What is Renewable energy , Why Do We Need Renewable Energy, various sources of renewable energy like Hydroelectric power or hydro-power, Wind energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Wave power, Tidal power, Biomass fuel & Hydrogen Energy and details about them
This is enegy taken from the natural air!
Can you believe electricity being created because of air!
It is practiced on heights or near sea's.
Go ahead and enjoy!
What is Renewable energy , Why Do We Need Renewable Energy, various sources of renewable energy like Hydroelectric power or hydro-power, Wind energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Wave power, Tidal power, Biomass fuel & Hydrogen Energy and details about them
This is enegy taken from the natural air!
Can you believe electricity being created because of air!
It is practiced on heights or near sea's.
Go ahead and enjoy!
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources which are replenished
such as wind, wave, solar, biomass and tidal power. Governments and companies around the
world are investing heavily in developing technologies to harness the power of clean
renewable energy sources because of their potential to produce large quantities of energy
without generating greenhouse gases which can contribute to climate change. Most of the
power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and mineral oilbased
power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission.
Renewable energy sources consist of solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, ocean and
biomass. The most common advantage of each is that they are renewable and cannot be
depleted. They are a clean energy, as they don't pollute the air, and they don't contribute to
global warming effects. Since their sources are natural the cost of operations is reduced and
they also require less maintenance on their plants.
Ms PowerPoint presentation of source of energy which can help you in your school, college PPTs or projects. it contain 28 slides fully awesome and the effects of the slides if just mind blowing. less than 1 MB.
you also can make change for your comfort.
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources which are replenished
such as wind, wave, solar, biomass and tidal power. Governments and companies around the
world are investing heavily in developing technologies to harness the power of clean
renewable energy sources because of their potential to produce large quantities of energy
without generating greenhouse gases which can contribute to climate change. Most of the
power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and mineral oilbased
power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission.
Renewable energy sources consist of solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, ocean and
biomass. The most common advantage of each is that they are renewable and cannot be
depleted. They are a clean energy, as they don't pollute the air, and they don't contribute to
global warming effects. Since their sources are natural the cost of operations is reduced and
they also require less maintenance on their plants.
Ms PowerPoint presentation of source of energy which can help you in your school, college PPTs or projects. it contain 28 slides fully awesome and the effects of the slides if just mind blowing. less than 1 MB.
you also can make change for your comfort.
Changes in The profession of Secretary for the last 5 years – results from pr...Anabela Mesquita
Changes in The profession of Secretary for the last 5 years – results from professional associations - paper presented @ Constantin Brancoveanu University - http://www.univcb.ro/news-176-international.conference.-knowledge.economy...challenges.of.the.21st.century-.html
fly ash bricks is a hypothetical product with all relevant information about that product, i present it many times and i got success in that. you can use it and add further info to it.
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.[2] Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our global energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% is electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels.
Development of unfired bricks using industrial waste Sandeep Jain
A research project aimed at production of an unfired, non-structural, binder brick with 100% waste material, using fly ash, pond ash, coal cinder, & paper sludge along with lime and gypsum system to alleviate resources like coal, diesel, preservation of top soil, prevention of harmful emissions simultaneously managing the industrial waste.
Project Guide: Dr Shashank Bishnoi, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Delhi
Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that exploits the rise and fall in sea levels due to the tides, or the movement of water caused by the tidal flow. Because the tidal forces are caused by interaction between the gravity of the Earth, Moon and Sun, tidal power is essentially inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy source.
Tidal power can be classified into two types. Tidal stream systems make use of the kinetic energy from the moving water currents to power turbines, in a similar way to underwater wind turbines. This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower ecological impact compared to the second type of system, the barrage. Barrages make use of the potential energy from the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides, and their use is better established.
The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
Solar energy, radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. The total amount of solar energy incident on Earth is vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated energy requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly diffused source has the potential to satisfy all future energy needs. In the 21st century solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as a renewable energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
solar energy
solar energy
Reflection and absorption of solar energy. Although some incoming sunlight is reflected by Earth's atmosphere and surface, most is absorbed by the surface, which is warmed.
