The document is a seminar report submitted by Ajay Kumar for the partial fulfillment of a Master of Technology degree in power system engineering. It discusses renewable energy scenarios in India with a focus on solar energy. The report provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems and how they convert sunlight into electricity using the photovoltaic effect discovered by Edmund Becquerel in 1839. It also acknowledges the guidance provided by the report's supervisor and others in its preparation.

1. RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO
IN INDIA
A SEMINAR REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
BY
AJAY KUMAR
130000713001
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Asst. Prof. AMIT VERMA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2013-2015
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
UTTARAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
DEHRADUN
1

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I avail this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude and profound thanks to Mr.
Amit Verma, Assistant Professor & Head, Faculty of Technology, Dehradun (UTU-Campus
), for giving me constant guidance to work on this seminar report as titled “Renewable
Energy in India”. He has been a guiding source by providing continuous suggestions and
advice throughout the study period of the seminar.
With heartfelt gratitude, I acknowledge the cooperation and support rendered to me
by Mr. Md. Sakib, Asst.Prof., Women Institute of Technology, Dehradun and Mr. Sandeep
Negi, Asst.Prof., Women Institute of Technology, Dehradun from time to time.
2

3. UTTARAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,
DEHRADUN
(FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY)
UTU-CAMPUS
2013-2015
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that, the seminar report as entitled “Renewable Energy in India”
submitted for the partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Technology in Power
System Engineering from Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, with introductory
idea and future scope.
I have not submitted the matter embodied in this dissertation for the award of any other
3
degree or diploma.
Date : 29/11/2014 AJAY KUMAR
Place: Dehradun Enrolment No.130000713001
M.Tech (Power System Engineering)
Faculty of Technology,
Uttarakhand Technical University,
Dehradun.

4. ABSTRACT
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources which are replenished
such as wind, wave, solar, biomass and tidal power. Governments and companies around the
world are investing heavily in developing technologies to harness the power of clean
renewable energy sources because of their potential to produce large quantities of energy
without generating greenhouse gases which can contribute to climate change. Most of the
power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and mineral oil-based
power plants which contribute heavily to greenhouse gases emission.
Renewable energy sources consist of solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, ocean and
biomass. The most common advantage of each is that they are renewable and cannot be
depleted. They are a clean energy, as they don't pollute the air, and they don't contribute to
global warming effects. Since their sources are natural the cost of operations is reduced and
they also require less maintenance on their plants.
4

5. Chapter 1
Introduction
5
1. General
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight,
wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished).
Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro
hydro, biomass and bio fuels for transportation.
Solar energy makes use of the sun's energy. It is advantageous because the systems
can fit into existing buildings and it does not affect land use. But since the area of the
collectors is large, more materials are required. Solar radiation is also controlled by
geography. And it is limited to daytime hours and non-cloudy days. Solar cells convert
sunlight directly into electricity. Solar cells are often used to power calculators and watches.
They are made of semiconducting materials similar to those used in computer chips. When
sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from their
atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. This process
of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect.
Wind turbines use the wind’s kinetic energy to generate electrical energy that can be
used in homes and businesses. Individual wind turbines can be used to generate electricity on
a small scale – to power a single home, for example. A large number of wind turbines
grouped together, sometimes known as a wind farm or wind park, can generate electricity on
a much larger scale. A wind turbine works like a high-tech version of an old-fashioned
windmill. The wind blows on the angled blades of the rotor, causing it to spin, converting
some of the wind’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy. Sensors in the turbine detect how
strongly the wind is blowing and from which direction. The rotor automatically turns to face
the wind, and automatically brakes in dangerously high winds to protect the turbine from
damage.
Hydroelectric energy uses water to produce power. This is the most reliable of all the
renewable energy sources. On the down side, it affects ecology and causes downstream
problems. The decay of vegetation along the riverbed can cause the buildup of methane.
Methane is a contributing gas to greenhouse effect. Dams can also alter the natural river flow
and affect wildlife. Colder, oxygen poor water can be released into the river, killing fish.

6. Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of
geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few
miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures
of molten rock called magma. Almost everywhere, the shallow ground or upper 10 feet of the
Earth's surface maintains a nearly constant temperature between 50° and 60°F (10° and
16°C). Geothermal heat pumps can tap into this resource to heat and cool buildings. A
geothermal heat pump system consists of a heat pump, an air delivery system (ductwork), and
a heat exchanger-a system of pipes buried in the shallow ground near the building. In the
winter, the heat pump removes heat from the heat exchanger and pumps it into the indoor air
delivery system. In the summer, the process is reversed, and the heat pump moves heat from
the indoor air into the heat exchanger. The heat removed from the indoor air during the
summer can also be used to provide a free source of hot water.
Biomass electricity is produced through the energies from wood, agricultural and
municipal waste. It helps save on landfill waste but transportation can be expensive and
ecological diversity of land may be affected. In addition, its process needs to be made
simpler. The use of biomass energy has the potential to greatly reduce our greenhouse gas
emissions. Biomass generates about the same amount of carbon dioxide as fossil fuels, but
every time a new plant grows, carbon dioxide is actually removed from the atmosphere. The
net emission of carbon dioxide will be zero as long as plants continue to be replenished for
biomass energy purposes
Renewable energy in India comes under the purview of the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy or MNRE is a ministry of
Government of India. The ministry was established as the Ministry of Non-Conventional
Energy Sources in 1992. It adopted its current name in October 2006.
6

7. Chapter 2
Classification of energy
Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:
1. Primary and Secondary energy
2. Commercial and Non commercial energy
3. Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
2.1 Primary and Secondary Energy
Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common
sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy sources
available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth's
interior, and potential energy due to earth's gravity. The major primary and secondary energy
sources are shown in Figure 2.1 Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial
utilities into secondary energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and
electricity. Primary energy can also be used directly[1]. Some energy sources have non-energy
uses, for example coal or natural gas can be used as a feedstock in fertilizer plants.
Figure 2.1: Major Primary and Secondary Sources. [1]
7

8. 2.2 Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy
2.2.1 Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known
commercial energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity,
coal and refined petroleum products. Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial,
agricultural, transport and commercial development in the modern world. In the
industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for economic
production, but also for many household tasks of general population. Examples: Electricity,
lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc
8
2.2.2 Non-Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are
classified as non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as
firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not
bought at a price used especially in rural households. These are also called traditional fuels.
Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy accounting. Example: Firewood, agro
waste in rural areas; solar energy for water heating, electricity generation, for drying grain,
fish and fruits; animal power for transport, threshing, lifting water for irrigation, crushing
sugarcane; wind energy for lifting water and electricity generation
Figure 2.2: Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy.[3]

9. 2.3 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible.
Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal
power and hydroelectric power (See Figure 2.2). The most important feature of renewable
energy is that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants [2]. Non-renewable
energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to
9
deplete with time.

10. Chapter 3
Energy scenario
3.1 Overall Consumption and Production
3.1.1Electrical Power Consumption
The energy consumption in India is the fourth biggest after China, USA and Russia.
The total primary energy consumption from crude oil (29.45%), natural gas (7.7%), coal
(54.5%), nuclear energy (1.26%), hydro electricity (5.0%), wind power, biomass electricity
and solar power is 595 Mtoe in the year 2013. In the year 2013, India's net imports are nearly
144.3 million tons of crude oil, 16 Mtoe of LNG and 95 Mtoe coal totalling to 255.3 Mtoe of
primary energy which is equal to 42.9% of total primary energy consumption. About 70% of
India's electricity generation capacity is from fossil fuels, with coal accounting for 40% of
India's total energy consumption followed by crude oil and natural gas at 28% and 6%
respectively. India is largely dependent on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demands by
2030, India's dependence on energy imports is expected to exceed 53% of the country's total
energy consumption [3]. In 2009-10, the country imported 159.26 million tonnes of crude oil
which amounts to 80% of its domestic crude oil consumption and 31% of the country's total
imports are oil imports.
10
Sector wise energy consumption
Sector Percentage power consumption
Industry 49%
Transport 22%
Residential 10%
Agriculture 5%
Others 14%
Table 3.1: Sector wise energy consumption in India. [2]

