Md.Abdul Hai Cell:+8801752003007 University : Bangladesh Agricultural University , Mymensingh,Bangladesh. Email:abdulhai_bau_bd@asia.com

1. Department of Animal Nutrition,
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh
Topic : Solar Energy

2. Presenter
 Md.Abdul Hai
 Cell:+8801752003007
 University : Bangladesh Agricultural
University , Mymensingh,Bangladesh.
 Email:abdulhai_bau_bd@asia.com

3. Supervised by
Dr. Khan Md. Shaiful Islam
Professor
Department of Animal Nutrition,
Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Bangladesh
3

4. Solar energy

5. Contents
Basic Concept of Sun &Solar energy
History of solar energy?
How Solar Energy is stored & How much?
Solar is a Photovoltaic Cell
Environmental Aspects
Fate of solar Energy
How Solar Energy is Used?
Summary

6. The Sun
Age: 4.6 Billion Years
Type: Yellow Dwarf
Diameter: 1,392,684 km
Circumference at Equator: 4,370,005.6 km
Surface Temperature: 5500 °C

7. At a Glance Sun

8. Sunlight on Earth

9. SUN BELT

10. Introduction
Solar energy is radiant light and heat
from the Sun that is harnessed using a
range of ever-evolving technologies such
as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar
thermal energy, solar architecture,
molten salt power plants and artificial
photosynthesis.[1][2]
It is an important source of renewable energy and
its technologies are broadly characterized as
either passive solar or active solar depending on
how they capture and distribute solar energy or
convert it into solar power.
Solar energy is any type of energy
generated by the sun.

11. History of Solar Cells
Discovery of Photovoltaic effect by French physicist , Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel.
A description of the first solar cells made from selenium wafer were made by Charles
Fritts and operated at 1% effeciency .
Charles Fritts constructed what was probably the first true solar cell. He coated a
semiconductor material (selenium) with an extremely thin layer of gold.
A cadmium sulphide p-n junction was produced with an efficiency of 6%
Audobert and Stora discover the photovoltaic effect in cadmium sulfide (CdS).
The The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy achieve a 44.7% efficiency in solar cell
technology.
The University of South Wales breaks the 20% efficiency barrier for silicon solar cells
under one sun conditions.

13. What is solar energy?
radiant energy emitted by the sun.
The Sun daily provides about 10,000 times more energy to the Earth than we consume.
The earth receives 174 petawatts [1015 watts] of solar radiations from the sun.
The total energy absorbed by earth’s atmosphere, oceans, land mass is 3,850,000
exajoules [1018 joules] per year.
The energy reaching earth’s atmosphere consists of about 8% UV radiation, 46% visible
light, 46% infrared radiations.

14. What’s Solar Energy?
• Solar energy Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions
occurring in the sun.
• Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared,
ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).
• This energy consists of radiant light and heat energy from the sun.
• Out of all energy emitted by sun only a small fraction of energy is
absorbed by the earth.
• Just this tiny fraction of the sun’s energy is enough to meet all our power
needs.

16. History of Solar Cells
Discovery of Photovoltaic effect by French physicist , Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel.
A description of the first solar cells made from selenium wafer were made by Charles
Fritts and operated at 1% effeciency .
Charles Fritts constructed what was probably the first true solar cell. He coated a
semiconductor material (selenium) with an extremely thin layer of gold.
A cadmium sulphide p-n junction was produced with an efficiency of 6%
Audobert and Stora discover the photovoltaic effect in cadmium sulfide (CdS).
The The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy achieve a 44.7% efficiency in solar cell
technology.
The University of South Wales breaks the 20% efficiency barrier for silicon solar cells
under one sun conditions.

17. Why Solar Energy?
• The fossil fuels are non renewable sources so we can not
depend on them forever.
• Though nuclear energy is a clean and green energy ,as said by
Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam, there are always some problems
associated with it.
• So the only option we have is solar energy because it is a
nonpolluting and silent source of electricity and also low
maintenance and long lasting energy.

