak
Packaging Empaquetado Paketeak egin
91. 91
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Pecking Picada Ziztada
Pin Punzón Puntzoi
Pitch Paso Neurri
Plunge Penetración Barneratze
Powder Polvo Hauts
Power Potencia Potentzia
Pressing Prensado Prentsaketa
Profiling Perfilado Profilaketa
Radial cutting depth Profundidad de pasada radial / ancho de pasada Iraganaldi zabalera
Radii Radios Erradioak
Rake Desprendimiento Jaulkitze
Reaming Escariado Otxabuketa
Reject Rechazo Errefus
Relief face Cara de desahogo Lasaitasun aurpegia
Revolution Vuelta Bira
Roughing Desbaste Arbastaketa
Rubbing Bruñido Txartaketa
Sawing Serrado Zerraketa
Scrap Residuo Hondakin
Seat Asiento Eserleku
Shank Mango Kirten
Shape Forma Forma / Itxura
Shaping Limado Karrakaketa
Sharp Afilado Zorrotz
Shearing Cizallamiento Ebakidura / Zizailadura
Shell end mill Fresa hueca Kofadun fresa
Shift Relevo Txanda / Errelebu
Shim Calza Altxagarri
92. 92
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Shoulder milling Escuadrado Eskuairaketa
Side Lateral / Secundario Albo/Bigarren
Sintering Sinterizado Sinterizazio
Skin Piel Azal
Slope Pendiente Malda
Solid tool Herramienta enteriza Pieza bakarreko erraminta
Spindle Cabezal Buru
Spindle speed Velocidad de giro Biraketa abiadura
Spray drying Secado por pulverización Lainoztatze bidezko lehorketa
Staff Personal Langilego
Stiffness Rigidez Zurruntasun
Strength Resistencia Erresistentzia
Stress Fatiga / Estrés Estres
Substrate Sustrato Substratu
Surface roughness Rugosidad superficial Gainazal zimurtasuna
Tapping Roscado con macho Ardatzarekin egindako hariztaketa
Thickness Espesor Lodiera
Tilting Inclinación Inklinazio
Tip Punta Punta
Toolholder Portaherramientas Erraminta etxea
Torque Par Momentu
Toughness Tenacidad Zailtasun
Tray Bandeja Erretilu
Trochoidal Trocoidal Trokoidal
Turning Torneado Torneaketa
Unleaded Sin plomo Berunik gabeko
Up milling Contraposición Kontrajartze
Wash away Limpiar Garbitu
93. 93
GLOSSARY
by Endika Gandarias
ENGLISH SPANISH BASQUE
Weak Debil Ahul
Wear Desgaste Higadura
Web Alma Arima
Wedge Cuña Kuña / Falka
Weight Peso Pisua
Wet Humedo Busti
Workpiece Pieza Pieza
Workshop Taller Tailer