11. 11
3.1.2 Electrical Power Generation
The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 254.049 GW as of end
September 2014. India became the world's third largest producer of electricity in the year
2013 with 4.8% global share in electricity generation surpassing Japan and Russia. Captive
power plants have an additional 39.375 GW capacity. Non Renewable Power Plants
constitute 87.55% of the installed capacity, and Renewable Power Plants constitute the
remaining 12.45% of total installed Capacity. India generated around 967 TWh (967,150.32
GWh) of electricity (excluding electricity generated from renewable and captive power
plants) during the 2013–14 fiscal [4]. Total installed Power generation Capacity (June 2014)
is shown in Table.
Source Total Capacity (MW) Percentage
Coal 148,478.39 59.51
Hydroelectricity 40,730.09 16.33
Renewable energy source 31,692.14 12.70
Natural Gas 22,607.95 9.06
Nuclear 4780 1.92
Oil 1,199.75 0.48
Total 249,488.32 100
Table 3.2: Total installed Power generation Capacity (June 2014).[2]

12. Sector-wise All India installed capacity
There are three sector in which electrical energy is generated, sector wise power
12
generation in shown in table.
Sector Total Capacity (MW) Percentage
State Sector 93,540.7 37.49
Central Sector 68,324.63 27.38
Private Sector 87,622.99 35.12
Total 249,488.32 100
Table 3.3: Sector-wise All India installed capacity.[4]
3.2 Renewable energy scenario in India
Renewable energy in India comes under the purview of the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy or MNRE is a ministry of
Government of India. The ministry was established as the Ministry of Non-Conventional
Energy Sources in 1992. It adopted its current name in October 2006..
According to MNRE survey Gujarat contributed of 39% in total installed capacity which is
2208MW.Second place consist Rajasthan by giving 666.8 MW which is 30% of total
installed capacity [5].UP Takes 8 position in this list according to MNRE with 17.4 MW
installed capacity which is only 0.8% of total installation.
SOURSE INSTALLED (M.W) PERCENTAGE
Wind 21264 67
Small Hydro 3803.65 13
Biomass Power 1471.78 4
Solar Power 2627 8.5
Bagasse Cogeneration 2512 7.5
Table 3.4: Grid connected installed capacity of RE source. [4]
.

13. Chapter 4
Solar Energy
13
4.1 Introduction
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving
technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar
architecture and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and
its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on
the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water
heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the
Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
4.2 Energy from the Sun
The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the
upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed
by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is
mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises
their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing
atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the
temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface,
completing the water cycle[6]. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection,
producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight
absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of
14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which
produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.

14. 4.3 Solar Photovoltaic Power System
Photovoltaic Systems make use of the ‘photovoltaic effect’ (photo=light and
voltaic=electricity), the basic process discovered by Edmund Becquerel, a French physicist in
1839. He discovered the PV effect while experimenting with an electrolytic cell made up of
two metal electrodes; finding that certain materials would produce small amounts of electric
current when exposed to light. Sunlight is composed of photons, or ‘packets’ of energy.
These photons have various amounts of energy corresponding to different wavelengths of
light [7]. When photons strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or absorbed, or they may pass
right through the surface (causing heat only). When a photon is absorbed, the energy of the
photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the cell, a semiconductor based material
(such as silicon). With its newfound energy, the electron is able to escape from its normal
position associated with that atom, to become part of the current in an electrical circuit. By
leaving this position, the electron leaves a hole behind. While the electron is negatively
charged, the hole is recognized as a positive charge carrier and contributes to current. The PV
cell has a built-in electric field, providing the voltage needed to drive the current through an
external load, such as a light bulb.
Depending on the functional and operational requirements of the system, the specific
components required may include major components such as a DC-AC power inverter,
battery bank, system and battery controller, auxiliary energy sources and sometimes the
specified electrical load (appliances). Figure show a basic diagram of a photovoltaic system
and the relationship of individual components.
Figure 4.1: a photovoltaic system and the relationship of individual
components.[5]
14

15. 15
4.4 Solar power in India
With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretical solar power reception,
on only its land area, is about 5000 Petawatt-hours per year (PWh/yr) (i.e. 5,000 trillion
kWh/yr or about 600,000 GW). The daily average solar energy incident over India varies
from 4 to 7 kWh/m2 with about 1,500–2,000 sunshine hours per year (depending upon
location), which is far more than current total energy consumption. For example, assuming
the efficiency of PV modules were as low as 10%, this would still be a thousand times greater
than the domestic electricity demand projected for 2015.The amount of solar energy
produced in India in 2007 was less than 1% of the total energy demand [8]. The grid-connected
solar power as of December 2010 was merely 10 MW. Government-funded solar
energy in India only accounted for approximately 6.4 MW-yr of power as of 2005. However,
India is ranked number one in terms of solar energy production per watt installed, with an
insolation of 1,700 to 1,900 kilowatt hours per kilowatt peak (kWh/KWp) 25.1 MW was
added in 2010 and 468.3 MW in 2011 By January 2014 the
Installed grid connected solar power had increased to 2,208.36 MW, and India
expects to install an additional 10,000 MW by 2017, and a total of 20,000 MW by 2022.State
wise solar installed capacity is shown in figure.
Figure4.2: solar capacity in states.