The Sun is an extremely powerful energy source, and sunlight is by far the largest source of energy received by Earth, but its intensity at Earth’s surface is actually quite low. This is essentially because of the enormous radial spreading of radiation from the distant Sun. A relatively minor additional loss is due to Earth’s atmosphere and clouds, which absorb or scatter as much as 54 percent of the incoming sunlight. The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly 50 percent visible light, 45 percent infrared radiation, and smaller amounts of ultraviolet and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
solar energy potential
solar energy potential
Earth's photovoltaic power potential.
The potential for solar energy is enormous, since about 200,000 times the world’s total daily electric-generating capacity is received by Earth every day in the form of solar energy. Unfortunately, though solar energy itself is free, the high cost of its collection, conversion, and storage still limits its exploitation in many places. Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or into electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish.
Thermal energy
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
Learn more about climate change and the transition to renewable energy in this interview with Phil the Fixer.
See all videos for this article
Among the most common devices used to capture solar energy and convert it to thermal energy are flat-plate collectors, which are used for solar heating applications. Because the intensity of solar radiation at Earth’s surface is so low, these collectors must be large in area. Even in sunny parts of the world’s temperate regions, for instance, a collector must have a surface area of about 40 square metres (430 square feet) to gather enough energy to serve the energy needs of one person.
Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer. In 1543 he published, forward proof of a Heliocentric (sun centered) universe. Coloured stipple engraving published London 1802. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium li
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
3. TEAM Members
SARATH K NAIR
NEETHU JAYARAJ
JESLIN C JOHN
ANJALI KRISHNA
IRENE VARGHESE
DELICIA DENNY
CHRISTY JHONSON
NISHOY ALAPPATJESVIN N JOY
JAGANATH
3
4. INTRODUCTION
INDIA ranked sixth in the world in total energy consumption.INDIA has installed power
capacity capacity from 1262 megawatt to over 112.058megawatt.this achievement is
impressive but not sufficient
So we mostly needed renewable source of energy.
Concept of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy sources also called non-conventional energy, are sources that are
continuously replenished by natural processes.
Solar energy
Wind energy
Bio energy
Hydro energy
Geothermal energy
Wave and tidal energy 4
5. What is source ofenergy?
Sources of energy : a source of energy is that which is capable of
providing enough usefulenergy at a steady rate over a long period of
time.
A good source of energy should be :
i) Safe and convenient to use, e.g., nuclear energy can be used only by
highly trained engineers with the help of nuclear power plants. It
cannot be used for our household purposed.
ii) Easy to transport, e.g., coal, petrol, diesel, LPG etc. Have to be
transported from the places of their production to the consumers.
iii) Easy to store, e.g., huge storage tanks are required to store petrol,
diesel, LPG etc
5
6. what is Non-conventional sources of
energy
Are those which are not used as extensively as theconventional ones
and meet our energy requirement only on a limited scale.
Solar energy,ocean energy (tidal energy, wave energy, ocean
thermal energy, OTE), Geothermal energy and nuclear energy belong
to this category.
These sources of energy which have been tapped withthe aid of
advances in technology to meet our growing energy needs are also
called alternative sources of energy
6
9. SOLAR ENERGY
Solar Energy:- The energy produced by the sun in the form of heat and light energy is
called as solar energy.
Principles of utilisation of Solar Energy: - Solar energy is utilised by the
involvement of two main principles:
(i). In the appliances requiring a moderate temperature, the incident sun rays are
reflected by a plain mirror on a black container which absorbs the solar energy and
gets heated
(ii). In the appliances requiring a high temperature, the incident sun rays are
reflected and concentrated by using a large concave reflector which focuses all the sun
rays at
a single point called focus and any object kept at the focus gets strongly heated.
Harnessing or utilisation of Solar energy:- The sun is the ultimate source of energy
having a remarkable capacity to produce energy in the form of heat and light. The
energy
produced by the sun in one day is about 50,000 times more than the energy consumed
in the
whole world in one year. But solar energy has certain limitations, which does not
facilitate itslarge-scale utilisation. However, solar energy can be put to use in two
different ways.
9
10. 1. Direct utilization: - Directly thesolar energy can beused
either by collecting it asheat energy or by converting it into
electricity.
2) Indirect utilization: - Indirectly thesolar energy can be
utilized by converting it into chemical energy likebiomassor
by utilising theenergy obtained from wind, seawaves, tides
etc.