18. How solar energy is used ?
• Photovoltaic Cells
• Solar Thermal Energy
• Solar Heating
• – Solar Water Heating
• – Solar Space Heating
• – Solar Space Cooling
• Electricity Generation Using Solar Concentrators
• Photovoltaic Cells

19. Types of Solar Energy
• Photovoltaic and
- Photovoltaic technology directly converts sunlight into electricity.
• Thermal
-Solar thermal technology harnesses its heat. These different technologies both
tap the Sun’s energy, locally and in large-scale solar farms.
Two different types of installations are used:
• Individual systems for homes or small communities. Photovoltaic panels can
power electrical devices, while solar thermal collectors can heat homes or hot
water.
• Photovoltaic or concentrated solar power plants that cover hundreds of acres
produce electricity on a large scale, which can be fed into power grids.

20. How much solar energy?
The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that
reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.

21. 1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
Bio-fuels
Hydro-based
Nuclear
SOLAR(0.8%)
Windmills
Fossils
• Using present solar techniques some of the solar energy reaching the
earth is utilized for generating heat, electricity etc….
• Even then the energy demand met by using solar energy is very less.

22. Structure of a Solar Cell
• A typical solar cell is a multi-layered unit consisting of a:
• Cover - a clear glass or plastic layer that provides outer
protection from the elements. Transparent Adhesive - holds
the glass to the rest of the solar cell.
• Anti-reflective Coating - this substance is designed to prevent
the light that strikes the cell from bouncing off so that the
maximum energy is absorbed into the cell.
• Front Contact - transmits the electric current.
• N-Type Semiconductor Layer - This is a thin layer of silicon
which has been mixed (process called doping) with
phosphorous.
• P-Type Semiconductor Layer - This is a thin layer of silicon
which has been mixed or doped with boron.
• Back Contact - transmits the electric current.

23. Basic structure of a SOLAR CELL

24. How Solar energy
enters to the Earth
Almost all of the Earth's energy input
comes from the sun. Not all of the
sunlight that strikes the top of the
atmosphere is converted into energy
at the surface of the Earth. The Solar
energy to the Earth refers to this
energy that hits the surface of the
Earth itself. The amount of energy
that reaches the the Earth gives a
useful understanding of the energy
for the Earth as a system. This energy
goes towards weather, keeping the
temperature of the Earth at a good
level for life and powers the entire
biosphere. Additionally, this solar
energy can be used for solar power
either with solar thermal power
plants or photovoltaic cells.

25. Solar energy to the Earth
Energy from Sun to Earth
The Sun is generally considered to produce a
constant amount of power
with a surface intensity of , expressed in
units of power per unit area. As the Sun's
rays spread into space this radiation
becomes less and less intense as an inverse
square law.[1] The average radiation intensity
that hits the edge of the Earth's atmosphere
is known as the solar constant, or . Although
this value is called a constant it varies by
about 7% between January 4th (perihelion),
when the Earth is closest to the sun, and July
4th (aphelion), when the Earth is furthest
away.[2] Therefore a yearly average is used
and is determined to be .[1] To determine
this value from solar flux, the distance from
the Earth to the Sun is used. As well, the
total solar flux - not solar flux per unit area -
must be determined. Then the total solar
flux from the Sun is divided by the surface
area of a sphere that has a radius equal to
the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

26. How is Solar Energy Stored
• One of the drawbacks of solar energy systems is that the Sun doesn't
provide a constant stream of energy.On cloudy days or at night, the
amount of energy your system receives is reduced or eliminated
altogether. This in turn impacts the amount of electricity or heat that
your system produces during those times.
• To overcome this drawback, homeowners can take advantage of
several methods available to them for storing solar energy. The
methods available differ depending on whether you are using solar
electricity applications or solar heating application.

28. Electricity from Solar Energy
• Solar power is described as the conversion of sunlight into
electricity. Sunlight could be changed into electricity with the
use of :
• Directly using PV or photovoltaic or
• Indirectly by CSPs.