16. Chapter 5
Wind Energy
16
5.1 Introduction
Wind power or wind energy is the energy extracted from wind using wind turbines to
produce electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping,
or sails to propel ships. Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind turbines
which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Wind power or wind energy
describes the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical
power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water), or can be
converted into electricity by a generator. Energy of wind can be economically used to generat
electrical energy Wind can also be used to provide mechanical power such as for water
pumping. In India generally wind speeds obtainable are in the lower ranges. Therefore,
attempts are on the development of low cost, low speed mills for irrigation of small and
marginal farms for providing drinking water in rural area. The developments are being
mainly concentrated on water pumping wind mill suitable for operation in a wind speed range
of 8 to 36 kmph. In India high wind speeds are obtainable in coastal areas of Saurashtra,
western Rajasthan and some parts of central India.
5.2 Types of Wind Turbines
Wind turbines are broadly classified into two categories. When the axis of rotation
parallel to the air stream (i.e., horizontal), the turbine is said to be a Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbine, and when it is perpendicular to the air stream (i.e., vertical), it is said to be a Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine.
5.2.1 Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT)
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical
generator at the top of a tower, and may be pointed into or out of the wind [9]. Small turbines
are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled
with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a
quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator. The basic parts of a

17. horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) are foundation, tower, nacelle, Generator, Rotor Blades
is shown in figure.
Figure 5.1: Horizontal-axis wind turbines. [10]
17
5.2.2Vertical-axis wind turbines
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically.
One advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the
wind to be effective, which is an advantage on a site where the wind direction is highly
variable. It is also an advantage when the turbine is integrated into a building because it is
inherently less steerable [10]. Also, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground,
using a direct drive from the rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox, improving
accessibility for maintenance. The basic parts of a Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) are
shown in figure.
Figure5.2: Vertical axis wind turbine [10].

18. 18
5.3 Wind Power in India
The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly
increased in the last few years [11]. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry
compared with Denmark or the United States, India has the fifth largest installed wind power
capacity in the world. In 2009-10 India's growth rate was highest among the other top four
countries. Wind power accounts for 6% of India's total installed power capacity, and it
generates 1.6% of the country's power.In its 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017), the Indian
Government has set a target of adding 18.5 GW of renewable energy sources to the
generation mix out of which 11 GW is Wind Energy.
5.3.1State-level Wind Power
There is a growing number of wind energy installations in states across India. As of
31 March 2014 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 21264 MW. Wind energy
generation in states across India is shown in table.
State Capacity(M.W)
Tamil Nadu 7253
Gujarat 3414
Maharashtra 2976
Rajasthan 2820
Karnataka 2409
Andhra Pradesh 753
Madhya Pradesh 439
Kerala 55
Table 5.1: State-level wind power in India. [9]

19. Chapter 6
Tidal Energy
19
6.1 Introduction
The tides in the sea are the result of the universal gravitational effect of heavenly
bodies like sun and moon on the earth. Due to fluidity of water mass, the effect of this force
becomes apparent in the motion of water. It shows a periodic rise and fall in levels. It is in
synthesis with the daily cycle of rising and setting of sun and moon. This periodic rise and
fall of the water level of sea is called tide. These tides can be used to produce electrical
energy. It is called, “Tidal Energy”. When the water is above the mean sea level, it is called,
“Flood Tide”. When the level is below the mean sea level, it is called, “Ebb Tide”. To
harness the tides, a dam is built across the mouth of the bay. It will have large gates in it. It
has low head hydraulic reversible turbines. A tidal basin is formed. It gets separated from the
sea by dam. The difference in water level is obtained between the basin and sea. By using
reversible water turbines, turbines can be run continuously, both during high tide and low
tide. The turbine is coupled to generator. Potential energy of the water stored in the basin as
well as energy during high tides used to drive turbine. It is coupled to generator to generate
electrical energy.
6.2 Types of Tides
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the
gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth.
6.2.1 Spring Tide
When the moon is full or new, the gravitational pull of the moon and sun are
combined. At these times, the high tides are very high and the low tides are very low. This is
known as a spring high tide. Spring tides are especially strong tides (they do not have
anything to do with the season Spring). They occur when the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon
are in a line [12]. The gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun both contribute to the
tides. Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon. Spring tide is shown in
figure.