Solar Heating Devices: - A devicethat getsheated by
absorbing solar energy radiated by thesun in theform of heat
and light energy iscalled asolar heating device. For eg. Solar
cooker, solar water heater, solar furnaceand solar cellsare
solar heating devices.
10
11. SOLAR COOKER
Solar cooker: - A solar cooker is a device which utilises
solar energy for cooking food material.
It consists of an insulated wooden box (B) painted with
black from inner side.
The lid of the box is provided with a plane mirror reflector
(R) and a glass sheet (G).
The food to becooked is placed in a metal container (C)
painted with black from outer side and kept in the
box .
The container is covered with the glass sheet.
The box is then kept in direct sunlight andits reflector is
adjusted in such away that a strong beam of sun light falls
over it. 11
12. Working:
When the solar cooker is kept in direct sunlight, the reflector (R) reflects both visible and infrared rays
of the sunlight on to the top of the box in the form of a strong beam of light. The black surface of the
box and the vessel absorbs it. When the inner black surface becomes quite hot, it also starts radiating
heat energy in the form of infrared rays, but the upper glass sheet (G) does not allow these rays to pass
through it and go outside the box. As a result, these infrared rays get absorbed in the box, which
increases its internal temperature up to about 1000C. This high temperature cooks the food material
kept in the metallic container inside the box.
Limitations of solar Cookerr:-
1. It can not be used during night.
2. On a cloudy day, it can not be used.
3. The direction of the reflector has to be adjusted according to the position of the sun.
4. It can not be used for making ‘chappatis’.
5. It can not be used for frying.
12
14. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
Photovoltaic is the technical
term for solar electric. Photo means "light" and
voltaic
means "electric". PV cells are usually made of
silicon,
an element that naturally releases electrons when
exposed to light. Amount of electrons released from
silicon cells depend upon intensity of light incident
on it. The silicon cell is covered with a grid of
metal that directs the electrons to flow in a path
to create an electric current. This current is guided
into a wire that is connected to a battery or DC
appliance.
Typically, one cell produces about 1.5 watts of
power. Individual cells are connected together to
form a
Application of Non-Conventional & Renewable
Energy Sources
14
15. contd
Solar cell: - A solar cell is a device which converts solar energy (light energy) directly intoelectricity. It
made of semi-conducting material like silicon, germanium, selenium orgallium. A modern solar cell is
made from wafers of semi conducting materials containingimpurities in such away that a potential
difference gets generated when light falls on them. A 4 cm 2 solar cells produces a potential difference
of about 0.4--0.5volts and generate about 60 milli-amperes of current. To generate a large amount of
current a number of solar cells are arranged together in a definite pattern in a solar panel. The energy
(electric current) generated in a solar panel is stored in a battery connected to it and can be used for
various purposes.
Uses of a solar cell: - The solar cells are used effectively in various fields, but some of itsimportant use
are:
Solar cells are used for production of electricity for lighting, houses, streets etc. Solar cells are
used for production of electricity to run electronic appliances like televisions, radios, watches,
calculators, toys, toy games etc. Solar cells are used to develop electricity for offshore oil
drilling platforms etc. Solar cells are used to generate electricity in artificial satellites,
rockets, and space vehicles etc.
15
17. Did You Know ?
India is lucky to receive solar energy for greater part of the year. It is
estimated thatduring a year India receives the energy equivalent to
more than 5,000 trillion kWh. Under clear (cloudless) sky conditions,
the daily average varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m2. The solar energy
reaching unit area at outer edge of the earth’s atmosphere exposed
perpendicularly to the rays of the Sun at the average distance
between the Sun and earth is known as the solar constant. It is
estimated to be approximately 1.4 kJ per second per square metre
or 1.4 kW/m2.
17
18. SOLAR WATER PUMPS
In solar water pumping system, the pump is driven by
motor run by solar electricity instead
of conventional electricity drawn from utility grid. A
SPV water pumping system consists of
a photovoltaic array mounted on a stand and a
motor-pump set compatible with the photovoltaic
array. It converts the solar energy into electricity,
which is used for running the motor
pump set. The pumping system draws water from the
open well, bore well, stream, pond,
canal etc
. Application of Non-Conventional & Renewable
Energy
Sources 18
21. Energy from the sea :-
Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's
surface, making them the world's largest
solar collectors
Energy from the sea is obtained in three different
forms. They are Tidal energy, Sea wave energy
and Ocean thermal energy.