29. Solar Electricity Storage
Homeowners are able to generate solar electricity by using a
photovoltaic solar power system. There are two primary
methods of Energy Storage with a PV solar power system...
 Battery Banks
 Grid Inter-Tie
One way solar power storage can be accomplished is by using a
battery bank to store the electricity generated by the PV solar
power system. A battery solar power storage system is used in a
grid-tied PV system with battery backup and stand-alone PV
systems

30. What is a Photovoltaic Cell?
also called solar cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy
of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
Solar Cell (PV)
Light Electricity

31. Solar is a Photovolatic Cell

32. Storing Photovoltaic
Energy
 Solar panels can not produce energy at night or during
cloudy periods. But rechargeable batteries can store
electricity: the photovoltaic panels charge the battery
during the day, and this power can be drawn upon in the
evening.
 Residential systems usually use deep-cycle batteries that
last for about ten years and can repeatedly charge and
discharge about 80 percent of their capacity.
 While batteries can be expensive, in remote areas it can
often be more cost effective to use batteries rather than
extending an electricity cable to the grid.
But if choosing to go off the grid in this way, the batteries must be
sized correctly, with a storage capacity sufficient to meet electricity
needs.
In most cases, though, purchasing electricity from the grid is
cheaper than opting for batteries.

34. The PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using p-n junctions. The system
consists of a number of modules connected together and are ideally placed on equator-facing
angles, at an inclination slightly less than the site latitude.
Rooftop Photovoltaics (PV)

35. Solar farms that are of larger size have a large
number of large PV modules connected together for
generating large amounts of solar electricity. For
improving the amount of sun captured by the face
of PV module some of the farms make use of
tracking systems for tracking the sun.
Large Scale PV Farm

36. Solar Thermal Energy
Storage
 Residential solar hot water systems – which use the
sun’s thermal energy to heat water for the home –
have a simpler storage system. Water flows through
solar collectors on the roof, and then goes to a
storage tank where it can be drawn upon as
needed.
• Concentrating solar power(CSP) plants use thermal
energy to power a generator. While some CSP
facilities use water as the heat transfer medium,
most new systems us oil or molten salt. These fluids
allow the heat energy to be stored for use during
cloudy periods or at night.
Parabolic troughs at the Plataforma Solar de Almeria CSP facility in
Spain. Photo Credit: PSA.es
 The solar resource is enormous. Just 18
days of sunshine on Earth contains the
same amount of energy as is stored in all
of the planet's reserves of coal, oil, and
natural gas.

37. Solar Thermal Energy
• Solar thermal technologies involve harvesting energy from the sun for
heating water or producing electrical power.
• Solar collectors are used for this purpose.
• Three Types:
• Flat-plate collectors
• Evacuated-tube collectors
• Integral collector-storage systems(Batch or Bread Box)

39. Concentrating Solar Power System
Concentrating solar power devices
concentrate on the sun’s thermal
energy for driving a heat engine or
generator. This is done by using
mirrors arranged in a trough, tower or
dish configuration.

40. Typical Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) systems are utilized in remote places in Australia
and have a PV panel and battery bank for storing electricity for future usage. A generator set
is needed for an emergency backup.
Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS)

41. Solar Power Plant
• Solar power plant is based on the conversion of
sunlight into electricity, either directly using
photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated
solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power
systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
Photovoltaics converts light into electric current
using the photoelectric effect.[1] The largest
photovoltaic power plant in the world is the 250
MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona.[2]
 Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in
the 1980s. Now, the 354 MW Solar Energy
Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation is the
largest solar power plant in the world; it is located in
the Mojave Desert, California. Other large CSP
plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station (150
MW, 250 MW when finished)[3] and the Andasol
solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.[4]Solar
power is increasingly used.[5][6] @Murich Airport.

42. Nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant is a type of power station that generates
electricity using heat from nuclear reactions. These reactions take
place within a reactor. The plant also has machines which remove
heat from the reactor to operate a steam turbine and generator to
make electricity. Electricity made by nuclear power plants is called
nuclear power.
Nuclear power plants are usually near water to remove the heat the
reactor makes. Some nuclear power plants use cooling towers to do
this. Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel. When the reactor is
on, uranium atoms inside the reactor split into two smaller atoms.
When uranium atoms split, they give off a large amount of heat. This
splitting of atoms is called fission.
The most popular atoms to fission are uranium and plutonium.
Those atoms are slightly radioactive. The atoms produced when fuel
atoms break apart are strongly radioactive. Today, fission only
happens in nuclear reactors. In nuclear reactors, fission only
happens when the reactors parts are arranged properly. Nuclear
power plants turn their reactors off when replacing old nuclear fuel
with new fuel.
There are about four hundred nuclear power plants in the world, with many
in the United States, France, and Japan.