20. Figure6.1: Spring tide .[12]
20
6.2.2 Neap Tide
During the moon's quarter phases the sun and moon work at right angles, causing the
bulges to cancel each other. The result is a smaller difference between high and low tides and
is known as a neap tide. Neap tides are especially weak tides. They occur when the
gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to one another (with respect to
the Earth). Neap tides occur during quarter moons. Neap tide is shown in figure.
Figure6.2: Neap Tide .[12]

21. 21
6.3 Tidal Energy Conversion
The generation of electricity using tidal power is basically the transformation of tidal
power found in tidal motion of water in seas and oceans into electrical energy. This is done
using a very basic idea involving the use of a barrage or small dam built at the entrance of a
bay where tides are known to reach very high levels of variation [13]. This barrage will trap
tidal water behind it creating a difference in water level, which will in turn create potential
energy. This potential energy will then be used in creating kinetic energy as doors in the
barrage are opened and the water rush from the high level to the lower level. This kinetic
energy will be converted into rotational kinetic energy that will rotate turbines giving
electrical energy. Fig shows the process in very simple terms.
Figure 6.3: A diagram showing transformation of tidal energy to electric
energy.

22. 6.4 Examples of Tidal Power Stations Worldwide
1. The most major tidal power station in operation today is a 240-megawatt at the
mouth of the La Rance river estuary on the northern coast of France (a large coal or
nuclear power plant generates about 1,000 MW of electricity). The La Rance generating
station has been in operation since 1966 and has been a very reliable source of electricity
for France. La Rance was supposed to be one of many tidal power plants in France, until
their nuclear program was greatly expanded in the late 1960's.
2. 254 MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the largest tidal power
installation in the world. Construction was completed in 2011.
3. The Indian state of Gujarat is planning to host South Asia's first commercial-scale
tidal power station. The company Atlantis Resources planned to install a 50MW tidal farm
in the Gulf of Kutch on India's west coast, with construction starting early in 2012
22

23. Conclusion
Renewable energy has the potential to generate significant amounts of electricity at
certain sites around the world. The negative environmental impacts of renewable energy are
probably much smaller than those of other sources of electricity. Renewable energy has the
potential to create many opportunities at all levels, especially in rural areas.
1. Innovative financing
2. Mainstreaming of renewable is very essential
3. Energy security, economic growth and environment protection are the national energy
policy drivers of any country of the world.
4. There is a need to boost the efforts for further development and promotion of renewable
energy sources.
5. Promoting renewable energy technologies as a way to address concerns about energy
security and economic growth.
6. Specific action included promoting deployment, innovation and basic research in
renewable energy Technologies.
India’s quest for energy security and sustainable development rests a great deal on the
ability to tap energy from alternate sources or the renewable sources.
23

24. References
[1 ] Overview of Renewable Energy Potential of India, Peter Meissen, President, Global
Energy Network Institute (GENI ) available at http://www.geni.org.
[2] Planning Commission, Govt. of India—September 1995 & September 1996
24
Projections to 2020–2021.
[3] National Electricity Plan Vol 1 (Generation) Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of
Power, GOI]
[4] Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India. June 2014.
Retrieved 1 August 2014.
[5] Rai, G.D., Non-Conventional energy sources, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2nd
Edition, 2002.
[6] The Solar Energy Book-Once More." Mother Earth News.
[7] Solar: photovoltaic: Lighting Up The World retrieved 19 May 2009.
[8] Annual Report, of Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Govt. of India, New
Delhi.
[9] "Technical Specs of Common Wind Turbine Models". Aweo.org.
[10] Jha, Ph.D., A.R. (2010). Wind turbine technology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
[11] "Indian Wind Energy and Economy". Indianwindpower.com.
[12] Developments in Tidal Energy: Proceedings of the Third Conference on Tidal Power,
Institution Of Civil Engineers (Contributor).
[13] Ocean, Tidal, and Wave Energy: Power from the Sea (Energy Revolution) by Lynne.