.
21
22. TIDAL ENERGY
The tides in the sea are the result of the universal
gravitational effect of heavenly bodies like sun and
moon on the earth. Due to fluidity of water mass, the
effect of this force becomes apparent in the motion of
water, which shows a periodic rise and fall in levels
which is in synthesis with the daily cycle of rising and
setting of sun and moon. This periodic rise and fall of
the water level of sea is called tide. These tides can be
used to produce electrical power which is known as
tidal power
By using reversible water turbines, turbines can
be run continuously, both during high tide and
low tide. The turbine is coupled to generator,
potential energy of the water stored in the basin
as well as energy during high tides used to drive
turbine, which is coupled to generator,
generating electricity 22
23. Factors affecting the suitability of the site for tidal power plant
The feasibility and economic vulnerability of a tidal power depend upon the following factors.
1. The power produced by a tidal plant depends mainly on the range of tide and the cubature of the
tidal flow occurring in the estuary during a tidal cycle which can be stored and utilized for power
generation. The cubatureof the tidal flow not only depends on the tidal range but on the width of
estuary mouth.
2. The minimum average tide range required for economical power production is more.
3. The site should be such that with a minimum cost of barrage it should be possible to create
maximum storage volume. In addition to this, the site selected should be well protected from waves
action.
4. The site should not create interruption to the shipping traffic running through the estuary other
wise the cost of the plant will increase as locks are to be provided.
5. Silt index of the water of the estuary should be as small as possible to avoid the siltation troubles.
The siltation leads to reduction of the range of tides and reduces the power potential of the plant.
6. The fresh water prism that falls into the reservoir of the tidal plant (due to the surface flows in
the streams having out fall in the estuary) eats away the valuable storage created for storing the
tidal prism. Therefore, the 23
24. Advantages and disadvantages of Tidal Power Plants
Advantages
1. Exploitation of tidal energy will in no case make demand for large area of valuable land because they are
on bays.
2. It is free from pollution as it does not use any fuel.
3. It is much superior to hydro-power plant as it is totally independent of rain which always fluctuates year to
year. Therefore, there is certainty of power supply a the tide cycle is very definite.
4. As in every form of water power, this will also not produce any unhealthy waste like gases, ash, atomic
refuse which entails heavy removal costs.
5. Tidal Power is superior to conventional hydro power as the hydro plants are know for their large seasonal
and yearly fluctuations in the output of energy because they are entirely dependent upon the nature’s cycle of
rainfall, which is not the case with tidal as monthly certain power is assured. The tides are totally
independent on nature’s cycle of rainfall
6. Another notable advantage of tidal power is that it has a unique capacity to meet the peak power demand
effectively when it works in combinatiion with thermal or hydroelectric system.
7. It can provide better recreational facilities to visitors and holiday makers, in
addition to the possibility of fish forming in the tidal basins. 24
25. Disadvantages
1. These Power plants can be developed only if natural sites are available.
2. As the sites are available on the bay which will be always far away fromthe load centers. The
power generated must be transported to long distances. This increases the transportation cost.
3. The supply of power is not continuous as it depends upon the timing of tides. Therefore some
arrangements (double basin or double basin with pump storage) must be made to supply the
continuous power. This also further increases the capital cost of the plant.
4. The capital cost of the plant (Rs.5000/kw) is considerably large compared with conventional-
power plants (hydro, thermal)
5. Sedimentation and siltration of the basins are some of the added problems with tidal power
plants.
6. The navigation is obstructed.
7. It is interesting to note that the output of power from tidal power plant varies with lunar cycle,
because the moon largely influences the tidal rhythm, where as our daily power requirement is
directly related to solar cycle.
In addition to all the above mentioned (imitations of tidal power, the utilization of tidal energy on
small scale has not yet proved economical.