43. The solar hot water systems supply
heated water at the point of use by
making use of sunlight for generating
heat energy and not electricity.
Systems can be boosted by electricity
or gas to supply heated water when
the sun isn’t shining.
Solar Hot Water

44. Active solar heating system makes use of solar collectors. The solar radiation heats up the
collectors, which transfers heat to water or air. This kind of system is used mainly for water and
space heating.
Active Solar Heating

45. Passive solar heating harnesses the natural heat and the sunlight, making use of basic elements of the building
like windows, walls, roofs and floors for controlling sun’s energy, which is lost or absorbed in a building and
moved through air handling.
Passive Solar Heating

46. These capture the sun’s heat energy in water. Salt is used for holding more heat energy in
deeper parts of the pond. The water’s heat energy is stored in big insulated storage containers
and may be used for powering a steam turbine and producing electricity later.
Solar Ponds

47. Converting solar energy into chemical energy

48. Solar-to-Chemical Energy Conversion with
Photoelectrochemical Tandem Cells.
Efficiently and inexpensively converting solar energy into chemical fuels is an important goal towards a sustainable
energy economy. An integrated tandem cell approach could reasonably convert over 20% of the sun's energy directly
into chemical fuels like H2 via water splitting. Many different systems have been investigated using various
combinations of photovoltaic cells and photoelectrodes, but in order to be economically competitive with the
production of H2 from fossil fuels, a practical water splitting tandem cell must optimize cost, longevity and
performance. In this short review, the practical aspects of solar fuel production are considered from the perspective of
a semiconductor-based tandem cell and the latest advances with a very promising technology - metal oxide
photoelectrochemical tandem cells - are presented
Solar energy is an inexhaustible source of energy with the most potential as it will continue to produce solar power as
long as the sun is there. Solar energy is totally free, widely available, produces no pollution, no emission and no noise
which means generating solar power produces no carbon footprint. Among all the renewable energy sources available
on Earth, solar energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of energy.
Solar energy has wide array of uses. It can be used to produce electricity, to run calculators, swimming pool heating,
solar oven or solar cooker. Solar energy can now also be used to fly planes. This technology is however in its initial
stage. In the year 2015, Solar Impulse , the first solar powered aircraft, started its Round-The-World flight from Abu
Dhabi, on March 9. There is no doubt that solar energy is going to play a significant role in meeting demand supply
gap for electricity.

49. USES OF SOLAR ENERGY
• Heaters Green houses
• Cars water pumps
• Lights Desalination
• Satellites Chilling
• Dryers Solar ponds
• Calculators Thermal
Commercial use
• On an office building , roof areas can be covered with solar panels .
• Remote buildings such as schools , communities can make use of solar energy.
• In developing countries , this solar panels are very much useful.
• Even on the highways , for every five kilometres ,solar telephones are used.

50. Solar car
Solar heater Solar lights

52. Environmental Impacts of Solar
Power
• Land Use
• Water Use
• Hazardous Materials
• Life-Cycle Global Warming Emissions

53. LAND USE
 Depending on their location, larger utility-scale solar
facilities can raise concerns about land degradation
and habitat loss. Total land area requirements varies
depending on the technology, the topography of the
site, and the intensity of the solar resource. Estimates
for utility-scale PV systems range from 3.5 to 10 acres
per megawatt, while estimates for CSP facilities are
between 4 and 16.5 acres per megawatt.
 Unlike wind facilities, there is less opportunity for solar
projects to share land with agricultural uses. However,
land impacts from utility-scale solar systems can be
minimized by siting them at lower-quality locations
such as brownfields, abandoned mining land, or
existing transportation and transmission corridors [1,
2]. Smaller scale solar PV arrays, which can be built on
homes or commercial buildings, also have minimal
land use impact.

54. Water Use
 Solar PV cells do not use water for generating electricity. However,
as in all manufacturing processes, some water is used to
manufacture solar PV components.
 Concentrating solar thermal plants (CSP), like all thermal electric
plants, require water for cooling. Water use depends on the plant
design, plant location, and the type of cooling system.
 CSP plants that use wet-recirculating technology with cooling
towers withdraw between 600 and 650 gallons of water per
megawatt-hour of electricity produced. CSP plants with once-
through cooling technology have higher levels of water
withdrawal, but lower total water consumption (because water is
not lost as steam). Dry-cooling technology can reduce water use at
CSP plants by approximately 90 percent [3]. However, the
tradeoffs to these water savings are higher costs and lower
efficiencies. In addition, dry-cooling technology is significantly less
effective at temperatures above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
 Many of the regions in the United States that have the highest
potential for solar energy also tend to be those with the driest
climates, so careful consideration of these water tradeoffs is
essential.