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26. Fact:
A tidal power plant has an expected operative lifespan
of 75 to 100 years which is more than double that of
conventional fossil fuel or nuclear power plants. A
special characteristic of tidal energy is its predictability;
it is invariable throughout the month and independent of
water level throughout the year, despite variations
within a 24 hour cycle. In Russia, it is possible to
generate 270 TWh of electricity annually by means of
tidal energy which is sufficient to cover more than one-
fourth of current energy consumption in the country
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27. Components of Tidal Power plants
There are three main Components of a tidal Power
plant. i.e,
(i) The Power house
(ii) The dam or barrage
(iii) Sluice-ways from the basins to the sea and vice
versa
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28. Infact these high speed sea waves have a lot of
kinetic energy associated with them, which can
used to drive dynamos which convert kinetic
energy into electrical energy.
The kinetic energy possessed by huge waves near
the seashore can be trapped in a similar manner
to generate electricity.
The waves are generated by strong winds blowing
across the sea. Wave energy would be a viable
proposition only where waves are very strong.
A wide variety of devices have been developed
to trap wave energy for rotation of turbine and
production of electricity.
28
29. Wave energy
Sea wave energy: - The energy obtained from the high speed sea waves is
referred to as sea wave energy.
Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the
capture of that energy to do useful work – for example, electricity
generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs). A
machine able to exploit wave power is generally known as a wave energy
converter (WEC).
Wave power is distinct from the diurnal flux of tidal power and the steady
gyre of ocean currents. Wave-power generation is not currently a widely
employed commercial technology, although there have been attempts to
use it since at least 1890.[1]
In 2008, the first experimental wave farm was
opened in Portugal, at the Aguçadoura Wave Park.[2]
The major competitor
of wave power is offshore wind power, with more visual impact.
29
30. Infact these high speed sea waves have a lot of kinetic energy
associated with them, which can used to drive dynamos which
convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.
The kinetic energy possessed by huge waves near the seashore
can be trapped in a similar manner to generate electricity.
The waves are generated by strong winds blowing across the
sea. Wave energy would be a viable proposition only where
waves are very strong.
A wide variety of devices have been developed to trap wave
energy for rotation of turbine and production of electricity.
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31. Fact
: Wave energy has one of the highest effi ciency rates of any non-
traditional energy source, but it is also one of the most expensive
forms of renewable energy to develop and its practical utilisation
is particularly complex in regions with extreme weather
conditions. A wave energy station covering 20 km2 could
theoretically produce 10 TWh per year. Worldwide wave energy
potential is 2 000 TWh annually, or approximately 10% of global
electricity consumption.
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32. Ocean Thermal Energy
. Ocean energy draws on the energy of ocean waves, tides, or on the thermal energy (heat) stored in the
ocean. The sun warms the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this temperature
difference stores thermal energy.
The energy available due to the temperature difference between the deeper levels and surface of an
ocean is called as ocean thermal energy
The ocean contains two types of energy: thermal energy from the sun's heat, and mechanicaL energy
from the tides and waves. Ocean thermal energy is used for many applications, including electricity
generation
The water at the surface of the sea or ocean is heated by the Sun whilethe water in deeper sections is
relatively cold.
This difference in temperature is exploited to obtain energy in ocean-thermal-energyconversion plants.
These plants can operate if the temperature difference between the water at the surface and water at
depths up to 2 km is 20 K (20°C) or more. The warm surface-water is used to boil a volatile liquid like
ammonia.
The vapours of the liquid are then used to run the turbine of generator.
The cold water from the depth of the ocean is pumped up and condense vapour again to liquid.
The energy potential from the sea (tidal energy, wave energy and ocean thermal energy) is quite large,
but efficient commercial exploitation is difficult
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33. There are three types of electricity conversion systems: closed-cycle, open cycle, and
hybrid. Closed cycle systems use the ocean's warm surface water to vaporize a
working fluid, which has a low boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapour expands
and turns a turbine. The turbine then activates a generator to produce electricity.
Open-cycle systems actually boil the seawater by operating at low pressures. This
produces steam that passes through a turbine / generator. The hybrid systems
combine both closed-cycle and open-cycle systems.
Ocean mechanical energy is quite different from ocean thermal energy A barrage
(dam) is typically used
to convert tidal energy into electricity by forcing the water through turbines,
activating a generator.
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34. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
Due to geological changes, molten rocks formed in the deeper hot regions
of earth’s crust are pushed upward and trapped in certain regions called
‘hot spots’
The steam and the hot water comes naturally to the surface of the earth
in some locations of the earth.
When underground water comes in contact with the hot spot,steam is generated.