55. Q: Which is the largest solar power
producing country in the world?
?
??
??

56. Germanyis the
biggest solar power producer
country in the world. It is less
expensive and have no effect on
humans. It is the most used
method in the world now a days.
Hydro is much expensive and
nuclear has very bad effect on
human health as it reveals
radiations.

58. Top 10 largest Installed Solar Power Capacity
Country in the World
Rank Country Name Installed (GW)
1 Germany 35.736
2 China 18.528
3 Italy 17.861
4 Japan 13.947
5 USA 12.035
6 Spain 5.375
7 France 4.639
8 Australia 3.524
9 Belgium 3.470
10 United Kingdom 3.316

59. Top 10 largest Electricity Producer Country in the
World
Rank Country Name Production (GWh)
1 China 5,649,746
2 USA 4,260,463
3 India 1,102,941
4 Japan 1,088,684
5 Russia 1,069,593
6 Germany 633,618
7 Canada 626,074
8 France 568,584
9 Brazil 557,963

60. What About Our Sub-
Continent?/India-
Bangladesh..

61. In terms of overall installed PV capacity, India
comes fourth after Japan, Germany and U.S. (With
Installed capacity of 110 MW).
India today is the second largest manufacturer
in the world of PV panels.
The Delhi Government has decided to make use
of solar power compulsory for lighting up hoardings
and for street lighting .
Solar power generation is merely concentrated in
three states.
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Where India now and its total installed capacity?

62. Solar In Bangladesh View

63. IDCOL is playing a major role in expansion of
Renewable Energy Technology in Bangladesh
AN OVERVIEW OF IDCOL:
IDCOL: 1997 Started as a fund manager
• created jointly by the Government of Bangladesh and the World Bank.
• to meet financing gap for large scale private sector infrastructure projects
• undertook Renewable Energy program in 2003 with a view to financing green
technology
IDCOL: Today A full‐fledged financial intermediary
• largest local financier in infrastructure and renewable energy projects
• funded by the Government and multiple agencies i.e. World Bank, ADB, KfW, GIZ, IDB,
GPOBA, SNV Netherlands etc.

64. Solar Power in Bangladesh
• Over 1.8 million Solar
Home Systems been
installed benefiting
over 15 million people
•
• Our model is internationally
recognized for taking solar to the
masses
• More cost effective than grid
infrastructure, is low maintenance
and flexible – Solar is very suitable
for a developing country like
Bangladesh

66.  Solar panels are expensive.
 Solar power is inefficient in cloudy areas.
 A solar energy installation requires a large area for the system to be efficient in
providing a source of electricity.
 Solar power maintenance is a problem especially to those who doesn’t know the
proper techniques.
 Disposal is difficult for the batteries and solar panels when they have broken down
because they contain toxic chemicals like lead, sulfuric acid & cadmium telluride.
Disadvantages of solar cells
Solarbuzz European and US All Solar Module
Retail Price Index

67. Life-Cycle Global Warming Emissions
 While there are no global warming emissions associated with
generating electricity from solar energy, there are emissions associated
with other stages of the solar life-cycle, including manufacturing,
materials transportation, installation, maintenance, and
decommissioning and dismantlement. Most estimates of life-cycle
emissions for photovoltaic systems are between 0.07 and 0.18 pounds
of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour.
Most estimates for concentrating solar power range from 0.08 to 0.2
pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour. In both cases,
this is far less than the lifecycle emission rates for natural gas.