Sometimes hot water from that region finds outletsat the surface. Such outlets are
known as hot springs.
Two ways of electric power production from geothermal energy has been
suggested.
as between 450 to 5500
C can be found. By embedding coil of pipes and
sending water through them can be raised.
The steam trapped in rocks is routed through a pipe to a turbine and used to generate
electricity.
The cost of production would not be much, but there arevery few commercially viable
sites where such energy can be exploited.
There are number of power plants based on geothermal energy operational in
New Zealand and United States of America.
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46. Sources of energy : a source of energy is that which is capable of
providing enough usefulenergy at a steady rate over a long period
of time.
NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY :
These sources of energy which have been tapped withthe aid
of advances in technology to meet our growing energy needs
are also called alternative sources of energy
46
47. SolarEnergy :
The energy imitted by the sun in form of heat and light is called solar
energy.Solar Constant = 1.4kJ/sm
2 Outer edge of the earth receives solar energy equal to 1.4 kJ/sm which is
known as solar constant.
Solar energy devices :
Alarge number of devices that utilize solar energy directly like :
(i) Solar Cooker
(ii) Solar furnaces
(iii) Solar cells
(iv) Solar water heaters
47
48. Box type solarCooker
It consists of a rectangular box which is made up of material such as plastic or ?wood.
Box is covered with black sheet and its inner walls are painted black to ?increase heat
absorption.
Solar cookers are covered with glass plate and have mirros to focus the rays of
the sun and achieve a higher temperature.
Advantages :
1. Use energy which is available in plenty (Solar Energy)
2. Is pollution free.
3. More than one food can be cooked simultaneously
Disadvantages :
1. Cannot be used for frying or baking purpose.
2. Food cannot be cooked at night or on a cloudy day.
3. Direction of reflector of solar heating has to be changed from time to time to
keep it facing the sun
48
49. panel
Solar cells ; are device that convert Solar energy into electricity.
Develops a voltage of 0.5 – IVand can produce about 0.7Wof electricity.
Advantages of SolarCell
2. Have no moving part.
3. No focussing device is required
4. Can be set up in remote areas.
5. Environment - friendly i.e. do not cause pollution.
Disadvantage of SolarCells
1. It require high cost
2. Efficiency is low
3. Initial cost of installation is quite high.
Uses of SolarCell
1. Used in calculators, watches etc.
2. Used in artificial satellites and space probes.
3. It is used in radio or wireless transmission system.
SolarPanel
A large number of Solar Cells connected to each other in an arrangement is called
solar panel 49
50. Limitations of Energy from Oceans :-
The limitations of energy that can be obtained from the oceans are:
i) Tidal Energy for which very few suitable sites are available for construction of dams
and the power generation is intermittent and not very large.
ii) Wave Energy where power output is variable and the presently available technologies
are very expensive.
iii) Ocean Thermal Energy where the conversion efficiency is low (3% - 4%) and a lot of
capital investment is required
Energy from Oceans : - The oceans acquire almost 71% of the surface of the earth and the
enormous amount of water present in them not only act as a big collector of solar heat
energy,but also store large amount of it due to its high specific heat. Thus ocean water can be
used asa renewable resource of energy. The main forms of ocean energy are described as under;
i) Ocean Thermal energy : - The energy available due to the temperature difference
between the deeper levels and surface of an ocean is called as ocean thermal energy.
ii) Ocean Tidal energy : - The rise of ocean water due to attraction of the moon is referred
to as high tide and its fall as low tide. The enormous movement of water due to high and low
tide provide a large amount of energy known as ocean tidal energy. This tidal energy can be
utilised by constructing a tidal barrage or dam.
iii) Sea wave energy: - The energy obtained from the high speed sea waves is referred to
as sea wave energy. Infact these high speed sea waves have a lot of kinetic energy associated
with them, which can used to drive dynamos which convert kinetic energy into electrical energy.
50
53. CONCLUSION
The demand of energy is growing owing to the development.
Due to the problems associated with the development of
conventional sources of energy, the focus is now being
shifted to renewable energy sources. India has potential of
renewable energy source in abundance, which if developed
properly can augment the growing demand of the energy.
There is a need to make full use of renewable energy
technologies to harness the untapped potential in cost
effective manner and fulfill the energy demand.
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