68. What is the Fate of Solar Energy???
???

69. Earth
Equatorial Diameter: 12,756 km
Polar Diameter: 12,714 km
Equatorial Circumference: 40,030 km
Notable Moons: The Moon
Orbit Distance: 149,598,262 km (1 AU)
Orbit Period: 365.26 Earth days
Surface Temperature: -88 to 58°C

70. Do you believe that the planet is
warming?
1. Yes
2. No
1 2
0%0%

71. If you believe that the planet is warming, do
you believe that human activity has
contributed to the warming?
1. Yes
2. No
1 2
0%
100%

73. More complete picture.

74. The budget of solar radiation
Reflected 35
Absorbed by
atmosphere
17.5
Scattered to the Earth
from blue sky
10.5
Scattered to the Earth
from clouds
14.5
Radiation going directly
to Earth's surface
22.5
Total
100

75. What is the Fate of Solar Energy???
• Some solar radiation is, in fact, absorbed as it travels down through the atmosphere.
Mostly, this is radiation at wavelengths in the two 'tails' of the solar spectrum (Figure 5) -
the ultraviolet and the near infrared.
• Like water vapour and CO2, the ozone in the troposphere acts as a greenhouse gas.
Unlike those two gases, however, very little of the Earth's ozone is, in fact, in the lower
atmosphere; the bulk of it (some 90%) is in the stratosphere, where it forms the so-
called ozone layer. In this more-rarefied region, ozone plays a different role because it
also absorbs the shorter ultraviolet wavelengths in the solar spectrum - radiation that is
lethal to many micro-organisms and can damage important biological molecules, leading
to conditions such as skin cancer in humans. Fortunately for life on Earth, most of this
radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer, preventing it from penetrating deeper into the
atmosphere.
• More pertinent here, the absorption of incoming solar energy by stratospheric ozone
heats this region of the atmosphere directly. In effect, the stratosphere is heated from
above, whereas the troposphere is heated from below. This is why the highest
temperatures are found at the top of the stratosphere, but at the bottom of the
troposphere.

77. What is the Fate of Solar Energy???
Global Warming has wide-ranging effects such as:
1. Increased sea levels (e.g in the Maldives) – As
polar ice caps melt and fall into the sea, ocean
levels will rise. E.g Snow coverage has decreased
by 10% in the last 30 years in the Artic.
This can pose many other complications such as:
• Flooding of agricultural lowlands
• Saltwater intrusion into underground aquifers,
contaminating drinking water.

78. What is the Fate of Solar Energy???
2. Extreme Weather Conditions – As sea
surface temperature increases, this provides
optimum conditions for storm formation,
increasing the frequency and intensity of
natural disasters such as hurricanes. E.g
Super Storm Sandy
Further complications can arise as lives and
property are lost.

79. What is the Fate of Solar Energy???
• About half of the incoming near-infrared radiation is also absorbed, mainly by water
vapor low down in the troposphere. In addition, the atmosphere contains a huge
assortment of aerosols - fine solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air.
• Except in the aftermath of a major volcanic eruption (of which more in Section 1.5),
aerosols are also most abundant in the lower atmosphere; natural sources include desert
dust wafted into the air by wind, smoke and soot from wildfires, salt from sea-spray, and
so on.
• Depending on their make-up, aerosols can absorb solar radiation - or (and this is usually
more important) scatter some of it back to space. Globally, aerosols make a significant
contribution to the Earth's albedo (included in the figure of 31% quoted earlier). They
also play another important role.
• Many aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei, providing surfaces that promote the
condensation of water vapor to form the liquid droplets (or ice crystals, at higher and
colder altitudes) suspended in clouds - a process that occurs less readily in 'clean' (i.e.
aerosol-free) air.

82. Summary
• Solar energy is the energy emitted by the sun.
• It is the most abundant and renewable form of energy.
• Photovoltaic cells convert light energy into electrical energy.
• Assembly of PV cells make solar panels.
• Solar panels finds its applications in many fields such as domestic
lighting, solar vehicles etc.
• Cost and area are big disadvantage of solar cells.

83. [1] V. Smil, “Energy at the crossroads”, OECD Global Science Forum, 2006.
[2] V. Smil, “General Energetics Energy in the Biosphere and Civilization” , xiii + 369 pp (1991).
[3] "Climate and Earth’s Energy Budget". NASA Earth Observatory, (2009).
[4] Donald A. Neaman, “Semiconductor Physics and devices”, fourth edition, Tata McGraw Hill Pvt. Ltd., pg:-
177-197.
[5] B.H.Khan, “Non –conventional energy resources”, second edition , Tata McGraw Hill Pvt. Ltd., pg:-88-192
[6] Mohit Kr. Srivastava, Sharad Kr. Gupta, Ashish Gupta, “Environmental Aspects of Solar Cell Modules”.
Bibliography:

84. Thank you
for your Kind
Attention